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An experimental study to increase productivity and thermal efficiency in solar collectors by optimizing them with a parabolic trough coupled to Fresnel lenses. Fresnel lenses are of great interest as an efficient sun-gathering device due to their high concentration and low heat loss. This paper aims to examine for the first time the addition of Fresnel lenses to a parabolic trough (PTC), which can be considered a promising heat-concentrating technology for solar-powered systems. The test was carried out in Iraq - the city of Diwaniyah (31.99° N, 44. 93° E). The study showed that the use of Fresnel lenses led to an increase in production efficiency. Experiments showed that the total production efficiency is (26.5% and 40.9%) for CSS with PTC and CSS with PTC with Fresnel lenses, respectively, compared with the traditional stator. and thermal efficiency (47.5%,60.1%,70.9%) for CSS, CSS with PTC, and CSS with PTC with two Fresnel lenses on PTC, respectively. This paper proposes the use of spot-type concentrating lenses in concentrated solar collectors to improve the performance of solar distillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a premier insight into renewable energy, global perspectives, challenges, development, and the environmental impact of solar power in Iraq. Every day, degrees of global sun radiation range from 2000 kWh/m2 to 2500 kWh/m2. The global demand for electricity due to environmental concerns increases the pressure to use alternative, sustainable, and hassle-free power sources. Solar power is an infinite, CO2-free energy source that may be used anywhere in the planet. Solar energy generates 1.4 ×105 TW of power on the earth's surface, as well as around 3.6×104 TW of this electricity is utilized. Global power usage decreased by 3.6 ×104 TW in 2012 to 17 TW. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are critical components for turning solar radiation into electricity. Photovoltaic technology, energy conversion efficiency, economic evaluation, electricity legislation, environmental effect, a wide range of uses, and possibilities, this study goes into great detail on s and development. This painting collects new literature (e.g. research papers, conference proceedings, reports, books) on photovoltaic technology, monetary analysis, environmental impact, and public awareness policies. Due to the fast advancement of PV technology, the assessment determined that PV is a simple approach to harvest solar energy. Finally, this work shows the projects that can be adapted to control the use of renewable electricity systems in standard electricity and in particular solar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to test the effect of add a vermicompost, seaweed extracts, and Urea to the soil on the total number of fungi during flowering and complete maturity. Throughout the 2019-2020 fall season, an experiment was conducted on one of the farms in the Nouriya area of Iraq's Al-Diwaniyah governorate. The experiment, which followed a global trend, used three replications and a fully randomized sector design. The initial factor was the addition of vermicompost fertilizer in three stages (0, 2 and 4 tons h-1), the second factor was the addition of seaweed extract in two levels (0 and 40 kg h−1) denoted by S0 and S1, and the third factor was the addition of urea in three stages (0, 120 and 240 kg N h−1) denoted by U0, U1 and U2, respectively. In maturity of the analyzed descriptions, the tages of vermicompost varied considerably, with level V2 getting the greatest results for the quantity of fungi in the blossoming and complete maturation levels (32.61 103 and 27.40 103 CFU gm−1 dry soil, respectively). The addition of seaweed extracts S1 had a substantial effect on total fungus populations in the blossoming stage (30.66 103 CFU gm−1 dry soil), but not in the complete maturation levels. When U1 Urea was added, the amount of fungus in the blooming stage (26.62 103 CFU gm-1 dry soil) increased dramatically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is one of the most important energy resources used for human comfort. Its generation is very expensive, so it must be carefully managed. Energy management is a key to well-used electrical grid, especially in developing countries, including Iraq, which face significant challenges such as frequent outages. The grid's main feature is good management with integration of renewable energies. Photovoltaic (PV) energy systems are widely used in variety of applications. It provides an alternative solution for energy self-sufficiency, and it is also possible to share the surplus with the grid. However, the PV system is temperature and solar radiation dependent, which is regarded as a disadvantage due to weather changes. At demand response (DR), the energy produced by the PV system may have a surplus or a shortfall of electric power resulting in either loss or no energy use or service interruptions. This problem of intermittency is overcome by hybridization. Thus, if the primary source is unable to meet the entire DR, the secondary source will take over the re-possibility of supporting. In this paper, a PV-Battery-Grid system is designed, tested and modelled by MATLAB program to integrate solar energy, bank of batteries, loads and grid. The proposed system pro-vides and manages generated energy by sharing it to loads and grid. Furthermore, the total harmonics distortion values of output inverter current, ac load current, and grid current were 2.16%, 0.18%, and 0.89% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exponential smoothing models are used to smooth time series data and treat the impact of Trend or Seasonal in the time series. There are several models including of smoothing: Simple Exponential Smoothing, Double Smoothing and Holt-Winters smoothing. Robust statistical methods in time series models or in linear models (Regression, Experiment Design) they are a suitable to treat the problem of outlier values in data in order to obtain more reliable forecast results. In this paper, we applied the Robust Exponential smoothing method Compared with some anther exponential as :(Double smoothing, Holt-Winters Additive/Multiplicative smoothing, EST method) for estimation model parameters and forecasting are presented. and application of all these methods in Data of corona Pandemic (COVID-19) from Iraq in period (Mar. 2020 – Mar 2022), the robust exponential method is presented that applies the standard technique to preclean data from the outlier values in time series.We depended on R-packages functions as [ses(),EST, robiest(), hw(),...],it use to obtain smoothing parameters are robust. In this research we found Robust method have a good forecast performance for time series with an outlier values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premature birth (PTB) is the most common public health issue in gynecology and obstetrics. It has a variety of consequences, ranging from increased infant mortality to chronic disease and disability throughout one's life. Many PTB prediction studies have been published in recent years to improve the accuracy of PTB prediction. However, no single study has addressed the issue of premature birth using a data set from the Iraqi community. There are many research from different countries that have been collected regarding premature birth, where the pregnant woman differs from one region to another in terms of lifestyle as well as the diagnostic methods used, where in Iraq only manual methods are adopted in the diagnosis. The aim of this paper is to provide and improve the prediction accuracy of premature births using real data from Iraqi hospitals. Additionally, provide a validation of the results in terms of reliability and accuracy. The novel approach is used to identify the best maternal characteristics (those associated with PTB) from an obstetric dataset. The following classifiers (Decision Tree, Random Forest, Logistic Regression, K-Neighbor Nearest, Naive Bayes Classifier, Neural Networks, Support Vector Machine) were used in this study to classify all birth cases into term normal birth and preterm birth. As a result, the Random Forest classifier outperformed all other classifiers with a 98% percent accuracy. Its worth noting that the classifiers' performance is quantified in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, Specificity, Precision, Recall and F1 score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an assessment of the possible reuse of asphalt concrete waste available in the city of Mosul-Iraq in road construction alone or with cement addition. Compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted on the Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) with silty sand soil mixture (SM) used to improve grading to meet the grading A of general specifications for roads and bridges (SCRB) of (RAP/Soil of 92/8) %. Results show that the optimum moisture content (OMC), maximum dry density (MDD), UCS of RAP, and CBR will generally increase with the addition of cement. Longer curing periods will yield a higher strength. The OMC increases from 5 to 7.4%, and MDD increases from 1.972 to 2.13 g/cm3 when using 7% cement. The UCS of RAP stabilized with (1, 3, 5, and 7) % of cement for 7days are (11.25, 43.7, 70, and 73.57) kg/cm2 respectively and the CBR increases from 34% to (190, 260, 1150, and 2120) % when using (1, 3, 5, and 7) % of cement respectively. The obtained results confirm the possibility of using asphalt concrete waste in a sub-base layer after improving grading. Also, the possibility of using it in the base layer of roads after 2% cement addition, according to SCRB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to propose a decision tool that helps estimate the risk probability in the petroleum sector in Iraq, which has many benefits for identifying the most important factor. This model was developed by using the relative importance index (RII) method incorporated into fuzzy Logic. An extensive literature review was conducted, and a questionnaire was distributed to the private and government sectors to scan all possible risks in the petroleum sector. As a result, forty–eight risks in the petroleum sector were identified and categorized into four groups: operational risks, financial and administrative risks, economic and political risks, and potential risks. Also, the questionnaire results were analyzed using the relative importance index. The ranking of the groups and factors was demonstrated according to their level of effect on risk. Finally, a fuzzy assessment model was constructed and tested being appropriate to identify the probability of risk in the Iraqi petroleum sector to assess and estimate risk. Oil exploration company, one of the associations of the ministry of oil in Iraq, has been taken as a case study of this research to determine the risks and validate the model. This aim was accomplished by using the semi-quantitative risk assessment method and by introducing the concept of risk degree according to the assessment of risk and vulnerability. After summarizing the pandemic impact information on the oil projects from the Iraqi ministry of oil, a risk assessing index system was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to identify and evaluate the relative importance of the risk factors in equipment highway project in Iraq. Usually, construction projects are affected by risk factors throughout the project life cycle, without identification and allocation categorization of these risks factors the project cannot be succeed, in this paper the open and closed questionnaire used to identify the important risk factors in equipment highway project in Iraq. The research aims to identify the factors that influence the success of equipment highway project in Iraq, to determine the correct response to the risk's factors in this study, (IBM, SPSS, V23) program was used to analyze the main group of risk factors by Mean Score Technique (MS) and ranking from top to bottom. The risk factors of tendering phase analysis by Relative Importance Index (RII) technique then ranking from top to bottom based on their values. The results of this study have conducted that the technical criteria are the most efficient criteria finally, a management criterion with all risk factors that showed in this research will be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geotechnical issues, including thermal impacts, and understanding the thermo-mechanical behavior of saturated fine-grained soils are critical. Heat treatment is one of the methods used to improve the geotechnical properties of fine loess soils. This method is limited due to the high cost of the heating source. However, in Iraq, the heating source (gas), a product of oil extraction, is very cheap. This paper provides an overview of recent advancements in heating technology, including ground improvement approaches. It represents various heating techniques to treat fine soils. The previous studies indicated that high temperature significantly affects the soil composition, temperature affects the clay and water combinations, and flocculation or dispersion may occur depending on the type of ion exchange and clay mineral. At temperatures above dehydration, clays lose water adsorption and hydration as the temperature rises over the point where de-hydroxylation begins. Thermal gradients affect liquid and plastic limitations as a function of alterations in viscosity due to thermal treatment. Heating the fine soil increases the bearing capacity and decreases the settlement close to the distance from heating sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design of geotechnical structures requires an investigation of the soil properties which considers a challenge because of the spatial variability of soil properties and also because the data of the in-situ tests are often limited in number. In this paper, Kriging interpolation method was used for predicting Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data at boreholes locations in the study site located in Nasiriyah city, Iraq. The predictions were based on the data of four nearby CPT points which were performed at different locations on the site. To examine the reliability of Kriging method, the results were utilized for soil classification at the boreholes using Robertson chart 2010 and compared with the soil classification results of the laboratory test and it was found that the Kriging method gave good estimations. Hence, Kriging method can be considered a suitable method to estimate the soil properties at untested locations for geotechnical engineering practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Iraq, Babil Stream is used for irrigation and as a source for water supply systems along its length extending from its head regulator at Shatt Al Hillah River for about 36 km. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the current and modified conditions of the flow along this Stream by implementing a Babil Stream steady 1D, Utilizing HEC-RAS Version 5.0.7 Software. The results showed that the sum of the provided discharge of irrigation outlets and water treatment stations equals 16.74 m3/s which is higher than the current capacity of the Babil Stream of 10.5 m3/s. The Babil Stream can accommodate the design discharge of 10.5 m3/s and the discharge that meets the actual water demand of 16.74 m3/s. Moreover, to reduce the large number of outlets along the Stream when preparing the Stream of the HEC-RAS model, the outlets at each 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 km. When combining the outlets as a single outlet at each 2.5 km along the Stream, the water levels are close to that when using the actual outlet's locations. The number of outlets can be reduced from 181 outlets to just 14 outlets. Sensitivity analysis to Manning n for Babil Stream showed the water level at the head regulator increased by just 0.06 m and 0.07 m when applying the discharges of 10.5 m3/s and 16.74 m3/s, respectively. This increase does not significantly affect the Stream's capacity, and the used value of 0.03 represents the mean of these values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]