Search

Typhoid fever is a disease caused by infection with the pathogenic bacteria Salmonella typhi. Typhoid fever treatment usually uses antibiotics, but currently many typhoid fever antibiotics are reported to have experienced Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR). Resistance of S. typi to synthetic antibiotics has the risk of causing side effects, so it is necessary to develop antibiotics made from nature, one of which is cloves because they contain active antimicrobial compounds. The results showed that the compounds of -tri-O-methylellagic acid, ellagic acid, eugenetin, eugenin, eugenol, isoeugenitol, kaempferide, kaempferol, rhamnetin, rhamnocitrin and syringic acid were predicted to be potential candidates for anti-typhoid drugs. Ellagic acid is predicted to be the most potential candidate for anti-typhoid drugs with a binding affinity value of -9.9 kcal/mol. The results of this study can be used as a reference for research in the health sector related to the development of anti-typhoid drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single garlic has been known have various benefits because it contains many active compounds. The active compounds in garlic, like antioxidants are quickly degraded in the digestive tract. Various attempts have been made to maintain the antioxidants content in garlic through drug delivery systems. One of the drug delivery systems that can protect antioxidants is the Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS). This study aims to characterize and test the antioxidant activity of SNEDDS single garlic extract (SGE). The methods used include single garlic extraction with ethanol solvent, SNEDDS formulation, SNEDDS preparation, SNEDDS response test, and physical tests. Characterization of SNEDDS size and morphology using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). An antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH method. The results showed that the mean droplet size of SNEDDS-SGE was 23.10±0.69 nm, the polydispersity index (PDl) was 0,46±0,01 and the Zeta potential was -33.07±0.45 mV. The morphology of SNEDDS is a round droplet. The results of the antioxidant activity test showed that the percentage of antioxidant activity of SNEDDS-SGE was 56.74±1,04 which was higher than the percentage of antioxidant activity of SGE that was not prepared with SNEDDS 17.56 ±0.08. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurs when triglycerides inside hepatocytes are swollen. A single bulb garlic extract containing allicin components, S-allyl-l-cysteine, Ajoene (E-Ajoene and Z-Ajoene) are thought to inhibit fat biosynthesis and reduce triglycerides in blood serum. This study aimed to analyze single bulb garlic extract in NAFLD due to a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice. Twenty male Balb/C mice were divided into five groups: normal, HFD, HFD + Single Bulb Garlic Extract (SBGE) 100 mg kg BW−1, HFD + SBGE 200 mg kg BW−1, and HFD + SBGE 400 mg kg BW−1. The administration of SBGE orally altogether with HFD for 30 days. On the last day of treatment, the mice were sacrificed. The liver was collected to make a micro-anatomic slide and stained by Hematoxylin Eosin. Liver microanatomy slides were observed under a light microscope and scoring to count fatty liver cells. The results of this study indicated that administration of SBGE affected the average liver weight (p < 0.05). Treating SBGE with dose of 100 mg kg BW−1, 200 mg kg BW−1, and 400 mg kg BW−1 decreased hepatic steatosis (p < 0.05). SBGE could prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice fed with HFD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension, a circulatory disturbance signed by high blood pressure levels, had become the leading cause of death worldwide. One way to maintain blood pressure levels is by inhibiting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE), which functions in converting angiotensin I to be angiotensin II. Reducing angiotensin II level prevents the vasoconstrictive effect and causes vasodilation so that blood pressure can be stable. ACE inhibition with certain herbal compounds is the main target of hypertension treatment. This study aimed to predict organosulfur compounds from single bulb garlic to inhibit ACE through molecular docking. The docking simulation was done with Pyrx and visualized with Pymol and Discovery Studio software. The results showed that the binding affinity of three single bulb garlic organosulfur compounds consisting of thiamine (-6.7 kcal/mol); allithiamine (-6.5 kcal/mol); and 3.5 diethyl 2.4 trithiolane (-5.7 kcal/mol), lower than that of captopril (-5.5 kcal/mol). Organosulfur compounds had more stable bonds than the control based on the chemical bond type. The types of bonds formed consisted of hydrogen bonds, pi-alkyl bonds, carbon-hydrogen bonds, and pi-sulfur bonds. ADMET test results showed that the organosulfur compounds were well absorbed by the digestive system, well distributed, and the three compounds did not cause toxicity to the liver. This study's decision was the three single bulb garlic organosulfur compounds could be recommended as oral drug candidates for hypertension medication and could be further proven through in vitro and in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid hormone level variations relate to physiological and clinical anomalies. Many studies showed that garlic has protective effects on various body systems. This study aimed to determine the beneficial effects of garlic extracts against l-thyroxine-induced male rat hyperthyroidism. 25 male rats were randomly grouped into five groups: healthy rats (Control), rats subcutaneously injected with l-thyroxine 0.3 mg/kg BW, and rats given orally doses (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg BW/d) of garlic extracts. Blood samples were taken from the heart at the end of the experiment to identify T3 and T4 using Elisa. The results showed that hyperthyroid rats had a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum concentrations of T3 and T4 relative to the negative control group, and no significant increase in serum concentrations of T3 and T4 relative to the negative control group at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. However, at the dose of 150 mg/kg BW, the serum concentrations of T3 and T4 decreased. Hyperthyroid rats receiving 100 g/kg garlic extracts were more beneficial in enhancing the behavior of hyperthyroid rats than those in the control group. In conclusion, garlic extracts could affect the level of T3 and T4 in a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High fat diet including consume junk food as a habit can trigger metabolic disorder and surging cholesterol level caused by hypercholesterolemia. Single bulb garlic (SBG) (Allium sativum) is an alternative treatment which mostly used by societies to treat various diseases due to its organo-sulphur compounds content. Organo-sulphur content in SBG has a higher sulphur value than regular garlic sold in a conventional market. The aim of this research was to predict the potential of SBG's active compounds as a drug candidate for cholesterol reduction through molecular docking techniques with in silico methods. The docking was demonstrated by an interaction between SBG compound, native ligands and Simvastatin into HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. All compounds in 3D structure were retrieved from PubChem, while the enzyme was downloaded from PDB. Entire components were docked with a specific grid adjusted in AutoDock Vina in PyRx 0.8, then visualized by PyMOL and Discovery Studio. The results of this study indicate that native ligands and SBG compound bound in the same pocket with Simvastatin in HMG-CoA reductase enzyme besides Allyl methyl sulfide. Based on molecular docking results, Kaempferol has the lowest binding affinity value than Simvastatin (-7.8 kcal/mol). Furthermore, the SBG compound could forecast as a competitive inhibitor against Simvastatin in the HMG-CoA enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single garlic has many advantages compared to regular garlic, with an active compound content five times higher than regular garlic, and the ability to maintain homeostasis of the body's immune system. Active compounds of single garlic such as Allicin are easily degraded and have low bioavailability in the digestive tract, so the expected health effects are not optimal. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is an excellent delivery technique in increasing the solubility and absorption rate of active compounds with poor solubility levels in the water. This study aimed to optimize the co-surfactant between PEG-400 and glycerol. Determination of the optimum co-surfactant based on the solubility test, response test (pH, emulsification time, transmittance), and nanoemulsion grade from 14 SNEDDS formulations. The results showed that SNEDDS preparations with co-surfactant glycerol had a better transmittance response, and nanoemulsion grade and extract solubility were more stable than PEG-400. SNEDSS formulation with co-surfactant glycerol has the potential to increase the bioavailability of single garlic extract, based on the results of the solubility test, response test, and nanoemulsion grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]