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Waterjet propulsion is a type of propulsion system which is used widely by ship with high-speed operation and sailing in shallow waters. This system is constructed by pump and impeller that impels water passing through the inlet tube. Transport energy is occurred from pump to water, due to rotation of the impeller. Reduction of cross-sectional area at the end of nozzle increases water stream velocity, outcome increasing kinetic energy by a change of momentum because of an acceleration. The work of nozzle can be measured by efficiency and force output which is used to propel ship effectively. These parameters are related to nozzle geometry, as the main factor in this paper, supported by other factors such as pump pressure and stream velocity. The analysis of these parameters is presented by simulation in Ansys Fluent. From the results obtained the efficiency of a convergent nozzle is bigger than combination nozzle, with different values within 8% up to 12%. It suggests this type of nozzle is suitable for saving energy in waterjet propulsion system.Waterjet propulsion is a type of propulsion system which is used widely by ship with high-speed operation and sailing in shallow waters. This system is constructed by pump and impeller that impels water passing through the inlet tube. Transport energy is occurred from pump to water, due to rotation of the impeller. Reduction of cross-sectional area at the end of nozzle increases water stream velocity, outcome increasing kinetic energy by a change of momentum because of an acceleration. The work of nozzle can be measured by efficiency and force output which is used to propel ship effectively. These parameters are related to nozzle geometry, as the main factor in this paper, supported by other factors such as pump pressure and stream velocity. The analysis of these parameters is presented by simulation in Ansys Fluent. From the results obtained the efficiency of a convergent nozzle is bigger than combination nozzle, with different values within 8% up to 12%. It suggests this type of nozzle is suitable for s...

The overwhelming majority of intercontinental long-haul transportations of goods are usually carried out on road by semi-trailer trucks. Vibration has a major effect regarding the safety of the transport, the load and the transported goods. This paper deals with the logistics goals from the point of view of vibration and summarizes the methods to predict or measure the vibration load in order to design a proper system. From these methods, the focus of this paper is on the computer simulation of the vibration. An analytical method is presented to calculate the vertical dynamics of a semi-trailer truck containing general viscous damping and exposed to harmonic base excitation. For the purpose of a better understanding, the method will be presented through a simplified four degrees-of-freedom (DOF) half-vehicle model, which neglects the stiffness and damping of the tires, thus the four degrees-of-freedom are the vertical and angular displacements of the truck and the trailer. From the vertical and angular accelerations of the trailer, the vertical acceleration of each point of the platform of the trailer can easily be determined, from which the forces acting on the transported goods are given. As a result of this paper the response of the full platform-load-packaging system to any kind of vehicle, any kind of load and any kind of road condition can be analyzed. The peak acceleration of any point on the platform can be determined by the presented analytical method.

In this paper, the attitude calculation of quadrotor is studied, and the attitude angle of quaternions and the method of using IIR low pass filter to filter the high frequency noise are proposed. First of all, this paper puts forward the characteristics of quadrotor more flexible than other aircraft. The flexible steering mode of quadrotor is classified into three categories. Starting from reality, this paper proposes an algorithm to transform the value of acceleration sensor to pose angle, which can greatly reduce the amount of computation and is the theoretical basis for real-time attitude calculation of aircraft. When introducing the number of quaternion, this article starts from the theoretical model and first introduces the conceptual meaning of the number of quaternion. In this model, the aircraft’s own coordinate axis and the geographical axis are regarded as two rigid bodies, and they have three coordinate axes that are orthogonal to each other. When the steering operation is involved, the corresponding acceleration is generated. By using the quaternion multiplicative formula mentioned in this paper, the change of attitude angle can be obtained. n reality, in order to ensure the accuracy of the output attitude angle. More accurate input variables are often needed, and the IIR low pass filter is introduced in this way. In this paper, a nine order IIR filter is designed according to the actual situation, and its spectrum characteristics are obtained by simulation software. After mixing the original signal generated by propeller’s high frequency noise, it outputs clean signals through filter, all of which are intuitively reflected by three spectrum images. After giving some practical solutions, this paper looks forward to the prospect of the aircraft.

The paper presents a way to obtain an intelligent miniaturized three-axial accelerometric sensor, based on the on-line estimation and compensation of the sensor errors generated by the environmental temperature variation. Taking into account that this error’s value is a strongly nonlinear complex function of the values of environmental temperature and of the acceleration exciting the sensor, its correction may not be done off-line and it requires the presence of an additional temperature sensor. The proposed identification methodology for the error model is based on the least square method which process off-line the numerical values obtained from the accelerometer experimental testing for different values of acceleration applied to its axes of sensitivity and for different values of operating temperature. A final analysis of the error level after the compensation highlights the best variant for the matrix in the error model. In the sections of the paper are shown the results of the experimental testing of the accelerometer on all the three sensitivity axes, the identification of the error models on each axis by using the least square method, and the validation of the obtained models with experimental values. For all of the three detection channels was obtained a reduction by almost two orders of magnitude of the acceleration absolute maximum error due to environmental temperature variation.

Rollovers are complex road accidents causing a big deal of fatalities. FE model for rollover study will costtoo much time due to its long duration.A new multi-body modeling method is proposed in this paper which can save a lot of time and has high-fidelity meanwhile. Following works were carried out to validate this new method. First, a small van was tested following the FMVSS 208 protocol for the validation of the proposed modeling method. Second, a MADYMO model of this small van was reconstructed. The vehicle body was divided into two main parts, the deformable upper body and the rigid lower body, modeled by different waysbased on an FE model. The specific method of modeling is offered in this paper. Finally, the trajectories of the vehicle from test and simulation were comparedand the match was very good. Acceleration of left B pillar was taken into consideration, which turned out fitting the test result well in the time of event. The final deformation status of the vehicle in test and simulation showed similar trend. This validated model provides a reliable wayfor further research in occupant injuries during rollovers.

Accelerating gradient is a key parameter of the accelerating structure in large linac facilities, like future Linear Collider. In room temperature accelerating structures the gradient is limited mostly by breakdown phenomena, caused by high surface electric fields or pulse surface heating. High power processing is a necessary procedure to clean surface and improve the gradient. In the best tested X-band structures the achieved gradient is exceed 100 MV/m in of {approx}200 ns pulses for breakdown rate of {approx} 10{sup -7}. Gradient limit depends on number of factors and no one theory which can explain all sets of experimental results and predict gradient in new accelerating structure. In paper we briefly overview the recent experimental results of breakdown studies, progress in understanding of gradient limitations and scaling laws. Although superconducting rf technology has been adopted throughout the world for ILC, it has frequently been difficult to reach the predicted performance in these structures due to a number of factors: multipactoring, field emission, Q-slope, thermal breakdown. In paper we are discussing all these phenomena and the ways to increase accelerating gradient in SC cavity, which are a part of worldwide R&D program.

It is generally agreed that the primary scientific goal of the first near Sun fly-by mission is to identify the source of momentum responsible for driving the solar wind and to understand the physics of solar coronal heating. In this paper, we present an innovative concept for obtaining a unique set of data with which to better understand the physics of solar wind acceleration and coronal heating. The instrument, called the Solar Event Correlation Analyzer (SECA), operates on the principle that the topology of the open magnetic field lines can be used to causally correlate the evolution of small scale structures (events) in the Sun’s transition region with in situ solar probe measurements. These small-scale events are generally viewed as the mechanisms providing energy and momentum for the solar corona and wind, an assumption that will be conclusively tested with the SECA instrument. This paper describes the SECA concept and its scientific justification.

The packaging involve package cushioning to protect products from impact damage. The most common protection is trapezoidal cross-section PE foam cushioning. The paper covers the numerical analysis of the effect of the inclination angle of the trapezoidal walls on the maximum acceleration of the dropping platen as a result of impact with cushioning material. The research results show that for the angle of inclination of the side walls up to 15°, a similar product acceleration can be recorded as using the same volume cuboid sample.

In the modern automotive industries, vibration levels inside the human body and the car seat are mainly validated using the on-road vehicle testing or laboratory experiment. This paper aims to propose a novel bio-dynamic simulation technique which will provide the level of vibration in terms of acceleration, displacement or velocity inside the car seated human body and the car seat itself. There are many existing simulation technologies in the market to provide vibration related solution for a specific portion or sub-portion of the human-car seat system, but this proposed novel simulation method will give a complete solution for the entire human body and car seat assembly inside an automotive structure under real life operating condition without conducting any real experiment and testing. Accomplishment of this project will take the existing technology to an advanced level to assess the dynamic interaction between the automotive seat and human mass and help to understand the effect of vibration in a clearer way by judging the three directional stiffness and damping values, mode shapes, random vibration, power spectrum, resonance frequencies and vibration transmission. This research will help to predict the final vibration data at different locations of the human and automotive seat, thus will try to fill up the gap in the latest technologies and omit the necessity of the expensive and robust experimental methods. A cutting-edge technology will be achieved by this unique bio-dynamic simulation technique to understand the effects and estimation of level of vibration inside the car seat and its occupant.

Taking 6201 bearing as the research object, a dynamic model of 4 degrees of freedom is established to solve the vibration characteristics such as the displacement, velocity and acceleration of deep groove ball bearings by MATLAB and Runge-Kutta method. By calculating the theoretical value of the frequency of the rolling element passing through the outer ring and the simulation value of the model, it can be known that the theoretical calculation value and the simulation value have good consistency. By the experiments, the measured values and simulation values are consistent. Using the mathematical model, the effect of structural parameters on vibration is obtained. The method in the paper is testified to be feasible and the results can be used as references for the design, manufacturing and testing of deep groove ball bearings.

The paper proposes a simplified method for calculating the velocity of spherical particles, based on a quasi-one-dimensional model, in jets flowing out from an ejector nozzles used in cold spray. The essence of the technique consists in replacing the real ejector nozzle with some imaginary Laval nozzle, in which the integral flow characteristics corresponding to the real ejector nozzle are simulated. Comparison of the velocity dependences of aluminum and bronze particles on the air pressure in the prechamber showed that they are close enough to the experimental ones (the difference is 10 – 15%). Thus, the values of the particles velocity in a jet flowing from the ejector nozzle can be calculated with good accuracy using a simplified model of their acceleration in the imaginary Laval nozzle.

At present, without full use of the mobile phone around us, most of the research in human body posture recognition field is use camera or portable acceleration sensor to collect data. In this paper, G-sensor built-in mobile phone is use to collect data. After processing data with the way of moving average filter and acceleration integral, joint point’s space three-dimensional coordinates can be abtained accurately.

In this paper some of the brightest GeV sources observed by the Fermi-LAT were analysed, focusing on their spectral cut-off region. The sources chosen for this investigation were the brightest blazar flares of 3C~454.3 and 3C~279 and the Vela pulsar with a reanalysis with the latest Fermi-LAT software. For the study of the spectral cut-off we first explored the Vela pulsar spectrum, whose statistics in the time interval of the 3FGL catalog allowed strong constraints to be obtained on the parameters. We subsequently performed a new analysis of the flaring blazar SEDs. For these sources we obtained constraints on the cut-off parameters under the assumption that their underlying spectral distribution is described by a power-law with a stretched exponential cut-off. We then highlighted the significant potential improvements on such constraints by observations with next generation ground based Cherenkov telescopes, represented in our study by the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). Adopting currently available simulations for this future observatory, we demonstrate the considerable improvement in cut-off constraints achievable by observations with this new instrument when compared with that achievable by satellite observations., total number of pages 24, including 6 pages of references. Accepted by Astroparticle Physics

The work presented in the laser-plasma acceleration working group at the 2016 Advanced Accelerator Concepts (AAC) Workshop is summarized. Some of the highlights include: direct visualization of the electric and magnetic fields using a LPA (laser plasma accelerator) electron probe, offering transverse snapshots of the wakefield even for very low density; first demonstration of multi-pulse LPA and wakefield cancellation with a trailing pulse (first step to energy recovery); and control over the shock front angle to optimize density transition injection, which provides stable and low-energy-spread beams that are critical for increasing the efficiency of the recently presented staged LPA. Interesting ongoing and future work discussed included LPAs driven by CO2 lasers and scaling to 10 GeV with and without optical guiding. Further details on each of these topics can be found in the respective papers in these Proceedings.

The purpose of this research is to obtain a mathematical model (Full Vehicle Model) and compare the performance of passive and active suspension systems of a Three-Wheels Reverse Trike vehicle. Vehicle suspension system should able to provide good steering handling and passenger comfort. Vehicle suspension system generally only uses passive suspension components with fix spring and damper coefficients. An active suspension developed from the traditional (passive) suspension design can directly control the actuator force in the suspension system. In this paper, modeling and simulation of passive and active suspension system for a Full Vehicle Model is performed using Simulink-MATLAB software. Ziegler & Nichols tuning method is used to obtain controller parameters of Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller. Comparison between passive and active suspension with PID controller is conducted for disturbances input of single bump road surface profile 0.1 meters. The results are the displacement and acceleration of the vehicle body in the vertical direction of active suspension system with PID control is better in providing handling capabilities and comfort for the driver than of passive suspension system. The acceleration of 1,8G with the down time of 2.5 seconds is smaller than the acceleration of 2.5G with down time of 5.5 seconds.

This paper first introduces the 18650 battery, describes the importance of the battery temperature sensor, uses Ansys Workbench finite element simulation software and the mean of the combination of displacement constraint and reaction force, studies the force and the size of the change of new energy vehicle battery temperature sensor in the loading, translation and unloading of the three cases, then make the test to verify its accuracy. At last, the test results are compared with the usual maximum acceleration of the vehicle in driving which verified the sensor of the car will not fall off in the car driving process and work normally.

Neutral beam injection (NBI) has been the most successful heating scheme applied to fusion devices, the majority of which have been based on the acceleration and neutralization in a gas target of accelerated positive ions. For large fusion devices such as ITER, DEMO and fusion reactors, beam energies of the order of 0.5 MeV per nucleon or higher are required to penetrate deeply into the fusing plasma, and thus to heat the plasma in the most important region, i.e. near the poloidal axis of the device, and to drive current in the plasma. Because the efficiency of neutralization of positive ions in a gas target becomes unacceptably low at energies above ≈100 keV/nucleon, future injectors will be based on the neutralization of negative ions, either in a gas target, by photons or in a plasma target. So far only two systems based on negative ions have been used on fusion devices, at JT-60U and at LHD, both based on neutralization in a gas target. The injectors for ITER will also use a gas target, but the energy and operating environment are reactor and DEMO relevant. Also the ITER injectors will have to operate for pulse lengths orders of magnitude higher than all previous NBI systems. In this paper the R&D required for an NBI system for a reactor, or DEMO, is considered against the background of the ITER NBI system development, and the main elements of the required R&D are identified.

A novel method for generating GigaGauss solenoidal field in laser-plasma bubble, using screw-shaped laser pulses, has been recently presented in arXiv:1604.01259 [physics.plasm-ph]. Such magnetic fields enable fast synchrotron radiation cooling of the beam emittance of laser-plasma accelerated leptons. This recent finding opens a novel approach for design of laser-plasma FELs or colliders, where the acceleration stages are interleaved with laser-plasma emittance cooling stages. In this concept paper we present an outline of how a staged plasma-acceleration FEL could look like and discuss further studies needed to investigate the feasibility of the concept in detail.

With the acceleration development of oilfield exploration and development, higher requirement for the precision of seismic interpretation is needed for that only higher accuracy of horizon calibration can match reservoir within the scope in the work area more effectively with full well to further lay a solid foundation of fine reservoir calibration which guarantee further fine structure interpretation and reservoir inversion. In this paper, some shallow understanding on how to improve the quality of synthetic seismogram is suggested including curve reconstruction, multi-resolution analysis, and extract wavelet in divided time window and so on to solve problems in the practical work.

This paper proposes a novel switched state observer of hybrid system using Luenberger sliding mode observer to estimate crankshaft angular acceleration which is further applied to detect misfire fault. The output error of hybrid system of internal combustion engine (engine speed) and the designed observer (estimated speed) is taken as input of observer to estimate crankshaft acceleration. Convergence of hybrid system is proven through Lyapunov stability theory. The experimental results show that the presented estimated technique has a higher accuracy and can be effectively used to misfire detection compared with reduced-order observer and sliding mode observer.

Recent progress in the generation of high-quality, high-current electron beams has enabled the development of structure based wakefield accelerators in use. The frequency spectrum available using these sources ranges from GHz to THz depending on the parameters of the beam and waveguide (dielectric-lined or metallic disk-loaded). In this paper, we discuss the choice of structure and beam parameters to achieve an efficient wakefield acceleration.

Recently it was proposed in [A. F. Lifschitz, et. al., J. Comp. Phys. 228, 1803 (2009)] that laser wakefield acceleration could be modeled efficiently using a particle-in-cell code in cylindrical coordinates if the fields and currents were expanded into Fourier modes in the azimuthal angle, ?. We have implemented this algorithm into OSIRIS, including a new rigorous charge conserving deposition routine applicable for it [A. Davidson, et. al., J. Comp. Phys. 281, 1063 (2014)]. This algorithm can be interpreted as a PIC description in r - z and a gridless description in ? in which the expansion into ? modes is truncated at a desired level. This new quasi-3D algorithm greatly reduces the computational load by describing important three-dimensional (3D) geometrical effects with nearly two-dimensional calculations. In this paper, we propose to combine this algorithm with the Lorentz boosted frame method for simulations of Laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA). We show preliminary results, including an investigation of the unstable numerical Cerenkov instability modes for this geometry, and discuss directions for future work. These preliminary results indicate that combining the quasi-3D method and the Lorentz boosted frame method together may provide unprecedented speed ups for LWFA simulations. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This paper reviews the current status of picosecond CO2 lasers. Prospective technologies for the generation of 10 µm laser pulses at a peak power level of 30 to 200 TW in a single-shot regime and 1 to 10 TW at a high repetition frequency are discussed. Such laser-drivers are useful for shock wave acceleration of monoenergetic ions in a gas jet plasma, as well for other advanced accelerator schemes.

Through new missions and unusual solar conditions, solar cycle 24 has afforded the opportunity for expanding our understanding of solar energetic particle (SEP) acceleration and transport. With complementary SEP observations from multiple spacecraft separated significantly in longitude, it has been possible to examine the longitudinal distribution of energetic particles in individual events, rather than relying on statistical event studies. Unprecedented 360° views of the Sun, in multiple wavelengths and coronagraphs, has made it possible to identify solar source regions regardless of where they are located and to more accurately determine the properties of related coronal mass ejections. The unusually quiet conditions during the onset of cycle 24 allowed smaller SEP events to be examined and their source regions to be unambiguously identified. This paper reviews some of the unexpected results from multi-spacecraft SEP observations made over this solar cycle and discusses their implications for particle acceleration near the Sun and transport through the inner heliosphere.

We designed an experiment to conduct a detailed investigation of the higher order mode spectrum in a room-temperature traveling-wave photonic band gap (PBG) accelerating structure at 11.7 GHz. It has been long recognized that PBG structures have great potential in reducing long-range wakefields in accelerators. The first ever demonstration of acceleration in room-temperature PBG structures was conducted at MIT in 2005. Since then, the importance of that device has been recognized by many research institutions. However, the full experimental characterization of the wakefield spectrum in a beam test has not been performed to date. The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) test facility at the Argonne National Laboratory represents a perfect site where this evaluation could be conducted with a single high charge electron bunch and with a train of bunches. The PBG structure was built and consists of sixteen 2π/3 traveling-wave cells, including two coupler cells. In this paper we will describe fabrication and tu...

This paper summarizes the effort to improve the operation of the ∼1. A surface‐production H− ion source developed by K.W. Ehlers and K.N. Leung. The plasma chamber consists of a large magnetic bucket of oval cross section (Fig. 1). A concave cylindrical ‘‘converter’’ surface is suspended in the plasma chamber to direct any surface‐produced negative ions through the exit aperture. The ion source has been mated to a tetrode accelerator for the ‘‘proof‐of‐principle’’ tests. Most of the problems discovered in the tests were associated with difficulties in controlling the production process. This paper describes the plasma chamber in greater detail and illustrates the quality of the present ion production. The acceleration difficulties have been deferred until a better test‐stand is completed.

Controlled injection and staging are critical elements to the improvement of the stability, quality, and tunability of laser plasma accelerators (LPAs) [1, 2]. This paper will discuss techniques such as colliding pulse [3], density tailoring [4, 5], and ionization injection [6, 7, 8], which have recently allowed for the generation of high-energy femtosecond electron beams with percent-level energy spread and stability, and state-of-the-art emittance. Progress on staged acceleration will also be presented, which promises to further increase beam quality, allow for mapping of the wakefield, and overcome the limit of pump depletion [9].

Generation of TeV-scale electron beams using conventional RF technology appears expensive for building the next generation of colliders. Proton-driven plasma-wakefield acceleration of electrons promises an alternative route to generate TeV-scale electron beams using existing proton machines. PROTOPLASMA is the proposed R&D project at Fermilab that plans to use a proton beam driven plasma-wakefield to accelerate electrons. The project is planned in stages with the project's path guided by simulations. First, a 60-120 GeV proton beam will be injected into 1-2 meters of plasma to observe selfmodulation instability in the proton beam. Next, an injected 5 MeV electron beam will be accelerated by the plasma. In this paper, we report on the basic project plan and outline our staged approach. We report on first simulation results that show self-modulation of a proton bunch and discuss beam optics requirements and other limits.

Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. (SHI) has been continuously improving the efficiency and reducing the vibration of a 4 K pulse tube cryocooler. One advantage of a pulse tube cryocooler over a GM cryocooler is low vibration. In order to reduce vibration, both the displacement and the acceleration have to be reduced. The vibration acceleration can be reduced by splitting the valve unit from the cold head. One simple way to reduce vibration displacement is to increase the wall thickness of the tubes on the cylinder. However, heat conduction loss increases while the wall thickness increases. To overcome this dilemma, a novel concept, a tube with non-uniform wall thickness, is proposed. Theoretical analysis of this concept, and the measured vibration results of an SHI lowvibration pulse tube cryocooler, will be introduced in this paper.

The conditions within the giant lobes of Centaurus A are reviewed in light of recent radio and γ‐ray observations. Data from WMAP and ground‐based telescopes in conjunction with measurements from Fermi‐LAT constrain the characteristic field strength and the maximum electron energy. The implications for the transport of energetic particles are discussed in terms of residence times and cooling times within the lobes. Acceleration of electrons and UHECR via the second order Fermi mechanism is discussed.

This paper presents an inverse optimal control approach to identify objective functions of human motion from motion capture measurements. We apply it to analyze human yoyo playing. Yoyo playing may seem easy to us to learn but it is a challenging problem from a mechanical point of view involving a hybrid dynamics model. We recorded vertical yoyo playing of humans measuring yoyo height and rotation angle as well as the corresponding hand motions. Results of inverse optimal control are presented showing a mixed criterion of cycle time and terms depending on yoyo and hand acceleration and velocity.

In this paper, the update of proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration (PDPWA) is given. After a brief introduction to the scheme of PDPWA, a future demonstration experiment is discussed. The particle-in-cell simulation results based on the realistic proton beams from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) are presented, followed by a simulation study of proton bunch compression. Presented at AAC’10, 13-19 June 2010, Annapolis, MD, USA

A three-dimensional MHD solver is described in the paper. The solver simulates reacting flows with nonequilibrium between translational-rotational, vibrational and electron translational modes. The conservation equations are discretized with implicit time marching and the second-order modified Steger-Warming scheme, and the resulted linear system is solved iteratively with Newton-Krylov-Schwarz method that is implemented by PETS,: package. The results of convergence tests arc plotted, which show good scalability and convergence around twice faster when compared with the DPLR method. Then five test runs are conducted simulating the experiments done at the NASA Ames MHD channel, and the calculated pressures, temperatures, electrical conductivity, back EMF, load factors and flow accelerations are shown to agree with the experimental data. Our computation shows that the electrical conductivity distribution is not uniform in the powered section of the MHD channel, and that it is important to include Joule heating in order to calculate the correct conductivity and the MHD acceleration.

We review galaxy formation and dynamics under the MOND hypothesis of modified gravity, and compare to similar galaxies in Newtonian dynamics with dark matter. The aim is to find peculiar predictions both to discriminate between various hypotheses, and to make the theory progress through different constraints, touching the interpolation function, or the fundamental acceleration scale. Galaxy instabilities, forming bars and bulges at longer term, evolve differently in the various theories, and help to bring constraints, together with the observations of bar frequency. Dynamical friction and the predicted merger rate could be a sensitive test of theories. The different scenarios of galaxy formation are compared within the various theories and observations., 8 pages, 7 figures, Invited paper to "The Invisible Universe International Conference", ed. J-M. Alimi, A. Fuzfa, P-S. Corasaniti, AIP pub

Honeycomb composites are finding ever increasing use on aircraft structures, making nondestructive detection of defects contained within honeycomb structures all the more important. This paper focuses on a new detection technique which makes use of the mechanical hysteresis seen as loops in the force‐displacement curves. It was observed from load test data that internal damage in honeycomb sandwiches causes the average slope of the force‐displacement curves to decrease and the area contained within the hysteresis loop to increase. To satisfy the inspection speed and one‐sided access requirements of NDE techniques, a dynamic loading approach was pursued where an accelerometer was used to tap the surface of the test sample. Much of the research focused on the deduction of the force‐displacement curves from an acceleration curve. This greatly increased the speed of the technique as well as reduced it to a one‐sided test, where only access to the outer surface of the structure is needed.

In this paper we investigate if the phantom-like regime in the LDGP model can be enlarged by the inclusion of a Gauss-Bonnet (GB) term into the bulk. However, we show that the opposite occurs: the GB effect seems instead to induce a breakdown of the phantom-like behaviour at an even smaller redshift., Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure. Contribution to the proceedings of the Spanish Relativity Meeting 2008, Salamanca, Spain, 15-19 September 2008

The principal paradigm for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) suggests that the prompt transient gamma-ray signal arises from multiple shocks internal to the relativistic expansion. This paper explores how GRB prompt emission spectra can constrain electron (or ion) acceleration properties at the relativistic shocks that pertain to GRB models. The array of possible high-energy power-law indices in accelerated populations is highlighted, focusing on how spectra above 1 MeV can probe the field obliquity in GRB internal shocks, and the character of hydromagnetic turbulence in their environs. When encompassing the MeV-band spectral break, fits to BATSE/EGRET burst data indicate that the preponderance of electrons responsible for the prompt emission reside in an intrinsically non-thermal population. This differs markedly from typical populations generated in acceleration simulations; potential resolutions of this conflict such as the action of self-absorption are mentioned. Spectral modeling also suggests that the synchrotron mechanism is favored over synchrotron self-Compton scenarios due to the latter's typically broad curvature near the peak. Such diagnostics will be enhanced by the broadband spectral coverage of bursts by the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope; the GBM will provide key information on the lower energy portions of the non-thermal particle population, while the LAT will constrain the power-law regime of particle acceleration., 6 pages, 1 embedded figure, to appear in Proc. of the 6th Huntsville Gamma-Ray Burst Symposium, eds. C. A. Meegan, N. Gehrels, and C. Kouveliotou (AIP Conf. Proc., New York)

This paper describes the new photonic Doppler velocimetry (PDV) technique for measuring time‐resolved projectile velocity and acceleration profiles for full flight of the launch package in a two‐stage light‐gas gun (LGG). This technique is shown to provide excellent temporal and spatial resolution in measurement. Two non‐linear acceleration stages were observed for the first time on the LGG. When the gun bore was at atmospheric pressure, a strong opacity was observed during hypervelocity projectile motion >2200 km/s.

A comparison of techniques for obtaining projectile velocity history on a two‐stage launcher and discuss gun code accuracy vis‐a‐vis pressure gauges and the new photonic Doppler velocimetry (PDV) technique is presented. The PDV technique itself is described in a companion paper. The PDV records were differentiated to compute acceleration and, hence, base pressure. Two acceleration episodes are revealed in the data. Base pressure values were compared with measurements from stationary pressure gauges and with predictions of a standard two‐stage gun code. The agreement with the pressure gages was satisfactory. Code predictions did not account for the two acceleration stages. However, for the main acceleration episode, the predicted base pressure is in good agreement with the smoothed pressure computed from the PDV record. Both the gauge records and PDV contain short‐time pressure spikes which are apparently real. Therefore, use of computed base pressure for projectile design may lead to failures if the projectile is vulnerable to pressure spikes.

The Space Technology 7 (ST7) experiment will perform an on‐orbit system‐level validation of two specific Disturbance Reduction System technologies: colloidal micronewton thrusters and drag‐free control. The ST7 Disturbance Reduction System (DRS) is designed to maintain the spacecraft’s position with respect to a free‐floating test mass while limiting the residual accelerations of that test mass over the frequency range of 1 to 30 mHz. This paper presents the overall design and analysis of the spacecraft drag‐free and attitude controllers, with particular attention given to its primary mission mode. These controllers close the loop between the drag‐free sensors and the colloidal micronewton thrusters.

Gamma‐Ray Burst (GRB) prompt emission can, for specific conditions, be so powerful and short‐pulsed to strongly influence any surrounding plasma. In this paper, we briefly discuss the possibility that a very intense initial burst of radiation produced by GRBs satisfy the intensity and temporal conditions to cause stochastic wake‐field particle acceleration in a surrounding plasma of moderate density. We consider a simple but realistic GRB model for which particle wake‐field acceleration can first be excited by a very strong low‐energy precursor, and then be effective in producing the observed prompt X‐ray and gamma‐ray GRB emission.

Heliospheric shocks are excellent systems for testing theories of particle acceleration in their environs. These generally fall into two classes: (1) interplanetary shocks that are linear in their ion acceleration characteristics, with the non-thermal ions serving as test particles, and (2) non-linear systems such as the Earth's bow shock and the solar wind termination shock, where the accelerated ions strongly influence the magnetohydrodynamic structure of the shock. This paper explores the modelling of diffusive acceleration at a particular interplanetary shock, with an emphasis on explaining in situ measurements of ion distribution functions. The observational data for this event was acquired on day 292 of 1991 by the Ulysses mission. The modeling is performed using a well-known kinetic Monte Carlo simulation, which has yielded good agreement with observations at several heliospheric shocks, as have other theoretical techniques, namely hybrid plasma simulations, and numerical solution of the diffusion-convection equation. In this theory/data comparison, it is demonstrated that diffusive acceleration theory can, to first order, successfully account for both the proton distribution data near the shock, and the observation of energetic protons farther upstream of this interplanetary shock than lower energy pick-up protons, using a single turbulence parameter. The principal conclusion is that diffusive acceleration of inflowing upstream ions can model this pick-up ion-rich event without the invoking any seed pre-acceleration mechanism, though this investigation does not rule out the action of such pre-acceleration., 6 pages, 1 embedded figure, to appear in Proc. 4th IGPP International Astrophysics Conference, eds. G. Li, G. Zank and C. Russell (AIP Conf. Proc., New York)

In the middle of 1980th, the VpxB concept for accelerating electrons are found by Nishida et al, with the use of plasma wave excited by high power microwave in the interaction with weakly magnetized plasma. This acceleration concept was called “Surfatron effect” in the relativistic regime. However, there is no experimental evidence so far in the relativistic regime, although the acceleration efficiency is highest in all of the concepts based on the plasma wave acceleration scheme, and we are now under experiments. In order to make longer the acceleration distances, there are several ideas including 1)ducting of the electromagnetic waves (EM wave) in the preformed plasma, 2)self‐channeling of the EM waves, and others. In this paper, the experimental results are shown on the ducting phenomena by using strong microwave for simulating the laser ducting, and on the capillary plasma scheme.

During flares and coronal mass ejections at the Sun, ions and electrons can be accelerated to high energies. They can escape from the solar corona into interplanetary space, and be detected by instruments on board spacecraft. This paper will review measurements of these solar energetic particles (SEPs) and models of their acceleration and propagation.It is generally agreed that SEP flux enhancements fall into two distinct classes: the so‐called impulsive events, thought to originate in solar flares, and gradual events, thought to be the result of acceleration at the shock driven through the corona and interplanetary space by coronal mass ejections. A fundamental assumption of this model for SEPs is that particles’ guiding centers propagate essentially parallel to the interplanetary magnetic field lines, and cross‐field particle diffusion is negligible.The recent passage of the Ulysses spacecraft over the solar poles provided the first ever measurements of SEPs out of the ecliptic plane. Analysis of these ...

ECLAIRs is a French microsatellite devoted to the observation of the prompt optical and X-ray emission of GRBs. For about 100 GRBs/yr, independent of their duration, ECLAIRs will provide high time resolution high sensitivity spectral coverage from a few eV up to ~50 keV and localization to ~5 arcsec in near real time. This capability is achieved by combining wide field optical and X-ray cameras sharing a common field of view (~1/6th of the sky) with the coded-mask imaging telescopes providing the triggers and the coarse localizations of the bursts. Given the delays to start ground-based observations in response to a GRB trigger, ECLAIRs is unique in its ability to observe the early phases (the first ~20 sec) of all GRBs at optical wavelengths. Furthermore, with its mode of operation, ECLAIRs will enable to search for optical and X-ray precursors expected from theoretical grounds. Finally ECLAIRs is proposed to operate simultaneously with GLAST on a synchronous orbit. This combination will ensure broad band spectral coverage from eV to GeV energies for the GRBs detected by the two satellites, ECLAIRs further providing their accurate localization to enable follow-up studies., Comment: Paper presented at the Woods Hole GRB conference on behalf of the ECLAIRs international consortium. 7 pages. 2 figures. AIP conference proceedings in press

Wakefield acceleration in dielectric loaded structures is discussed in this paper. We present a description of the dielectric wakefield accelerator concept, comparing some features of the collinear and the two beam accelerator configurations. The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator Facility (AWA) is discussed in detail, including major upgrades that are presently taking place. The basic features and capabilities of the facility are presented, and the dielectric wakefield acceleration results are briefly summarized. Possible variants of the two beam accelerator configuration are discussed, and work on planar dielectric structures in various institutions is presented. We conclude this report mentioning prospective achievements of dielectric wakefield accelerating structures.

Heavy ions in the solar wind are ideal for studying injection processes in the solar wind. We use composition data from Ulysses, ACE, and Wind to examine the properties of heavy ions from thermal energies to several 100 keVs. We show that these particles are observed to gain energy without any association with shocks. This paper provides a survey of recent observations of non-thermal properties of solar wind heavy ions which are consistent with the following picture: At thermal energies coherent wave-particle interactions preferentially heat and accelerate heavy ions with collisional processes limiting subsequent non-thermal properties. At higher energies heavy ion distribution functions are characterized by ubiquitous suprathermal tails. We argue that solar wind heavy ions are a good tracer for acceleration processes which are not directly associated with shocks. These stochastic processes are observed to be relevant for predisposing ions for shock acceleration.

The International Space Station (ISS) is being envisioned as a laboratory for experiments in numerous microgravity (μg) science disciplines. Predictions of the ISS acceleration environment indicate that the ambient acceleration levels will exceed levels that can be tolerated by the science experiments. Hence, microgravity vibration isolation systems are being developed to attenuate the accelerations to acceptable levels. While passive isolation systems are beneficial in certain applications, active isolation systems are required to provide attenuation at low frequencies and to mitigate directly induced payload disturbances. To date, three active isolation systems have been successfully tested in the orbital environment. A fourth system called g-LIMIT is currently being developed for the Microgravity Science Glovebox and is manifested for launch on the UF-1 mission. This paper presents an overview of microgravity vibration isolation technology and the g-LIMIT system in particular.

This paper examines External Pulsed Plasma Propulsion (EPPP), a propulsion concept that derives its thrust from plasma waves generated from a series of small, supercritical fission/fusion pulses behind an object in space. For spacecraft applications, a momentum transfer mechanism translates the intense plasma wave energy into a vehicle acceleration that is tolerable to the rest of the spacecraft and its crew. This propulsion concept offers extremely high performance in terms of both specific impulse (Isp) and thrust-to-weight ratio, something that other concepts based on available technology cannot do, The political concerns that suspended work on this type of system (i.e. termination of Project ORION) may now not be as insurmountable as they were in 1965. The appeal of EPPP stems from its relatively low cost and reusability, fast interplanetary transit times, safety and reliability, and independence from major technological breakthroughs. In fact, a first generation EPPP system based on modern-day technology (i.e., GABRIEL - an evolutionary framework- of EPPP concepts) may very well be the only form of propulsion that could realistically be developed to perform ambitious human exploration beyond Mars in the 21st century. It could also provide the most effective approach for deterrence against collision between earth and small planetary objects - a growing concern over recent years.

We describe a method for designing the acceleration systems for a muon collider, with particular application and examples for a high energy muon collider. This paper will primarily concentrate on design considerations coming from longitudinal motion, but some transverse issues will be briefly discussed.