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Rare earth metals are elements (REE) of lanthanides metal which are mostly made use in industrial and medical fields. Smelting process of tin or zircon will produce TENORM (Technologically enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) materials, such as monazite, zircon, and ilmenite. The TENORM minerals will contain rare earth metals. There are many smelting industries of tin or zircon in Indonesia. Therefore, they show a high potency of rare earth metals in this country. BAPETEN Chairman's Regulation (BCR) No. 16 Year 2013 (BCR No. 16/2013) [1], concerning Radiation Safety of Storage of TENORM, allows TENORM producers to take out the metal or non-metal minerals in the TENORM materials after they get a technical recommendation from BAPETEN. This paper aims to provide a consideration concerning the criterion to gain a technical recommendation. This paper organized and reviewed BCR No. 16/2013 and compared it to the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) safety standard. Rare earth minerals are always present together with other elements, including radionuclides from U or Th series. REE minerals from Bangka Island contain monazite and xenotime, radioactive elements like Th which detected at 6–7 % in monazite and less than 2 % in xenotime, respectively. While safety report series of IAEA states that content of rare earth ore consists of 5–6 % REEs and 0.04 % Th oxide (or 4.7 % REEs and 0.035 % Th). The TENORM material utilization as regulated on BCR 16/2013 is the same with conditional clearance terminology for radioactive materials. Trivial dose approach that is a conditional clearance can be considered as a technical recommendation criterion. This is because it does not need radiation protection pre-requisites after getting the technical recommendation. The upper level of trivial individual effective dose is equivalent to 100 µSv per year. The dose assessment should consider the exposure pathways to the non-radiation workers (public), specifically those who get involved in external and internal exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear energy utilization for peaceful purposes is the primary goal and expectation for all countries in the world. The IAEA is an international organization that is promoting peaceful uses and supervises nuclear technology, one of which is through the safeguards inspection. The implementation of the IAEA safeguards inspections to a member state is carried out by safeguards inspectors after obtaining approval from the destination country. The purpose of this paper is to review BAPETEN policies as a consideration in the selection of the IAEA Safeguards Inspectors who will be assigned to Indonesia. The IAEA sends the list of inspectors proposed to the Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the representative of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia in the context of international relations. As a basis for approval and final determination by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, BAPETEN's input and consideration are required. BAPETEN then will coordinate with other stakeholders, namely the State Intelligence Agency (BIN), Intelligence and Security Agency of National Police (Baintelkam), and Coordinating Ministry of Politics, Law, and Security (Kemenkopolhukam) in identifying and investigating the list of inspectors proposed by the IAEA. The consideration aspects proposed from BAPETEN are the country of origin and the personal background of the proposed inspectors. The country of origin aspect means that the Safeguards Inspector assigned to Indonesia must come from a country that has signed and enforced the Additional Protocol Agreement. Meanwhile, the aspect of the personal background means that inspectors who have a background in the fields of police, military, intelligence, and security analysts will be of particular concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's geographical position between two continents and two oceans, besides being a strategic value, is also a threat to nuclear security. Apart from its geographical position, Indonesia has more than 17,000 islands and very long coastlines and national borders, which intensify its vulnerability to the illicit trafficking and illegal transportation of nuclear and other radioactive materials. For this reason, the development of nuclear security system, especially for nuclear/radioactive materials out of regulatory control (MORC) is very important. Since the nuclear security system for MORC involves various government institutions or agencies, it must be developed based on strong legislation or regulations. In addition, the roles, functions, and authorities of each institution/agency must be clearly defined in the regulations. Currently, the Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN) carries out MORC's nuclear security measures with the Indonesia Center of Excellence for Nuclear Security and Emergency Preparedness (I-CoNSEP) as a coordinating center. However, MORC's nuclear security measures have been ineffective and are still constrained by coordination problems. This is because there is no adequate regulation as a legal umbrella. The lack of regulations that regulate the roles, functions and authorities of those institutions/agencies creates obstacles in the coordination among them in the field. This is a challenge in developing the nuclear security system, particularly for MORC. In the nuclear security of MORC, development of human resource (HRD), especially personnel on the front lines, is also challenging. In this study these challenges or problems were identified and analysed in order to seek their solutions or alternative way-out. Present paper provides results of the study with more specific emphasis on challenges in three aspects, namely the formulation of regulations, coordination among stakeholders and development of human resources for nuclear security. The study's result has indicated the necessity to immediately formulate or accelerate the legal drafting process of regulations on the nuclear security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BAPETEN Chairman Regulation Number 4 in 2013 on Radiation Protection and Safety for the Utilization of Nuclear Energy has been enacted since 2013. The effectiveness of this regulation for the current situation is questioned. The Directorate of Regulation has conducted the Regulatory Impact Assessment for Radiation Facility and Radioactive Materials. Instead of using the Costs Benefits Analysis (CBA), the methodology that has been used was the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). The step by step in this method and also strengths and weaknesses of this method are explored in this paper. It is concluded that the MCDA can show stakeholders' different perspectives about some alternative solutions for the problems. It differs from Costs Benefits Analysis (CBA), where the comparison among alternatives uses the costs and benefits ratio. The MCDA solves the issues that have multiple conflicting objectives by weighting and aggregating across goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on decommissioning insight in Indonesian legislation and regulations (L&R) regarding the design of NPP has been conducted. In general, decommissioning is merely associated with ageing facilities. However, based on extensive world experiences in decommissioning, especially in the last two decades, international organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and NEA (Nuclear Energy Agency) have published many standards and technical documents regarding the importance of decommissioning considerations in facility design. Based on these international standards, Indonesia has established several decommissioning regulations that provide licensing requirements. The rules state that the design shall facilitate future decommissioning, and this need implementing guidance. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to assess the comprehensiveness of the L&R on decommissioning considerations in Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) design and to identify appropriate contents of the proposed relevant guidelines. This study is also significant to ensure the application of the intergenerational equity principle that the current use of nuclear energy shall not create excessive burdens for future generations. This study uses a descriptive, analytic, and qualitative methodology. Utilized secondary data, this study was complemented by comparative analyses between various international standards. This study concluded that the National L&R has facilitated decommissioning insight into NPP design, comparable to L&R in various NPP operating countries, both applying prescriptive and performance-based regulatory approaches, and met all relevant requirements standards issued by the IAEA. Furthermore, there were some rooms for improvement still, among others, by issuing regulations regarding the establishment of NPP Safety Analysis Report, developing technical guidelines for the consideration of decommissioning in the facility design phase, and guidelines for the management of design records or configuration management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, power generating vessels are used in Indonesia to supply electricity to islands or isolated areas. This type of power plant is called a floating power plant or barge-mounted power plant or barge. Floating power plants can use a various of energy sources, such as steam energy, gas energy, nuclear energy, solar energy, ocean current energy, and sea wave energy. According to the plan for a nuclear power plant ship to be built on the island of Bangka, it is necessary to consider the aspects of evaluating the safety of the nuclear power plant site. This paper discusses the elements of site safety evaluation for nuclear power plants using descriptive methods and qualitatively with literature studies. The site evaluation of the floating power plants must be carried out in accordance with the existing laws and regulations, even though the regulations in Indonesia are addressed to land-based power reactors and the evaluations related to buildings and installations in the sea for electricity installations may refer to the existing regulations, which is Government Regulation Number 27 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of the Marine and Fisheries Sector, which regulates power generating ships. This study concludes that the regulation for site safety evaluation that applies to land-based nuclear reactors is still applicable for floating nuclear power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BAPETEN, as a regulatory body for nuclear energy utilization in Indonesia, requires an indicator to evaluate the safety and security of nuclear installations. BAPETEN has made BAPETEN Regulation Number 1 Year 2017 concerning the Implementation of Inspections in the Supervision of Nuclear Energy Utilization which regulates the implementation of inspections and also mentions the use of safety and security indicators (SSI). SSI is an indicator of compliance of safety and security requirements used by BAPETEN to assess the performance of nuclear installations in Indonesia. Indicators that indicate the safeguard and security level of nuclear installations consist of two aspects, namely safeguard and additional protocol aspect and also the security aspect. Indicators that indicate the safety level of nuclear installations consist of 6 aspects, namely operation aspects, maintenance and ageing management aspects, radiation protection aspects, environmental management and monitoring aspects, nuclear emergency preparedness aspects, and management system aspects. Although each of these aspects will contribute to the level of nuclear installations safety and security, each of these aspects may have different weight values. BAPETEN Regulation Number 1 Year 2017 has determined weight values for safeguard and security aspects. However, the weight value for the safety aspect has not been determined in this regulation. Hence, this paper proposes the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the weight value of each aspect of nuclear installation safety indicators. The results of the study show that the AHP method can be used to determine the weight value of each aspect of the safety indicators of nuclear installations to be used by BAPETEN in assessing the performance of nuclear installation in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The covid-19 pandemic has altered the course of the economy all over the world, including Indonesia. Government policy to resort to social restriction and working from home has increased household consumption of energy but reduce the commercial use of energy. Economic growth is greatly affected by the pandemic and had surged to -5.32% during the pandemic but has been increased before the second wave of the pandemic strikes. In the long-term, the economy and electricity consumption are expected to recover. The recent plan to phase out coal from the energy generation sector has provided the pathway for New and Renewable Energy (NRE) in providing more environmentally friendly electricity to support the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Electricity demand-supply analysis is performed using LEAP and the result demonstrated that full utilization of NRE will reduce GHG emission by more than 700 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent in 2050 and renewable energy mix goal may be achieved in 2050. However, development of smart grid and energy storage should also be developed to compensate the intermittency of wind and solar electricity. Factors such as power generation cost, land requirement, externalities, and grid stability should be carefully studied in order to assure that the electricity produced is affordable and do not pose burden in form of government subsidies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THE ACCEPTANCE STRATEGY FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN INDONESIA. Indonesia has planned to build nuclear power plants. Some feasibility studies have been conducted intensively. However, the processes of NPP introduction are still uncertain. National Energy Plan in Indonesia, which has been made by some governmental agencies, does not yet give positive impact to the government decision to construct the nuclear power plant (NPP). This paper discusses the process of NPP introduction in Indonesia, which has been colored with debate of stakeholder and has delayed decision for go-nuclear. The technology paradigm is used to promote NPP as an alternative of reliable energy resources. This paradigm should be complemented with international politic-economic point of view. The international politic-economic point of view shows that structural powers, consisting of security, production, finance, and knowledge structures, within which the NPP is introduced, have dynamic characteristics. The process of NPP introduction in Indonesia contains some infrastructure development (R&D, legislation, regulation, energy planning, site study, public acceptance efforts, etc), but they need a better coherent NPP implementation program and NPP Acceptance Program. Strategic patterns for NPP acceptance described in this paper are made by considering nuclear regulation development and the interest of basic domestic participation. The first NPP program in Indonesia having proven technology and basic domestic participation is and important milestone toward and optimal national energy-mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discuss about the SPINNOR (Small Power Reactor, Indonesia, No On-site Refuelling) and the VSPINNOR (Very Small Power Reactor, Indonesia, No On-site Refuelling) which are small lead-bismuth cooled nuclear power reactors with fast neutron spectrum that could be operated for more than 10 or 15 years without on-site refuelling. They are based on the concept of a long-life core reactor developed in Indonesia since early 1990 in collaboration with the Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors of the Tokyo Institute of Technology (RLNR TITech). The reactor cores are designed to have near zero (less then one effective delayed neutron fraction) burn-up reactivity swing during the whole course of their operation to avoid a possibility of prompt criticality accident. The basic concept is that central region of the reactor core is filled with fertile (blanket) material. During the reactor operation fissile material accumulates in this central region, which helps to compensate fissile material loss in the peripheral core region and also contributes to negative coolant loss reactivity effect. A concept of high fuel volume fraction in the core is applied to achieve smaller size of a critical reactor. In this paper we consider to add Np-237 to the fuel to enhance non proliferation characteristics of the systems. The effect of Np-237 amount variation is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government of Indonesian has launched a National Grand Energy Strategy that will accelerate the use of new and renewable energy for power generation. Besides that, there are many discourses on implementing a net-zero emission target in 2050 or after. Various large-scale power generation options can be utilized to replace coal and gas-based power generation, such as hydro, geothermal, solar, wind and nuclear power generation towards net-zero emissions. The prospects for these various options are evaluated based on generation cost using the LEAP (Low Emissions Analysis Platform) model. The 4 scenarios were evaluated, i.e. business as usual (BAU), solar power plant with battery energy storage system (BESS), nuclear power plant (NPP), and coal and gas power plant with carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). The development of intermittent solar power plant cannot be carried out on a large scale unless coupled with a BESS. The cheapest generation costs are in the BAU scenario, but cannot reach the net-zero emission target. The next three scenarios can be used as an option to achieve the net-zero emission target. The NPP scenario has a lower cost than the CCUS and BESS scenarios, but there are challenges in public acceptance. The CCUS scenario is difficult to implement because it is still based on fossil fuels and the generation costs are also high. The BESS scenario can compete in generation costs with the NPP scenario, if BESS investment costs can continue to decline in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of safety review and assessment (R&A) of the experimental power reactor site RDE HTGR 10 MWth site has already been performed. From this activity, Indonesia obtains experience and lessons learned from site evaluation for a nuclear power reactor. BATAN, as the applicant, representing the government, expects the reactor can demonstrate safe operation and acceptance by the public. BAPETEN issued a site license with 14 licensing conditions and the applicant shall fulfill licensing conditions before submitting the construction license. The review and assessment are conducted based on Act No. 10 of Year 1997 [1], Government Regulation No. 2 of Year 2014 [2], and several BAPETEN Chairman's Regulations (BCR) related to site license. The process review and assessment are completed in one year and three months. The coordination for the review and assessment process was conducted by the Directorate of Licensing of Nuclear Installations and Materials of BAPETEN and supported by internal and external technical support organizations. During the evaluation of site license application, BAPETEN revealed several findings in seven aspects of site licensing: seismic, vulcanology, Geo-technical, hydrology, meteorology, external human-induced events, and radioactive dispersion. The timeline of the evaluation process was performed according to the time as mandated in the regulation. Some recommendations from IAEA SEED-Mission are considered in the review and assessment process, including implementing a graded approach due to a small power reactor and public hearing as a lesson learned from this activity. Comparing with the IAEA INSAG 26/2012 [3], Licensing the first Nuclear Power Plant., BAPETEN must have licensing project management with an online application. BAPETEN must update the working instruction in the site evaluation review. BAPETEN conducts a grading approach based on the hazard of the RDE reactor in around 10 MWth which is less than in a big light water reactor. All measurement test of infrastructure must be well defined in the site evaluation program. This study aims to describe the BAPETEN experience and lessons learned from the R&A of RDE site license. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most application of Radionuclide Therapy (RNT) in Indonesia is Radio-iodine Therapy. However, recently, it has been extended to the application of 177Lu for prostate cancer (pCa) patients using PSMA and DOTATATE for radioiodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RrDTC) patients. With support from the Coordinated Research Project from the International Atomic Energy Agency (CRP-IAEA), the establishment of the dosimetry protocol for Radionuclide Therapy is on progress. This article aimed to review the methodology and other aspects of the development of dosimetry protocol for Radionuclide Therapy in Indonesia. Eleven prostate cancer patients (pCa) (M, age between 57-75 years old), and eight RrDTC patients (5M, 3F, age between 47-71 years old.), have inclusively involved in pre-therapy dosimetry studies. About 170 MBq of RNT was injected to the patients. For the RrTC patients, the amino acid infusion protocol was performed for protecting the kidney before the administration of 177Lu-DOTATATE. Both patient groups were scanned with the Symbia T2 Siemens Gamma Camera with a scanning speed of 10 cm/min using a dual-head gamma camera equipped with a medium energy parallel hole collimator, with the dual peak settings at 113 and 208 keV and a 15% window setting for the acquisition of anterior and posterior whole-body scan (WBS). The images were quantified and analyzed by the view conjugate method, which has been taken at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours after the administration. The result of the analysis was in mCi or MBq of activity in organs. With additional factors such as attenuation and calibration, the value has been calculated to the administered dose to get %ID and was used as the input of OLINDA/EXM to get the organ doses in mSv/MBq. The result of dose estimation in either PCa or RrDTC has shown that both kidneys and liver are the organs, which has the highest doses, but still safe and will receive not more than 2 Gy for 3.7GBq injection of 177Lu. To conclude, the implementation of dosimetry protocol using view conjugate method and continued by fitting with OLINDA/EXM for pretherapy dosimetry using 177Lu-PSMA and 177Lu-DOTATATE have been done through a collaborative project. The result of this work shows that kidneys and liver in both studies are safe and not exceed the organ dose limit. The protocol might be used to implement the dosimetry protocol in radionuclide therapy using 177Lu in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time in Indonesia, public opinion survey on nuclear energy was conducted from 2010 to 2016. The sample size of 3000-4000 respondents was spread across various provinces, with a margin of error of +/- 1.8% at a confidence level of 95.0%. The sampling technique used is a combination of multistage random sampling and simple random sampling. The survey results show that the level of public support nationally is above 70% in the last 3 years, despite the NIMBY phenomenon in Bangka-Belitung. The results also show that, the NPP promotion activity which is integrated between the Central and Regional Governments, is followed by several incentives for infrastructure development for the prospective NPP site which are expected to be able to minimize the NIMBY phenomenon. Nationally, high support for the NPP program, possibly due to the urgent need for stable and reliable electricity. TV media is the most effective tool for socialization, while economically, radio can be chosen as a promotional tool with wide reach nationally. The uniqueness of Indonesia is, the government is still very trusted by the public, so that the public expects an explanation from the Government on the benefits and risks of the nuclear power plant program. Promotions targeting women are expected to have a significant impact on the high level of public support for the NPP program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgent need for brachytherapy equipment for cervix cancer in hospitals in Indonesia has urged the Center for Nuclear Facility Engineering (PRFN) of the National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN) to develop reduced-cost Brachytherapy equipment. At this stage, a prototype has been designed to fulfill these needs while comprising the safety aspect of the Treatment Delivery System (TDS) by which a source is delivered near the cervix of the patients. Few aspects of safety in terms of electrical and mechanical have been taken into consideration in this design, such as some locking mechanism which makes sure the source will be delivered to the correct channel. Some sensors were also installed within the equipment as well as the treatment room which sent messages to notify that the treatment can be performed safely. Some other safety steps such as dose verification, remapping of the procedure as well as performing pre-treatment checklist were also recommended to minimize the error during source delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]