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The arcticle gives a spatial gas-dynamic formulation of the backpressure problem, which describes the change in pressure in front of an accelerating projectile when it moves along the bore. This takes into account the geometry of the front of the projectile and its influence on the formation of the shock wave. An unsteady spatial flow of the displaced medium ahead of the projectile body without and taking into account the forces of viscosity is considered. The paper considers the solution to the problem of throwing a body using the energy of gunpowder combustion. The internal ballistics problem, which determines the dynamics of the projectile movement, is solved in terms of averaged parameters. A two-step Runge-Kutta scheme with a second order of accuracy is used to numerically integrate a system of ordinary differential equations in time. The control volume method is used for the numerical solution of the system of gas-dynamic equations. The gas parameters at the boundaries of the control volumes are determined using a self-similar solution to the problem of the decay of an arbitrary discontinuity. A comparison is presented of taking into account the backpressure as the pressure behind the detached shock wave, obtained from the analytical solution of the problem of the supersonic motion of a flat piston in a pipe at a constant velocity, and the pressure acting on the projectile, determined from the solution of nonstationary one-dimensional and spatial (axisymmetric) equations of gas dynamics. It was found that taking into account the viscosity practically does not affect the results of calculating the backpressure, while taking into account the shape of the front part of the projectile leads to a significant difference in the pressure fields behind the front of the shock wave compared to the solution in the framework of the one-dimensional formulation of the problem, where the shape of the front part of the projectile cannot be taken into account. It is concluded that this can significantly affect the results of modeling the ballistics of a shot at high throwing speeds.

This study aims to characterize the interaction of explosive blast waves through simulated anatomical models. We have developed physical models and a systematic approach for testing traumatic brain injury (TBI) mechanisms and occurrences. A simplified series of models consisting of spherical PMMA shells housing synthetic gelatins as brain simulants have been utilized. A series of experiments was conducted to compare the sensitivity of the system response to mechanical properties of the simulants under high strain‐rate explosive blasts. Small explosive charges were directed at the models to produce a realistic blast wave in a scaled laboratory test cell setting. Blast profiles were measured and analyzed to compare system response severity. High‐speed shadowgraph imaging captured blast wave interaction with the head model while particle tracking captured internal response for displacement and strain correlation. The results suggest amplification of shock waves inside the head near material interfaces due to...

Some of the recent efforts to improve the ballistic performance of lightweight armors utilize functionally graded materials to provide a continuous transition in properties between dissimilar materials. It has been conjectured that the elimination of abrupt acoustic impedance changes may result in beneficial stress wave attenuation. We examine this issue for some idealized one‐dimensional problems in which all materials are linear elastic. Exact solutions are compared with DYNA3D simulations of the same problems.

We present a numerical method as applied to flows generated by ignition and combustion of reactive solid particles. Strong shock waves are characteristic features of these flows and must be correctly resolved. For configurations that are typical of Interior Ballistics we adopt a two‐phase, two‐dimensional, axially‐symmetry and unsteady mathematical model. Numerical results for test problems are presented.