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Agricultural producer organization is a tool for enhancing the farmers' income, market participation, reducing transaction cost, and to commercialize the Agri output. The main focus of this paper is to systematically review the existing literature and thematically analyze the publications on the Farmer Producer Organizations across the globe. This paper considered the Scopus database from with Boolean keyword "Farmer" AND "Producer organization" and identified 1654 abstracts from which 234 articles were shortlisted after inclusion and an exclusion criterion from top International Journals. Of this only 15 articles were related to India. The study found that research on farmer producer organizations has geared up from the past 3 years with Elsevier having the highest number of Ethiopia had more number of studies and 14 themes were generated based on FPO. Overall, the study found that the research on the farmer producer organization is gradually increasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslides are common in Ethiopia's nearly mountainous, hilly, and highlands; numerous landslides have been reported in the last 30 years, triggered by heavy rainfall, such as earth slides, earth flows, and rockfalls, resulting in the loss of many human lives, damage to many houses, and loss of agricultural lands. Landslides triggered by unusually heavy rain recently occurred in Dessie, in Ethiopia's south Wollo region, causing a massive mass of soil to slide downward and closing the existing Kombolcha-Dessie Road. The primary goal of this paper is to design and analyze a reinforced concrete cantilever retaining wall capable of supporting a large mass of soil. The detailed investigation in this research paper is conducted using experimental methods, whereas the design and analysis are conducted using conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the world it is difficult to design in terms of average dimension. For this reason anthropometric plays a great rule in the world in design of products. In Ethiopia T-72 tanks are the most important weapons that give a strong support to the ground force in the battle field. So the question of the correct ergonomically design and analysis of the driver seat especially in terms of comfort is mandatory so due to this fact, study anthropometric of driver's seat is very important. It is necessary to define the drivers' space and seat dimensions by considering the size of the average people according to their body dimensions. The basic questions for this research are (i) To what extent the soviet fabricated tank driver's seat is comfortable to Ethiopia army, (ii) Is there significant different between the body size dimension of soviet and Ethiopian army, and (iii) The Ethiopian military derivers have awareness of the comfort. The main goal of this paper is to conduct descriptive survey on an ergonomics assessment of driver's seat of T72 tank. Following sitting height, popliteal height, sitting to shoulder height, shoulder breadth, buttocks to popliteal length, and hip breadth seated anthropometric dimensions were measured of 45 subjects / respondents (35 males, 10 females) randomly selected from the field study. Mean, standard deviation, and T-test were calculated based on anthropometric data of subjects. Results revealed suggest a mismatch among the dimensions of current T-72 Russian fabricated tank motive force seat and the anthropometric dimensions of military staffs. This recommends that anthropometric information of the Ethiopian army tank drivers changed into not working in the design and manufacturing of the seats. This research is may be cautioned that tank driving force seat of T-72 tank and tank drivers anthropometric measurements are at variance. Therefore, the paper presents anthropometric statistics that may be utilized by the Russian manufacturers of tank seats design and fabrication it. As according to the result, it's miles viable to make nice recommendations on the way to enhance the tank driving force seat layout of tank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethiopian traffic is increasing and changing at an alarming rate. This necessitates the design of roads that are both economical and safe. In today's world, flexible pavement roads are widely used, but surface failure occurs before the design period. The study's main objective is to investigate a DTLF for the road project that was not addressed during design. These include the effect of traffic volume on heavy vehicle wheel path distribution across a carriageway width, the effect of lane markings on heavy vehicle wheel path distribution across a rural two-lane road pavement design, and the development of a design traffic loading factor (DTLF). Prevalent soil and material conditions are used to design flexible pavement in Ethiopia. The results are compared to AASHTO Structural Design Pavement manual. Finally, both design guides' thicknesses were compared. The ERA high volume design manual recommends a one-directional traffic load for pavement structures on two-lane rural roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for concrete is increasing rapidly with the growth of construction industries, which leads to the huge usage of binding materials (especially cement) in Ethiopia. The depletion of natural sources due to the extraction of aggregates is a major environmental problem affecting the ecosystem. The cement industries in Ethiopia face many transformation challenges to overcome environmental degradation; thus, finding suitable alternatives become mandatory for them. Welded Tuff is a pyro-clastic type of rock and cementation of volcanic ash or dust, unruffled volcanic ejecta. It can be used as a substitute for cement in the construction sector to attain the optimum binder content. The porous structure of the welded Tuff is an added advantage to lower the freezing temperature and act as the insulation material. In the current study, the characteristics of welded Tuff and its effects on the tangible property have been examined to check its suitability as a partial cement alternative for producing C-25 concrete. The Welded Tuff was oven-dried and sieved by 150 µm to remove the coarser particle. The percentage of cement replacement with Welded Tuff varied from 0% to 20% concerning the cement in incremental steps of 5%. The experimental program was designed to explore Welded-tuff's behavioural tendency over the cement setting time, workability, density, and compressive strength of concrete. The workability of each sample was measured before the specimens cast and cured at a standard temperature, and the test was accomplished on it for 7 and 28 days respectively. A total of thirty (30) 150 x 150 x 150mm concrete test cubes were cast using a coherence mix of 1:2:3 and applied a constant W/C ratio of 0.6. The result indicated that adding Welded Tuff in adhesive cement glue as partial replacement of cement increase both the initial and final setting times of cement. However, the workability and density of concrete diminish with the augment in Welded-tuff content of the mix. Regarding the limit state of compressive stress, increasing the Welded-tuff content (upto10%), there is a continuous enrichment in compressive strength of concrete mixes. Upon completing the minimum curing period (7 days), the concrete containing 5% and 10% Welded Tuff as cement gained 6.3% and 1.09% of strength while at 15% and 20% replacement levels concrete loosed 10.18% and 18.91% of strength respectively. Although the replacement of 10% of Welded Tuff still boosts the compressive strength of special concrete compared with the control concrete, for obtaining accuracy on results, the 5% of Welded Tuff was taken as the optimum replacement level. Eventually, the results encourage using Welded Tuff as pozzolanic material for partial cement substitution in producing conventional concrete and reimburse the impacts of cement production towards environmental, technical, and economic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ethiopia, one of the emerging countries, 80 percent of the people are a main basis of traditional medicine for health care. Lately, unselective usage of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases has led to the development of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria strains like Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this study was to examine the antibacterial properties of ginger and garlic extract against common pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Afterwards wash and scrubbing distinctly, aqueous products were removed since every spice by crushed with mortar and pestle and disc diffusion method, Mueller-Hinton agar plates, and one standard Streptomycin was accustomed to test the antibacterial activity of ethanol and methanol extracts of ginger and garlic. The disc diffusion findings revealed a zone of inhibition for S. aureus,B. cereus, S. typhi, and E. coli using ginger-methanol extracts of 13.17 mm, 15.75 mm, 16 mm, and 6 mm and ginger-ethanol extracts of 19.75 mm, 12 mm, 10.5 mm, and 8 mm, respectively. Also, the zone of inhibition was observed using garlic-methanol and garlic-ethanol extract 18 mm, 14.75 mm, 17 mm, 14 mm, and 21.25 mm, 13.5 mm, 15 mm, and 16 mm S. aureus, B. cereus, S. typhi, and E. coli, respectively. Garlic and ginger extracts showed zone of inhibition diameters ranging from 13.5 mm to 21.5 mm against all pathogens tested, whereas streptomycin had a zone of inhibition diameter ranging from 13 to 21 mm. According to this research, garlic products are more efficient against experimental organisms than ginger goods. However, both herbs can be utilized as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 20th century has witnessed greater economic growth of the countries having large population size and the population growth in terms of number of people added per year. Countries like China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Bangladesh and Ethiopia have shown greater economic growth rate in 21st century. Out of 15 most populated countries, 14 were among the top 45 economies (by GDP) with an exception of Ethiopia. However, 9 of these countries are out of top 100 economies by GDP per capita income. High population growth, large ratio of vulnerable employment and higher age dependency ratio are the factors responsible for lower per capita income of these countries. The theory developed by Thomas Malthus seems to be applicable for these countries [19]. Many of the researchers have tried to correlate the rate of economic growth with that of population growth. A statistical analysis of the data from World Bank has been done in presented work to establish the correlation between population and economy [25]. A discussion about the observed trend line and estimated trend line principle of least square method (PLSM) is also presented the basis of consistency of economic growth and age dependency ratio [21]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants have worldwide applications in the treatment of different types of human diseases. The purpose of the current study was to determine the concentration of selected essential and non-essential metals; Na, Ca, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb in traditional medicinal plants (Artemisia afra (ariti), Hagenia abyssinica (kosso enchet), Foeniculum vulgare (Ensilal), Echinops kebericho (qeberecho)) grown in Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia. A wet digestion procedure involving the use of mixtures of (69-72%) HNO3 and (70%) HclO4 at an optimum temperature and time duration were used to isolate metals from the medicinal plants by using FAAS.Based on the results, the concentration of Ca ranged from 1.75 mg/kg to 4.98 mg/kg, the concentration of Mg ranged from 1.35 mg/kg to 2.22 mg/kg, the concentration of Na raged from 1.29 mg/kg to1.80mg/kg, Mn ranged from 0.09 mg/kg to 1.21 mg/kg and that of Fe lied in range of 0.23 mg/kg to 0.78 mg/kg in the plants studied. Among the toxic heavy metals, the concentration of Pb was in the least range (0.08 mg/kg to 0.11 mg/kg) and the levels of remaining trace metals were in the ranges of 0.54-0.97 mg/kg, 0.25-0.29 mg/kg and 0.20-0.33 in.Zn, Cd and Cu respectively. None of the studied samples were found to contain Cadmium, Copper and Nickel concentrations in above WHO/FAO limits for safe human consumption (25, 40 and 5 mg/kg respectively) Further studies should be continued on the screening of phytochemical activities of the plants under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]