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The design of the literature review study is how the development of research results on the Science, Technology, Engineer Mathematic (STEM) Approach in Physics Learning in a bibliometric way and Challenges trends in physics learning research that integrates STEM. An article search used the Scopus Base data conducted on June 19, 2023. Data was collected as metadata, retrieved from Scopus data with the keywords STEM AND physics AND learning from 2006-2023. The results of data collection obtained were 329 articles downloaded with their metadata stored in CVS forms, and the results were rechecked to determine whether all the articles matched the keywords. The data results are in the form of document types consisting of articles, book chapters, conference papers, and conference reviews. Visualization processing with R programming software is carried out with four visualizations consist of annual scientific production, Wordcloud, and Network visualization. The results of this analysis study show that the trend theme of the STEM Approach in physics learning is learning media and computer-aided instruction with a significant annual increase every year in 2020 there were 54 articles, in 2021 there were 94 articles, in 2022 there were 48 articles. Meanwhile, the three largest scientific production countries are the USA with 76 articles; Indonesia with 51 articles; and Thailand with 14 articles. Research trends in 2023 are learning media and your STEM Challenges can be seen from the less trending topic is the influence of STEM on the Creative thinking and critical thinking skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, the thermodynamic power cycle of a mini-truck diesel engine has a thermal efficiency of less than 40%. During operation, its cooling system needs to transfer around 60% of the generated heat to air at the radiator. Nowadays, diesel engines have high performance, producing a large amount of mechanical power, which inevitably leads to a large amount of heat being rejected. Thus, the radiator demands a higher air flow rate. Additionally, fan efficiency is also important since the fan itself draws the power from the engine. Therefore, both performance and efficiency are critical parameters to be considered for the cooling fan. In Thailand, there is another consideration concerning the country's hot and humid environment with its frequent traffic jams in urban areas. This paper presents computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a mini-truck engine cooling fan operating at two rotational speeds. The resulting fan static pressures and flow rates are compared with (limited) experimental data. The pressure values are roughly 11% different from the experimental data due to the pressure measuring locations. For the flow rates, the difference between the simulations and the experimental data are about 48%. The large differences are due to differences between the experimental method from the fan testing standard and the simplified simulation setup as well as possibly deviations in the 3D model of the fan geometry from the actual piece. Nevertheless, the performance trends from the simulations are consistent. For example, the ratio of the flow rates at the two operating conditions is close to that from the experimental data. Thus, the simulation methods as set up in this work have potential to be used in the design process of engine cooling fans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical farming (VF) allows for more plants to be cultivated in a particular land area, maximizing land-use efficiency. VF employs multileveled shelves enabling crops to be planted at each level. This paper aims to develop an optimization model that could generate a required setup of a vertical shelf that would meet the sunlight requirements of strawberries. Firstly, the simulation model was developed using Rhino (Rhinoceros) software with Grasshopper plugin, which can predict the sunlight availability at each VF shelf level. The model is validated by the experiment in Chiang Mai province, Thailand, at an elevation higher than 310 m above mean sea level. The experiment set up of the VF shelf with three levels was constructed, and the solar radiation values were recorded and validated against the radiation predicted by the model. The validated model is used to simulate the sunlight radiation on each level of the shelf for different shelf designs with varying vertical spacings between each level. These sets of predicted radiation values and vertical spacings are used to train the ANN (Artificial Neural Network) model. The ANN simulation model was developed using MATLAB software with Simulink and Neural Net Fitting App. The trained ANN model has an MSE (Mean Squared Error) of 0.00019621 and an R (the correlation coefficient) value of 0.9992. As a result, the optimization model could successfully give out the vertical spacing between each level of the VF shelf with an input of desired sunlight availability on each level. For the PPFD (Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density) of 600 µmol/m2/s on both levels, the spacing should be 51.34 cm from the top to the middle (y1) and 48.69 cm from the middle to the bottom (y2). To receive 600 and 500 µmol/m2/s on the middle and bottom level respectively, the levels should be placed 66.77 cm (y1) and 30.89 cm (y2) apart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A passenger-bus represents one of the vehicle types that can cause serious damage during the accident. Its frontal crashworthiness may threaten substantial damage to life and property. This is because the design of a bus structure does not meet frontal crashworthiness standards and regulations. Currently, the design of a bus structure and manufacturing in Thailand only focuses on the overturned test. The front crash standard have not been yet considered as structural requirements. This paper introduces a novel design of a passenger-bus considering the frontal crash based on the standard of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Regulation No. 29 (UN ECE-R29). A simulation model was done to determine the structural strength against the produced load considering a full-frontal impact. Finite element analysis was applied to evaluate frontal impacts. As a result, the energy absorption corresponding to the UN ECE-R29 regulation is 55 kJ, while the test model structure could absorb about 52.4 kJ of energy. In fact, the total deformation from the UN ECE-R29 signifies the severe deformation in the frontal structures, which caused the significant damage to the driver dummy. Clearly, reinforcement of the thin-walled tubular construction could improve a bus's structural strength. Consequently, the driver dummy is not affected by the structure's distortion, enhancing the safety and reliability standards for passenger-buses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lexical borrowing occurs when two languages are in close contact. In the southern border of Thai, for instance, the Patani Malay dialect (PMD) has extensively borrowed words from the Thai language (TL) (deemed as the formal and dominant language of Thailand) in ways to facilitate the comprehension of an array of new concepts which are foreign to the original PMD. In general terms, previous studies on the lexical borrowings into the PMD are limited to listing down the loanwords along with their meanings in the TL. Correspondingly, the presented discussions predominantly concentrate on the surface level and thus scanty, whilst the extrapolated data are introspective in nature. Therefore, in order to broaden the research scope of the PMD loanwords, the paper aims to re-examine the loanwords of the TL in the PMD by comparing the meaning of the words based on their developing features (word class and/or meaning). The PMD data were extrapolated from two PMD dictionaries, which were PMD-PSU 1 Dictionary (1984) and PMD-PSU 2 Dictionary (2010). The TL data, on the other hand, were collected from the Office of the Royal Society's Dictionary 2011 (2013). The analysis was initiated by identifying the TL loanwords in the PMD based on the set criteria, and the words were subsequently grouped based on the grammatical classes of nouns, verbs and adjectives. The meanings of the loanwords in each class were then compared with the meanings in the TL to evaluate the occurrence of semantic change. The results displayed both occurrences of semantic retention and change in the two languages. As opposed to the semantically retained words, the altered meanings of the loanwords were deemed more noteworthy to be studied, as the forms were entirely assimilated into the PMD system. Specifically, there were three (3) categories of change in relation to the lexical borrowings of the TL into the PMD, namely the processes of widening, narrowing, and substitution (of word class and/or meaning). These changes, or adaptations, do not only manage to realise the daily need of the language users but also to enrich the corpus and lexical items of the PMD in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the interesting studies conducted on the Malays and the cluster culture is related to the field of gastronomy or the study of food and its relation to culture. This paper aims to describe the influence of cluster cultures in the production of traditional Malay cakes found in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. Based on the qualitative analysis method of the applied ethnographic field, a total of 30 respondents were selected, with 10 respondents from each country and the data were collected through the snowball method. The results of the research collected through interviews with respondents from the three countries, as well as additional input support from previous studies have shown that the preparation of traditional Malay cakes in the three countries are produced based on motivations that are very close to Islamic legislation as the basis and cultural similarities as well as the backbone of the nation. This principle is translated through the aspects of motive, form, function and philosophy of the production of the cakes. This finding is proof that our cultural heritage is rich in the philosophy that underlies every behavior and action, and should be documented as an effort to preserve the heritage of the universal Malay cultural tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]