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The purpose of this research is to formulate a generic analytical model to assess the phenomena of water ricochet for a conical nose shaped projectile. A theoretical model is analyzed to study the critical angle of conical nose shaped projectile entering in water and is extended for different mediums as normal sand and mercury. Numerical Simulation has been carried out to find the effect of tip angle of the conical nose shaped projectile on the critical angle. Critical angle is defined as that angle of impact of the projectile above which ricochet will occur. This angle is obtained by balancing the momentums acting on the projectile at the time of impact on the basis of Newtonian theory. Major factors affecting critical angle are impact velocity, impact angle, density of the projectile and the target. An attempt has been made to study the effect of longitudinal spin of the projectile on the critical angle.

In order to design hybrid rocket engines, we have developed a numerical prediction approach to the internal ballistics. The key point is its cost performance. Therefore simple but efficient models are required. Fluid phenomenon and thermal conduction phenomenon in a solid fuel should be treated time-dependently, because characteristic times of these phenomena are longer than those of other phenomena. Besides, they are solved with the energy-flux balance equation at the solid fuel surface to determine the regression rate. It is confirmed that numerical evaluation of time- and space-averaged regression rate is the same order of magnitude as that in experiments. However, the factors n in ṙ = aG¯oxn differ between calculations and experiments.

This study aims to characterize the interaction of explosive blast waves through simulated anatomical models. We have developed physical models and a systematic approach for testing traumatic brain injury (TBI) mechanisms and occurrences. A simplified series of models consisting of spherical PMMA shells housing synthetic gelatins as brain simulants have been utilized. A series of experiments was conducted to compare the sensitivity of the system response to mechanical properties of the simulants under high strain‐rate explosive blasts. Small explosive charges were directed at the models to produce a realistic blast wave in a scaled laboratory test cell setting. Blast profiles were measured and analyzed to compare system response severity. High‐speed shadowgraph imaging captured blast wave interaction with the head model while particle tracking captured internal response for displacement and strain correlation. The results suggest amplification of shock waves inside the head near material interfaces due to...

When a projectile approaches the back surface of a target, complicated mechanics and different failure modes ensue that can lead to perforation. There have been a number of attempts to model these different failure modes, for example models due to Ravid and Bodner [1] and Walker [2]. Of particular interest are analytic models (as opposed to hydrocode models) where the model attempts to explicitly identify relevant failure modes and back surface breakout modes. This paper examines back surface breakout and target failure models with different failure modes to see how they are invoked in specific impact geometries and scenarios. Comparisons are made of thresholds and sensitivities for the different failure modes to gain a greater understanding of their usefulness and applicability. The model results are compared to data to ensure reasonableness of the computations. Good agreement is shown with a relatively simple back‐surface‐strain target failure mode for predicting ballistic limit velocity for large aspect‐ratio projectiles and relatively thick targets as compared to the projectile diameter.

A high‐speed digital camera was used to observe the deflection‐time history of a Kevlar® fabric to bullet impact. It was observed, as others have, that the deflecting fabric has the shape of a pyramid. The average apex angle of the pyramid was calculated from the digital images and was found to be constant with time for the first 50 to 70 microseconds. Using this information, a simple momentum transfer model is shown to capture the velocity‐time history of fabric deflection until ply failure. As expected, once ply failure occurs, the model overpredicts deceleration of the bullet.

Flat, hemispherical and ogive-2 nosed mild steel projectiles (10 mm diameter, 100 mm length) were fired at 200 m s{sup -1} into the end face of cylindrically confined dry sand (100 mm diameter, 150 mm length). Projectiles were tracked through the sand using flash radiography and high speed photography. By seeding a horizontal plane of randomly dispersed lead shot (

Operation of a two‐stage implosion‐driven hypervelocity launcher in which the launch tube is imploded behind the projectile is examined. In particular, techniques to generate a high phase velocity of implosion are explored, and the technique of using a variable thickness flyer plate with a constant thickness layer of explosive is selected for further investigation. An analytic model, based on the Gurney analysis for flyer plate acceleration, is developed to determine the thickness profile necessary to deliver the desired phase velocity. Finite element simulations and experimental implementation of this approach results in the correct increase in phase velocity along the launch tube, however, the velocity profile does not generate the desired constant acceleration profile.

We present the results of development of explosive systems for investigating multiple action of solid projectiles upon an obstacle at a moderate impact velocity on the order of 1 km/s. Two types of systems are considered, namely: 1) evacuating shock tube with plane high explosive (HE), 2) ballistic gun with distributed shot of plastic HE. In the first system an acceleration of steel spheres are realized in flux of expanding explosive products. The second system provides the acceleration of a “soft” plastic block with steel spheres having certain mutual orientation. The experiments with these explosive systems testify to higher effectiveness of projectiles penetration into obstacles at multiple impact with a moderate velocity.

Computational solid mechanics (CSM) for ballistics, as it exists today, does not have predictive capabilities that are comparable to those of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The most important reason for this is the lack of high quality physical models for the damage and failure processes that occur during high‐speed impact. An approach for modeling impact damage in metals, based on physical modeling of adiabatic shear bands and voids, will be presented. Scaling laws for damage from shear bands have been developed over the past decade from detailed analysis of the thermomechanical processes, and are being adapted for efficient use in large‐scale computations. A similar approach for ductile void growth and spall has also been initiated. This approach is expected to lead to models that are based on the essence of the physics, rather than on fitting of phenomenological models to large databases.

Some of the recent efforts to improve the ballistic performance of lightweight armors utilize functionally graded materials to provide a continuous transition in properties between dissimilar materials. It has been conjectured that the elimination of abrupt acoustic impedance changes may result in beneficial stress wave attenuation. We examine this issue for some idealized one‐dimensional problems in which all materials are linear elastic. Exact solutions are compared with DYNA3D simulations of the same problems.

We present a model for the steady-state penetration phase of yawed long rods. The projectile-target interaction is comprised of axial deceleration and erosion due to frontal pressure, and lateral deceleration due to cavity expansion pressure. By solving the resulting ODEs through time-stepping, the evolution of the projectile/crater shape is obtained.

It is well known that impact inclination is detrimental to penetration performance for long-rod projectiles into semi-infinite targets. The drop-off in performance, measured as the depth of penetration normalized by the initial projectile length, is generally attributed to interference of the tail of the projectile with the side walls of the penetration cavity. However, little has been done to study the effect of impact inclination on the performance of long rods penetrating finite targets. A reverse ballistic experiment and three-dimensional numerical simulations are used to examine the effect of impact inclination against an oblique plate. In particular, the interaction of the projectile with the plate, to include asymmetric enlargement of the penetration channel and side loading of the projectile, are examined in the simulations, and compared to experimental results.

When a long-rod penetrator impacts a target at a high yaw angle, interference of the penetrator with the sidewall of a crater is the mechanism for the degraded penetration performance. The yawed penetrator is described as a series of cylindrical elements. Using this assumption, the model considers the effective diameters of the penetrator whether or not it interacts with the crater wall and a revised crater profile is calculated with the effective diameters.

We present a numerical method as applied to flows generated by ignition and combustion of reactive solid particles. Strong shock waves are characteristic features of these flows and must be correctly resolved. For configurations that are typical of Interior Ballistics we adopt a two‐phase, two‐dimensional, axially‐symmetry and unsteady mathematical model. Numerical results for test problems are presented.