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with the hasty growth and extensive use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), it is imperative to enhance the security for WSNs. The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) is determined by growths of the Internet with the interconnectedness of diversified smart objects using dissimilar networking and communication technologies. Among countless basic networking technologies for the IoT, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has become an essential building block. IoT empowered sensor networks to afford a wide variety of application areas such as smart homes, smart healthcare, smart cities and various solutions for the manufacturing industry. The incorporation of WSNs in IoT will also generate newfangled security challenges for launching secure channels sandwiched between low power sensor nodes and Internet hosts. The key management is an effective way to protect WSNs from various malicious attacks. This will lead to numerous challenges in designing new key establishment and authentication protocols. This paper discusses about several KMS Taxonomies and surveys and recent KMS which are applicable for WSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inconsistent of power supply especially when travelling or having outdoor activities make people focus in finding the backup system which is standby generator. Therefore, this project focus on finding portable smart generator using solar panel that can automatically turn on and off through microcontroller implementation. Failure of the device will detect by microcontroller and notification will receive for next action. The Global system with mobile communication (GSM) was used to transmit the data from generator to mobile phone using short message service (SMS) for the generator status. Meanwhile, by using solar panel helps to overcome the batteries from overcharging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key benefit of the simulated PZT type-8 material two axis MEMS Scanner for LIDAR Applications is cost and size reduction. Microscopy, LiDAR, and biological imaging all use MEMS technology in conjunction with the proper mirrors and control systems. A low voltage scanning mirror is proposed in this article to take into account applications like LiDAR, particularly for UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and gesture recognition. A lever structure made of suitable materials, such as PZT ceramic, can achieve Low Power Consumption although the scanning mirror should have a respectable FOV (Field Of View). To achieve a wide FOV and dual axis MEMS mirror acquisition, the proper activation mechanisms are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, significant advances in digital sensing technology and wireless communications have led to the production of small-scale smart sensors that have the ability to sense physical changes in different environments and convert them into digital signals that are collected in one central location. These networks are called wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because they have the ability to wirelessly communicate with each other for the purpose of passing data between them and deliver it to the central station. Wireless sensor networks have great importance in human environments, as they are used to monitor and record physical changes in environments that are not accessible to humans, such as environments with very high temperatures, or in cases of chemical environmental pollution, in forests and seas as well as in deep layers of earth to monitor seismic and volcanic activity. In view of the great importance of wireless sensor networks and their obvious impact on human life, and for the purpose of providing researchers with brief and complete information about these networks, we have presented this paper that briefly reviews what sensor networks are, their specifications, applications and the challenges they face. This paper also included most of the radio communication techniques used in sensor architectures. As well as touching on the most important routing algorithms in "WSNs" and their classifications with a comparison of their performance. Finally, this paper provided an overview of research trends that could lead to significant technological development and beneficial growth to overcome the challenges of wireless sensor networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Sensor Network consist thousand number of intelligent tiny sensor nodes that form a self-sustainable and self-organising network. These network offers various potential interdisciplinary applications such as in infrastructure development for smart cities, critical health care, precision agriculture etc. Recent technological development has steered up demand of pervasive networks in day-to-day life. However, the fast pace development of wireless sensor network is hampered by few constraints like coverage problem and connectivity issues between nodes that in turn affects network lifetime. Strategic deployments of sensor nodes help in providing some pre-determined number of nodes in ensuring optimal or suboptimal coverage in designated field that also prolong network lifetime. Since maximum coverage with ensured connectivity are two separate issues, however together either they are addressed for finding set of most probable location of nodes or to density of nodes for utmost coverage of event in monitored area. These coverage cavities cause connectivity issues between normal nodes, router nodes and gateway nodes affecting performance of nodes opens interesting research thrusts. Here in this paper an approach has been presented in calculating critical points at boundary of region of interest (ROI) for multi-tier hierarchical network to detect and recovery from coverage cavities and attain long life for network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy sufficiency to build the world through the industrial revolution 4.0 has become a hot topic of research on energy since the last decade. Various researchers from all over the world have been competing in how to produce alternative electricity as an additional option from conventional power plants with the smallest investment figures. The specific objective of this research is to create technology for energy management in off-grid hybrid-powered buildings so that investment in hybrid electricity systems is optimal. The smart power outlet used ACS-712 current sensor and a ZMPT101B voltage sensor to measure the electricity. Arduino Nano microcontroller and ESP8266 NodeMCU made the device monitorable through the internet. Added a relay module to switch the device remotely. Also, there were micro SD module and DS3231 RTC to log the data. This device used the smartphone interface with the Android operating system. The smart power outlet experiment result was good, the average error was 3.27% with one data shift in the data logging between the delivery time and the timer in a 30 seconds gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]