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This paper presents the application of horizontal drilling in an oilfield of Kurdistan region of Iraq. The most important developments in Petroleum industry were through drilling technology by producing more horizontal wells in the worlds since eighties. Horizontal drilling is considered as a cost-effective method for developing reserves because of continues breakthrough of hardware equipment in oil fields. The technology of Horizontal wells remains to be a remarkable enthusiasm of oil industry since they can give an attractive way to enhancing both production rate and oil recovery factor. The practice of drilling a horizontal oil well in Kurdistan region of Iraq will be highlighted in this paper. In the previous few years horizontal drilling in this region has given an exciting experience for petroleum engineers. A horizontal well will be drilled in the oil fields of Taq Taq and one of the important applications of this well is to recover production rate in thin/tight reservoir and saving in total growth cost. The aim of this paper is to show the structure and parts of horizontal well. Well plan viewpoints incorporate choice of bit and casing sizes, casing setting depths and penetrating mud density, casing, and hydraulics, technique for boring and well profile. An Iraqi oil field (Taq Taq field) is selected for designing horizontal well to increase the productivity and long rich position. Short to Medium radius horizontal well profile is suggested for the developing the field. This paper employs instructions learned and results obtained while applying a rotary drilling of an offset nearby well with liner system on conventional horizontal rig, during the designing and drilling operation arrangement. The main goal of this work is to show the impact of horizontal drilling application on the performance improvement of that oil field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock porosity represents the main property that controls the fluid distribution and hydrocarbon extraction from the reservoir rock. In this study, information from five wells was integrated with post stack seismic data acquired from a 3D seismic survey of the northern part of Rumaila Oil Field to perform seismic inversion to derive porosity. The used well log data includes gamma ray, resistivity, density, acoustic impendence (from compressional velocity and density) logs, check shot, and VSP surveys, in addition to the tops of formations (which are converted to time-based logs) after performing check shot correction and generating a synthetic seismogram. Seismic inversion analysis is an attempt to correlate seismic attributes like acoustic impedance (A.I) to rock properties (porosity). The inversion analysis is used in this paper to predict the porosity distribution. 3D seismic surveys (migrated post-stack) of the northern part of Rumaila oil field and well data used for this study. Information from five wells integrated with post-stack seismic data to perform seismic inversion through the area surveyed seismically. Four horizons picked within the seismic 3D volume that Shaw maximum crest at the northern part in the field and guide initial model for low frequency in addition to using it in the extraction of slices through converted 3D A.I. and calculated porosity data, the porosity slice guided by the picked target Shaw enhancing porosity with upward direction. The zones with low A.I. in the slices extracted through A.I. volume indicate high porosity zones. Integration of well and seismic data show a more accurate distribution of reservoir property than using well data alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delays and disruption are a common issue in both community and personal building programs The problem exists all throughout the world, but it is particularly prevalent in Iraq, where millions of dollars are squandered each time as a outcome. Delays and interruptions may have serious consequences not just for Iraq's construction plans, but also for the country's economic and social status. While numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the factors driving delays and disruption in Iraqi construction projects, slight consideration has been given to by what means project management implements and approaches have affected the occurrence of project delays and disruption. After analyzing the crucial reasons for delays and instability in public and private construction projects in Iraq, this paper aims to improve the recording and recommendations using Project Supervision concepts. A thorough investigation was conducted to identify the critical factors that are causing delays and disruptions in construction projects in Iraq's public and private sectors and present project management application procedures in order to establish recommendations to successfully reduce work disruptions and instability in Iraq This paper identifies the top crucial factors contributing to construction project delays and disruptions in Iraq. It further identifies project management Tools and techniques that, when used appropriately, have the potential to address the major causes of delays and interruptions. Following that, a new set of guidelines for applying Project Management methodologies and strategies to address the identified delay and disruption issues is provided, with the objective of aiding practitioners in minimizing the possibility for construction delays and interruption in Iraqi projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relative permeability data are very important factor in characterizing the two-phase flow of fluids in porous media. It is also a key data to predict the performance of immiscible displacement in oil reservoir thus why many equations and correlations were made to predict them. This paper is to calculate and compare the results of the most common correlations used to identify relative permeability, which are Corey, modified Corey and Wyllie and Rose. The comparison was made based on real saturation data taken from two different Iraqi oil fields, the basic difference between the two fields where API value. The data from the first well (titled X-4) were taken from X oil field which is located in the southern part of Iraq, this field has heavy oil with about 20 API approximately. The data from the second well (titled Y-37) were taken from Y oil field which is located in the northern part of Iraq, this field has light oil with about 40 API. Each well was tested two times in two case studies. Results indicate that the modified Corey correlation was valid for light and heavy oils (both wells) and gives acceptable match values in all case studies, almost a perfect match in heavier oils (X-4), while Wyllie and Rose correlation gives better results in lighter oils (Y-37). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is one of the gases that play significant roles in greenhouse effect and cases global warming. In order to determine the concentration values of carbon dioxide emissions from the Garraf Oil Field (GOF) towards the surrounding areas and cities used the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method. The results shown that the most of values of CO2 emissions from towards two cities the city of Al-Rifai, which amounted to about (41.790%), then the city of Qalaat Sukkar with a percentage of about (26.210 %), then Al-Nasr district with a percentage of (21%), and the least effect of the emissions percentage was on Al-Fajr city by about (11%). The most important factors affecting the spread of carbon dioxide desperation were the direction and speed of the wind, as well as the distance from the isolation area and oil wells in the field, which affect these areas in the emission of gases. The high CO2 concentration found in Southwest of GOF, opposite direction of wind speed. The inversely proportional found between CO2 concentration and the distance from GOF. The lowest CO2 concentration found was (410 ppm) at (8 km). CO2 emission concentration was toward Al-Rifai city and other area near it about 41.79%, Qal'at Sukkar city with other area near it about 26.210%, Al Nasr city about 21% and Al fajr city about 11%. This result refer to the wind direction and distance from the GOF. The objective analysis that explain there are two main reasons for CO2 dispersion, that wind direction, and CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contamination in the environment has attracted attention in recent decades due to its accumulation in soil and water, as well as the human body.heavy metals have a significant health risk when Increased concentration level and duration exposure. In this study, Specifically, we looked at the presence of certain heavy metals, such as lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), in the human blood of oil using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results showed that average concentrations (ppm) of Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni for the workers in oil field were 0.094, 0.177, 0.462 and 0.042 respectively. While, the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni for the non-workers were 0.044 ppm, 0.048 ppm, 0.414 ppm and 0.005 ppm respectively. The conclusion of this study, there are direct effected of increasing the concentration of the working from working environment and duration of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condensates of associated natural gas are a liquid mixture of different hydrocarbons that are found in the form of gases in crude oil. They are produced from a variety of different oil fields where this mixture of associated natural gas condenses to a liquid when its temperature is decreased below the hydrocarbon dew point temperature of that gas at a set pressure. Iraq produces from its northern and southern fields about (18000) eighteen thousand barrels/ day of the condensates of associated natural gas, which is a good amount if we know that (82-85%) of it is gasoline, i.e. (14760-15300) barrels per day and this amount contributes significantly to meet the local market needs of gasoline and reduce its import, thus annually saves huge amounts of hard currency that can be invested in development and service projects for the benefit of the citizen. In this research, we did a full test of the raw material (the condensates of associated natural gas) and the products separated by the atmospheric distillation process, which we divided into (3) three main products, which are LPG and pentane n-C5H12 i-C5H12. These products are used in many petrochemical industries and gasoline, according to the needs of the local market. Also, this research includes the technology that is used in the process of separation; in addition, we suggest a method for treating gasoline and also made economic feasibility calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rate of penetration models are essential to obtain a maximum drilling rate and minimum drilling cost. Traditional rate of penetration models has limited field application because they build on specific condition and did not incorporated logging data to develop models for dynamic drilling processes. The aim of this study is to construct rate of penetration models for AL-halfaya oil field by using routinely available mud logging data from a range of drilling conditions. The data used in this study are provided by PetroChina Company Limited Iraq Branch (from Contractor Bohai Mudlogging), that working in AL-Halfaya oil field south of Iraq, for the horizontal well called (HF119-M119 H) for Mishraf formation. This formation represents group data. A Statistical software called (Statistical Analysis System (SAS)) was used to perform statistical calculation and regression analysis of modeling data. For regression purpose, the ROP was considered as a dependent variable, while the (WOB, RPM, HSI and Torque) were considered as independent variables. A data set are considered in the modeling which represented formation. Systematic statistical approaches have been developed in this study for handling the logging data. These approaches include examination of data, removing outliers, make moving-average and grouping data. Data processing analysis were performed in various methods according to the completed building model. The values of ROP were predicted based on grouping data. The results of R2 were calculated to be around (0.842) and RMSE (0.74) for a group set data. The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and the correlation coefficient (R2) were indicating the strength of the model. It was a comparison between the actual values and the predict values of ROP of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]