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The derivatives markets for crude oil, corn, soybeans, and other global economic mainstays are well developed, with active trading in financial contracts that derive their value from the asset. Notably, while the value of a derivative is based on a resource, possession of a derivative does not necessitate ownership of the asset. Derivatives are widely used by producers of commodities to lock in the prices of the goods they will sell or acquire at some point in the future. rude-oil futures are the top commodity contract traded on the commodity exchange MCXNSE-0.14%, allowing a wide range of investors to hedge their positions or merely to speculate on the volatility of crude oil. The contract gets its price cues from the New York Mercantile Exchange's futures contracts for West Texas Intermediate crude oil (NYMEX). The study concluded that there was high volatility in the crude oil futures market before and during COVID – 19. The macro factors throughout the world have contributed to the volatility. In this paper, the data which is taken from a secondary source i.e. from MCX (Multi commodity Exchange) website, India, related to crude oil future market Total Averages Daily Turn Overvalues in Lakhs during the period September 2019 to May 2020 attempted to present the crude-oil data graphically and to study the characteristics of volatility, descriptive statistics have been defined and also made the comparison of the data sample means using Z-statistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the coefficient of friction and wear rate of crude palm oil (CPO) and palm-mineral oil blend as lubricant in roller element bearing application at the room temperature. Contact between a rolling element and raceway in bearing is simply modeled as a pin-on-disc contact. Crude palm-based vegetable oil and its blend with a commercial mineral oil at a ratio of 1:1 by volume were used as lubricant in pin-on-disc contact tribometer. The commercial mineral oil was also evaluated for comparison purpose. Influence of palm-mineral oil composition is highlighted by comparing coefficient of friction and wear rates. The results exhibited that the blend of mineral oil and CPO has lower coefficient of friction and wear rate compared to the pure mineral oil or CPO 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste coffee ground (WCG), the major waste product from the coffee industry, is a potential source for oil recovery as it contains approximately 15 wt% of oil. In this paper, a novel method with the combination of ultrasonic-assisted extraction and autoclaving pre-treatment for oil extraction from WCG was investigated. The oil recovery was compared with the conventional Soxhlet extraction method, followed by the effect studies based on temperature, extraction time and liquid-to-solid (v/w) ratio. In addition, the kinetic studies of ultrasonic extraction were also attempted by using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models for comparison. The autoclaving pre-treatment was found to increase the WCG oil recovery by 2.4% compared to the ultrasonic extraction without autoclaving. The optimum conditions of the ultrasonic-assisted oil extraction with autoclaving were 35˚C, liquid-to-solid ratio of 10:1 and 20 minutes of extraction time in order to achieve 24.4% of WCG oil recovery. Meanwhile, the kinetics of oil extraction from WCG using ultrasonic extraction with autoclaving pre-treatment was well-fitted to the pseudo-second-order model. Results indicated that the application of autoclaving pre-treatment in combination with ultrasonic-assisted extraction has shown advantages in enhancing oil recovery from WCG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of managing the financial flows of an oil company considering introduction of digital technologies, based on the calculation of the integral indicator of the potential of digital solutions in managing financial flows. A system of indicators for assessing the potential of digital solutions in the management of financial flows in an oil company is proposed, which makes it possible to calculate the integral level of the potential of digital solutions of an oil company by deviating actual indicators from their normative (reference) values. To assess the impact of digital technologies on the efficiency of managing the financial flows of an oil company, a methodology has been developed based on identifying cause-and-effect relationships between indicators of cash flow liquidity, net profitability and the proposed indicators of the level of use of digital technologies, which makes it possible to obtain a final assessment of the effectiveness of the implementation of digital technology as a whole. Approbation of the proposed approaches was carried out on the example of the oil company PJSC Rosneft. According to the results of calculations, the company PJSC NK Rosneft revealed the average potential of digital solutions in managing the company's financial flows. The results obtained make management decisions more justified in terms of introducing digital technologies into the company's financial management activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motive of the paper is to experimentally investigate the performance and emission parameters on a Homogeneous Charge Compression Engine using blends of Kusum oil biodiesel. The experimental design is made by Taguchi's orthogonal array. Various parameters influence the performance and emission in engines operated under HCCI mode. Among them, four process parameters were selected and varied to study their effect on the response variables i.e. brake thermal efficiency, HC, NOx, CO and smoke emissions. Main aim is to increase the brake thermal efficiency and reduce the emissions i.e. CO, HC, NOx and smoke. The results of the experiment were evaluated using hybrid GRA coupled with PCA methodology and the optimum values of parameters are obtained by Taguchi method. To evaluate the contribution of design factors on the response variables, ANOVA is applied and the results reveal that the process factor Mode of operation (With inlet air temperature) and Port fuel injection pressure (bar) having contribution of 70.73 and 14.02 percentage respectively are the significant factors that affect mostly maximizing brake thermal efficiency and minimizing emission parameters such as CO, NOx, HC and smoke density followed by the factor % load having 10.92% contribution towards the process. To validate the results, confirmation tests are carried out and the results are in quite agreement with the experimental values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to propose a decision tool that helps estimate the risk probability in the petroleum sector in Iraq, which has many benefits for identifying the most important factor. This model was developed by using the relative importance index (RII) method incorporated into fuzzy Logic. An extensive literature review was conducted, and a questionnaire was distributed to the private and government sectors to scan all possible risks in the petroleum sector. As a result, forty–eight risks in the petroleum sector were identified and categorized into four groups: operational risks, financial and administrative risks, economic and political risks, and potential risks. Also, the questionnaire results were analyzed using the relative importance index. The ranking of the groups and factors was demonstrated according to their level of effect on risk. Finally, a fuzzy assessment model was constructed and tested being appropriate to identify the probability of risk in the Iraqi petroleum sector to assess and estimate risk. Oil exploration company, one of the associations of the ministry of oil in Iraq, has been taken as a case study of this research to determine the risks and validate the model. This aim was accomplished by using the semi-quantitative risk assessment method and by introducing the concept of risk degree according to the assessment of risk and vulnerability. After summarizing the pandemic impact information on the oil projects from the Iraqi ministry of oil, a risk assessing index system was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude palm Oil (CPO) industry belongs to an important business which has a network system, due to the fact that this product is not an end-product. The network system performs procurement of materials, then processing these materials into intermediate and finished products, and distribute of these intermediate/ finished products to customers. This process is called supply chain system. In this paper, the CPO milling industries does not have their own oil palm plantation, the FFB are supplied by surrounded public oil palm plantations. The availability of FFB is limited, therefore the management needs to choose from which plantations would be met the demand. This paper addresses a mixed integer linear programming model for the supply chain integrated problem, combined with waste processing. The mathematical programming model is solved using direct search approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytosterols are consumed in many pharmacological products. Cocoa shell is an interesting source as its oil extract has high phytosterol content and potential of valorization. This paper reports application of microwave to control rapid heating assisting hydrodistillation (MAE-HD) of cocoa shell waste (CSW) powder. The objectives were to optimize factors to maximize extraction yield and time. Water to CSW ratio, microwave power and extraction time were varied in One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) manner from 2:1 to 10:1, from 180 to 280 W and from 30 to 150 min, respectively using optimum, predetermined factors. Selected range of the factors was further tested in central composite design. The extract was analyzed by using the Liebermann-Burchard method to measure phytosterol amount. From the response surface of CCD, oil extraction was optimal at 225W for 90 minutes with the water-CSW ratio of 7.94:1 with the yield of 2.46 mass% under significant model of surface functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous reservoir engineering, production engineering, and project management tasks require data to be selectively compiled, organized, cleaned and put in a database on a proper basis. In many oil companies, much of this data still resides on the older corporate mainframe systems often with inconsistent key field formats and clumsy sort options. In response to the advancement of the internet of things and data analytics, for the first time, this paper presents an innovative methodology to integrate operational data, production data, and surveillance information into a consistent database to use in conjunction with Oil Field Manager (OFM) Software from Schlumberger. The strategy of this approach is to provide technology, data management, rapid monitoring, and the use of a tool to work as a key decision-maker for future evaluations. The solution is delivered through a unified platform where daily operational datasheets with a big amount of data of surface and subsurface data will be organized, collected, cleaned, and processed to be transmitted to the main database and transferred to the main software for analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crises, by their environment, are inclined to have an undesirable influence on markets and financial activities. The emergence of COVID-19 has widely affected the global demand for crude oil. Prices continued to fall in January and February 2020, as China demand - the world main crude oil trader and Iraq main customer - ended up shutting down. This pressure increased to turn into the biggest price drop in March 2020. At that time, Iraq goes through the two crises of the Corona virus and the collapse of oil prices. Iraq's commitment to OPEC announcement to reduce its oil production was an issue, and Iraq did not only obtain a smaller amount of the crude oil it produces, as the second largest producer in OPEC, but also decided not to pump the same amount of it. This decision has a crucial impact on oil prices in Iraq using daily information of the crises. The results indicate that both COVID-19 and oil prices are inversely proportional. In addition, this crise has exhausted the Iraqi economy. Iraq was not prepared for such circumstances, logistically or morally. When reviewing oil prices before the emergence of COVID-19, it is impossible to reject the oil market recovery hypothesis. In other words, the results agree with the evidence of market performance before the crisis, and the opposite is completely true, as oil prices collapsed after the emergence of the virus at the end of 2019. The question here is whether or not we will be ready or prepared for such circumstances. This paper will summarize what Iraq has gone through concerning the oil markets, aspiring to benefit from this crisis. Although oil prices are recovering somewhat, this does not mean that the Covid-19 shock will be transient and may have long-term belongings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In reservoir engineering calculations, PVT properties are critical. There are two methods for calculating different PVT properties, empirical correlations, and machine learning techniques. The development of neural networks has paved the way for data mining modeling processes to be a key player in the oil and gas industry. However, there are several defects and limits in the neural network modeling structures because they were created with a specific collection of reservoir fluid properties. As a result, various artificial intelligence approaches to predicting PVT qualities became necessary. This paper uses Support Vector Machines (SVM) to formulate new oil properties correlations for Iraqi oil reservoir fluids. In a comparative study, the efficiency of support vector machines regression is compared with existing empirical correlations. The results show that support vector machines outperform some published correlations in accuracy and reliability, which is a promising future for support vector machine modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on the ways of demetallization of crude oil where most petroleum products contain traces of mineral compounds by treating crude oil using laser-assisted method then comparing with ultrasonic-assisted demetallization method using laser induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) technique. The selected study sample of crude oil from al-Basra southern oil field showed more than 120 ppm iron, 30 ppm nickel and 75 ppm vanadium. Which are the most harmful toxins for crude oil catalytic cracking catalysts and hydrogenation units. The presence of the heavy metals in crude oils has a negative impact on power plant equipment of the secondary refining process catalysts, which leads to significant environmental consequence. These metals are hardly detected since the trace contains complexes. The present work was conducted for comparative analysis by using (LIPS) technique of the demetallization for both laser assisted and ultrasonic assisted methods. The maximum removal efficiency of laser-assisted as a cracking catalyst in the Nd:YAG laser was 80.4% for iron, 81.10% for nickel and 83.21% for vanadium of crude oil content. The removal efficiencies of Fe, Ni and V were a maximum of 40%, 46% and 48%, respectively using the ultrasonic assisted method. The process of analysis of demineralized crude oil was conducted. It was found that the content of these minerals decreased. The Results showed that the metal removal efficiency can be greatly improved under laser irradiation. The specific density of the demineralized crude oil was changed from 0.896 g/cm3 to 0.940 g/cm3, which is an indication of the catalytic cracking process. Heavy metals were broken down and separated in the water soluble inorganic salts solutions thus can be successfully separated from crude oil by washing or separating process. Best result was obtained with laser energy of 2000 mj, focal length of 7cm, pulse prepetition rate of 101/s and treatment duration of 40 second with deionized water to oil ratio of 1 to 3 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arabian Gulf is regarded as a worldwide oil industry center. Iraq's oil ports are one of the major oil transportation hubs in the Arabian Gulf, and any spills might pollute the marine environment. A GNOME model, a physical model that illustrates the motions of oil spills in seawater and probable danger zones, is used to simulate the oil spill trajectory to have a better understanding of the spill's destiny. Oil spill trajectory modeling provides a prediction in advance of the direction of movement of the oil slick and the time it will take to reach the coast. The form requires the input of data on the time of the release of the spill, the duration of the release, the amount of the spill, and the speed and direction of both currents and winds. In this paper, different oil spill trajectory scenarios are simulated From Single point mooring (SPM1) in quantities of 100 and 50 barrels and Basra oil port in quantities of 100 and 50 barrels of medium crude oil In the north of the Arabian Gulf. The model's findings aid competent authorities in developing their emergency management strategies for responding to possible dangerous regions and Rapid treatment of oil spills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global crude refining capacity has significantly increased over the past 20 years due to demand growth on oil products. The growth of oil demand was associated with strict environment policies in order to reduce the carbon emissions, therefore, it is essential to follow the environmental guidelines, which present new challenges to the industry. Refinery operations must continue to develop via technology research, development, and increased energy efficiency to tackle the challenges and sustain the petroleum refining industry's sustainability. The high runs of refineries, on the other hand, comes at the expense of increasing fouling in different units. The wax elements of crude oil potentially contribute to fouling before the crude oil enters the refinery and fouling in refinery units. The presence of wax components increases fluid viscosity and its accumulation on the flow line section limits, obstructing filters, valves, and even pipelines, rising pumping costs, and decreasing or even blocking crude oil production, storage, and transportation. This review paper aims to highlight the difficult challenges of crude oil flow in pipes and identify the main source of refinery energy inefficiency, which is most likely fouling in preheat trains. Due to a lack of basic knowledge of the causes, deposition processes, deposit composition, and design implications, this has been a complex subject for decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of digitization massively tremendous amount of data is emerging from various sectors. Efficient utilization of data is required for analytics as data is considered crude oil in today's world. Also, Data plays a crucial role in making business decisions in different organizations. There are various types of data fueling from this digitized world. This diversified data ranges from unstructured, semi-structured, structured, Real-time data, etc. Such a huge volume of data is often termed "Big Data". There are various traditional techniques used for storing and retrieving data that deal with only a specific type of data, also the cost associated with managing data is high. These techniques are considered to be less agile and unsuitable for performing advanced analytics. To overcome these drawbacks data lake is a suitable repository that gives a flexible way to perform advanced analytics and can deal with a wide variety of data. This paper mainly focuses on a novel approach dealing with big data, defining the key role of a data lake in metadata management and governance, thus producing meaningful insights from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is indispensable to life. More than sixty percent of the earth's surface is enveloped by water where 97 percent is seawater and the residual 3 percent is fresh water. As demand for fresh water continues to climb with precipitous population growth, various methods of sea water purification were introduced to meet these exigencies. Desalination utilising solar energy is more environmentally friendly as compared to exploiting crude oil and it is also sustainable. This paper intends to study the influence of the glass condenser inclination angle on single tilt solar still performance in Malaysia. Single tilt solar stills of differing inclination angles were constructed and assayed. The still with a 30° inclination angle recorded the highest fresh water production (152 ml) as compared to the 20° and 10° inclination angles (130 ml and 59 ml respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a developed mathematical model for a radially one-dimensional problem of developing a formation with high-viscosity oil. The model is built using the technology of paired horizontal wells; a coolant flows through one of them, and the liquefied heated oil flows into the other one, which is open. It is assumed that the wells are located close enough to each other, and the heating well has been operating for a sufficient time, at which the lengths of the temperature fields are many times greater than the radius of the well and the distance between them. The heat conduction equation was solved by the method of sequential changing of stationary states. The problem was solved in two stages. At the first stage, the formation was heated without oil extraction. At the second stage, the oil was heated and withdrawn simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study provides a theoretical justification of method applied for reducing the fire hazard at oil and gas enterprises through monitoring the production area with unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with automated identification systems. The identification problem can be solved using mathematical models of neural networks. The paper presents the existing and promising practices of visual observation through various flying platforms. Three types of events under analysis have been selected that affect fire safety: oil and petroleum products spill, flame combustion, and smoke. The framework conditions for unmanned aircraft flight are described. Reconciliation and recurrent mathematical models of neural activity were selected as the most suitable mathematical models of image processing. An example of image mapping received through a drone is provided where three types of identifiable events are present. Conclusions are made about the applicability of mathematical models of neural networks for identifying fire hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation is important for day-to-day operations and economic development. Transportation of different modes, power generation, agriculture, mining locomotives, and all of them are dependent on fossil fuels. Over the last six decades, crude oil use has risen 16-fold. The need for and use of petroleum-derived fuel is growing day by day, but there is scarcity. Biodiesel in place of fossil fuels will meet the current demand for gasoline. Biodiesel can be derived from both traditional and non-conventional sources with some modifications in order to meet the performance of diesel. The emission of CI engines causes adverse environmental impacts such as green-house gases, acid rain, ozone depletion, photochemical smog, etc. Biodiesel is the perfect replacement for fossil fuels. It can be prepared from vegetable oil and animal fats by the transestesterification process. National biofuel policy 2009 set the goal of meeting 20% of diesel demand with biodiesel. India is planning to mix 5% biodiesel with diesel." India has focused primarily on Jatropha. There are, however, around 400 species of non-edible oil seeds bearing trees in our country, where thrust must be made derived the biofuel. Based on the techno-economic viability for the development of biofuels in this paper thrust are made to review a different kind of biofuel utility and their impact on CI engine efficiency that explorer in the last decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the dynamic behaviour of Inverse Fluidized Bed (IFB) for the treatment of petroleum wastewater using adsorbents date seed activated carbon (DSAC) and commercial coconut shell activated carbon (CCAC). Inverse fluidization is the downward flow technique, where density of particles are less compared to the liquid density. IFB wasexperimentally validated by analysing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removalefficiency, total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) from the petroleum wastewater with variations of time interval, dosage of activated carbon and effect of adsorbent size. Findings of this study reveals that maximumCOD reduction at 92%, TDS reduction of 86% and TSS reduction of 84% has been determined using (DSAC)and the COD reduction at 85% TDS reduction at 83% and TSS reduction at 80% has been evaluated using (CCAC). The IFB adsorption column using date seedsbecomes saturated in the 60-min continuous adsorption using 0.00236m size, 210gms dosage of activated carbon, the overall COD removal is 92%, and the adsorption capacity (Qexp) on the adsorbent date seeds activated carbon is 671.33 mg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispatch control during the transportation of hydrocarbons is an important component of process safety ensured by highly qualified specialists. The paper presents a system of management decisions based on the analysis of the work of dispatchers in oil and gas transport facilities. To create the system, Tyumen Industrial University developed a new technology for monitoring the effectiveness of dispatch control during safety control and methodological support using neural network technologies and machine learning at oil and gas storage facilities. As an example, different aspects of monitoring of dispatch control of processes and systems are considered in the paper. The use of developed expert systems makes it possible to monitor the performance of dispatch control of technogenic events thus preventing possible undesirable threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the research and practical use of petroleum bitumens and bitumen-based modified binders in road construction in Russia compared to the advanced global research. It is shown that unmodified petroleum bitumens are used in the construction and repair of regional and local roads in Russia. Moreover, in Russia, oxidized bitumens are widely used, the quality of which is significantly inferior to the residual bitumens accepted for use in developed countries. The materials used for bitumen modification in Russia and abroad are considered, the most widely used thermoelastoplasts, thermoplastics, and natural and synthetic rubbers including. The issues of using sulfur and its derivatives as cross-linking agents are discussed. Reactive substances, as well as the functionalization of the modifiers themselves, i.e., the directed use of functional groups that provide missing bonds in the interaction are covered. The studies on nanoscale effect in the interaction of bitumen components with natural or synthesized nanomaterials are presented. Currently, an increasing number of researchers, both in Russia and abroad, are trying to find ways to improve the quality characteristics of modified bitumens using waste, while solving both environmental and economic problems. Although there has been marked progress in such developments, they are still difficult to compete with specially designed and manufactured modifiers. This progress is evident in the use of so-called hybrid or mixed modifiers, the components of which are selected for improving specific properties. There is considerable interest in the use of crumb rubber from worn-out tires as a potentially suitable component for making bitumen elastic and reducing the brittleness temperature. In Russia, there are noteworthy developments in this area that have been industrially tested. An interesting method is the high-temperature shear grinding of rubber crumbs on ultra-high-pressure devices, at which the specific surface area of the particles is disproportionately large, compared to the known methods. This provides an accelerated interaction of particles with bitumen forming mesh structures at the dry method of introducing crumb directly into bitumen-concrete mixture. The paper describes the main types of equipment for bitumen modification. Currently, the road industry in Russia is undergoing a conceptual transition to the new generation of standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers a section of the 7th block of the first production facility at the North Buzachi field in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This section deals with industrial experiments on the application of various non-stationary impact technologies. In 2013-2014, there was an experimental application of non-stationary waterflooding with a change in the direction of filtration flows. The paper analyses the current state of application of this technology. The results of the analysis of non-stationary waterflooding in the 7th block of the first production unit at the North Buzachi have shown that non-stationary waterflooding has a positive technological efficiency. However, there is a decreasing magnitude compared to previous periods of technology, which suggests further modifications to the non-stationary waterflooding technology used. It is shown that the application of well control (optimization) in the considered section of non-stationary waterflooding significantly affected the efficiency of non-stationary waterflooding. Wells with "optimized" operating modes have a significantly lower specific benefit (about half of the "optimized" wells have a negative benefit, compared to the same figure for the group of wells without optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the continuous use of women's shoulder handbags (WSH), they are contaminated with microorganisms. Keeping many different personal requirements, such as tissues, sandwiches, keys, and banknotes raises the contamination rate. The WSH is a probable mode of the transition of several bacteria and fungi. Identification of fungi associated with inner and outer bag faces and examining the antifungal activity of oil vapour to eliminate fungal growth. A cross-sectional analysis was followed. 72 swab samples were collected randomly from WSH. They include inside and outside the textile and leather of the handbags. Half of the swabs were cultured without vaporization, and the second half was cultured with oil vapour treatment. Typha pollens agar (TPA) medium was used, and the plates were incubated at 25oC. Oils of lavender Lavendula angustifolia, myrtle Myrtus communis, and nutgrass Cyperus rotundus were prepared from local plant materials. Filter paper evaporation method (inverted Petri dish method) was followed to exam the efficacy of the vapour in vitro. The total colony counted (TCC) were 84, Aspergillus niger, Asp.fumigatus, Penicillium sp., Rhizopus stolonifer , and Candida albicans was isolated by the inside and outside swabs, while Cladosporim cladosporoides represented by the outside surface swabs only. The number of isolates is higher in textile handbags, and the vapour of myrtle oil showed the highest reduction of TCC followed by nutgrass and lavender. The common airborne fungi were predominant in tested samples. They were higher inside (WSHs), thus may increase the potential health risks. The type of handbag materials affects the total colonies count (TCC), and using vapour oil of myrtle showed a significant reduction of TCC. It is a future choice as an effective, safe, and eco-friendly alternative agent to get rid of fungal contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The PM10 (Particulate Matter with diameter of 10 microns or less) is a major air pollutant with a number of harmful effects on human health. As a primary pollutant, it is also an indicator of the overall level of the ecological state of the environment. This determines the need and appropriateness of research on the accumulated empirical data, especially in affected areas. This paper examines the average daily PM10 levels in a specific region of Bulgaria, near the Black Sea coast and a large refinery for oil and petroleum products. The data of PM10 and meteorological variables such as air temperature, humidity, wind speed and others for a period of more than 6 years are studied. Using the Box-Jenkins ARIMA model, an autoregressive term was identified in the PM10 time series, which was used as an additional predictor in the models. Regression analysis with the Random Forest (RF) machine learning method is used for statistical modeling of the time series. RF models were obtained describing the data by almost 94%. The models are applied for short-term forecasts of PM10 pollution with 1 to 7 days ahead. The comparison with the actual measurements showed that the proposed approach gives very good results and could be embedded in mobile software for air pollution forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to demonstrate the importance of natural gas as a substantial source of energy as an alternative to crude oil, with the increase in global demand for it in the future, and the importance of this source for Iraq at the economic and environmental level. This article provides an overview of Iraq's natural gas reserves and the geographical distribution of this reserve over the regions of Iraq, in addition to the companies operating and developers there. The challenges facing the export and industry of gas in Iraq, the quantities of gas that are flared annually, and the associated financial and environmental damage were also presented. Finally, if the quantities of produced gas were to be invested, Iraq would achieve a significant improvement in the economic and environmental levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the most recent environmental requirements, wide desulfurization has become an increasingly important way to obtain ultra-clean fuels for transportation of less than 15 ppmw of sulfur, such as diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel. as a result of the strict requirements for transportation fuels. Therefore, it is highly beneficial to develop alternative desulfurization methods, including adsorbent desulfurization (ADS), oxidative desulfurization (ODS), bio desulfurization (BDS), for the development of ultra-low-sulfur content gasoline. This paper reviews are presents two concepts; in the first part such as; principles, advantages, and challenges of existing HDS processes. The second part examines recent advances in desulphurization techniques and future challenges for commercial, that are being researched around the world and are regulating the manufacture of a new generation of ultra-low sulfur fuels catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to model and predict the desulfurization efficiency of AL-Ahdab crude oil (AHD). This study implements the artificial neural network (ANN) in modeling and predicting sulfur removal from AL-Ahdab crude oil for a better understanding and optimizing of the process operation. This study was based on data sets collected from previous work on AHD sour crude oil (3.9 wt% sulfur content). The developed model's accuracy was assessed by the mean squared error and goodness of fit (R2). In this study, fifteen neural network models for the desulfurization process were designed and validated. Results show that the developed model (9) is in excellent agreement with experimental data. Model (9) is the best model with the lowest mean square error (0.001), two hidden layers and 20 neurons and the value of the correlation coefficient (R2) is 0.999. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acidizing of carbonate reservoir is a challenge to find optimum acidizing operation. Therefore, one of the most importance use acid to remove the damage of the near wellbore in the hole of the well. The main objective of this study to estimate technology, efficiency of productivity index (productivity decreases during production) and stimulate non- working but productive intervals in Mauddud Formation. Much of the world's oil and gas almost from Limestone and Dolomite Formations. Dolomites are similar to Limestone in Mauddud Formation with the exception that they generally action more slowly with hydrochloric acid (HCL). The problems and damage resulting from Formation can be very severe. Reduced permeability (K) due to the mobilization of the Formation material can shut off production itself. Four wells were used and the results obtained after the candidate wells selection for stimulation jobs will help the company to select the wells based on the model they choose. This paper shows the results of different acidizing methods with (selective acid treatment with coiled tubing packer, emulsified two phase retarded acid system, and combination of single phase retarded acid system with selective acid treatment and coiled tubing packer) for carbonate reservoir. Therefore acidizing can be used to improve productivity of production wells to reach two to three time of production oil well. Result show that the selective acid treatment with coiled tubing packer was most method to improve oil production in Badra Filed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze a rotary shaft seal in steady state thermal condition. The behavior of the seal's rubber material was taken into account by a large-strain viscoelastic, which is also well known as generalized Maxwell model, which is based on Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyses (DMTA) and tensile measurements. The pre- loaded garter spring was modelled with a bi-linear material model and the shaft was assumed to be linear elastic. 3d modeling of oil seal was done using SolidWorks 2020. The density, coefficient of thermal expansion and the thermal conductivity of the materials were taken into consideration during simulation in ANSYS software. For simplification & calculation ease, friction between oil seal & shaft is assumed to be constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a review on the literature on gearboxes lubrication & oil leakages in industrial gearboxes. The lubrication of gear teeth is reviewed including some key aspects of recent theoretical research and current practice. Hydrostatic, hydrodynamic lubrication & elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory carried out by several researchers is reviewed. Various techniques of gearbox lubrication including monitoring gearboxes with the use of software application, cost-effective techniques using electrical supply parameters for detecting oil degradation are reviewed. Different types of lubricants used in industries, gearbox losses and temperature behaviour of lub oils has been included. Main reasons of oil leakages & researches done on oil seals have been reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the fundamental conversation is about different highlights of electrical storage systems, types, specialized ways, and cost perspectives. To move the reliance on ordinary sources like coal, gas, and petroleum to sustainable power hotspots for the creation of power, transmission and distribution and power supply system is changing to electrical energy storage innovations. For the enormous storage capacity, the battery storage systems are amplified in power systems. Renewable sources are expanding step by step to fulfill the heap need and to keep away from ecological dangers. There are numerous models like workstations, cell phones, controllers, and so forth. Electrical vehicles likewise bring out in numerous nations to change from oil and petroleum gases. In this way, numerous energy storage systems are presented in specialized and monetary focuses. The battery storage systems were produced for huge energy systems. So this work chiefly centers around various kinds of batteries, their correlation, benefits, inconveniences, life investigation and innovations, battery energy storage systems and various highlights of electrical storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of studies of the phase diagrams of the binary systems "boric acid–glycerol", "boric acid–urea" and "glycerol–urea", which form the basis of the acid chemical composition for enhanced oil recovery. The fusibility diagram was studied by the capillary method. As a result of the study, it was found that the system glycerol–urea has the lowest eutectic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of laboratory tests of an acidic chemical oil-displacing composition GBC. As a result of the experimental studies, it was found that the impact on the formation of an acidic chemical composition in the natural mode of development, and then under the steam cyclic action, contributes to an increase in the oil displacement coefficient of models of a heterogeneous formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the process of oxidative desulphurisation of oil with an initial sulphur content of 1.98% by weight. The process of oxidative desulphurisation was carried out with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a carbon black (CB) catalyst with cobalt and nickel applied together. During the process of oxidative desulphurisation, the influence of the catalyst amount, temperature and the duration of the process were studied. In addition, the influence of the nature of the selected extractant on the efficiency of extraction of oxidised sulphurcontaining compounds (OSC) was studied. It was found that the maximum degree of OSC extraction is achieved during the oxidation process in the presence of a catalyst in an amount of 1.0–1.3% by weight, a temperature of 50°C and a duration of 90 min. The degree of removal of OSC was more than 70%. Dimethylformamide (DMF) with a water content of 10% by volume was used as extractant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial markets and financial instruments and derivatives have experienced significant changes recently. Although this transition, the gold and crude oil are still leading the market and determine the main market conditions, so their importance could not be neglected. Looking back in history, there are milestone events that have drastically changed the economic, social and political circumstances, which have immediately affected the financial markets. In the recent study we calibrate jump-diffusion process to historical prices of gold (XAU) and crude brent oil futures (LCOc1), and derive piecewise approximations of the trend, volatility and jump intensity and distribution parameters. In the framework of jump-diffusion, we interpret the results as well as describe the possible future states of their prices and their impact on the global economy and quantify the respective outcomes probabilities. Based on the analysis, essential remarks for the economic environment are made in the conclusion of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author suggests using analytical and experimental cellular models to synthetize smart control systems for oil treatment facilities at oil and gas fields. The paper describes the mode setting method for the model of crude emulsion heating in a PTB-10E unit according to the field operation data using the software tools of model-based design. A simulation study of the heater dynamics was performed and an example of how to develop the smart control system for the heater using an MPC controller is provided. The conclusion was drawn regarding the possibility to use the created reference model to synthetize smart control systems for oil heaters and advisability of continuation of the works in the field of mathematic simulation for oil treatment facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By far, over the last couple of months, the day-to-day business activity of crude supply and demand in Indonesia has been in the position of barely touching the bottom line, moving disproportionally with the government's long- run strategic plan in providing sufficient energy supply for the consumers. The statistics have revealed the current energy supply realization is different than that of the last year. In brief, the performance of oil and gas export-import has been deeply disturbed since the global pandemic of Covid-19 broke out. This particular paper aims at portraying, from a macro perspective, the intricate nature of the oil and gas phenomenon, having many complexly interrelating variables. The methodology opted in this particular study is the multivariate linear regression to draw the complete picture of the relationship between the global pandemic and its profound impact on the oil and gas trade balance. The value of the originality of this study is to reveal the effect of a global pandemic to the Indonesia Economy at large and also to make suggestions to the policymakers, or other stakeholders in an effort to support the initiative of developing a strategic plan for the long-term sustainability of petroleum energy in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil and gas are usually trapped inside the reservoir rock pores such as Limestones or Sandstone. Most of the oil and gas companies use the common method for calculating rock total porosity by using Helium (He) or Nitrogen (Ni) gas. But this technique is limited only in total porosity information of the limestone, not the petrophysical properties of the sample. Another powerful technique that can be used to investigate the internal structure of the rock is Neutron Imaging (NI). Several experiments related to NI about porous rocks have been done by another researcher, but an experiment about the reservoir rock properties with NI has not been done. Porosities are one of the most important parameters to predict the availability of oil or gas. X-Ray Imaging (XRI) was describing perfectly these porosities, but again the XRI only provide porosities information of the limestone. To surpassing this limit, NI was employed. NI does not limit only to visualize the rock porosity but also can distinguish inhomogeneities materials inside the limestone. In this paper, the Limestone sample has been investigated by employing tomography methods of both XRI and NI technique. The total porosity from both technique then compared by the java petroleum systems databased (conventional method). From the experiment knew that the total porosity of the Limestone was about 28.4%, 34.36%, and 30% - 36% by an XRI, NI and conventional method respectively. XRI detected all porosity including a traped pores, channel pores / interparticle, Intercrystalline and Vugular pores. It was known that there were a lot of channel pores inside the sample which made the oil flow in the centre of the stone while the crude oil extracted by the oil company. On the other hand, NI gives more information about inhomogenous minerals inside the Limestone belongs to Dolomite, Aragonite, Calcite, Magnesite, Ankerite, and Siderite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies the topic of oil-containing wastes generated in oil production and refining and having a significant negative impact on the environment. The problem is that only a small amount of oil-containing wastes is currently processed with the help of technologies. To prevent environmental pollution and threats to public health, enterprises need to take measures to neutralize and reduce the hazard class of oily waste for oil storage facilities and distribution depots. The paper presents the case of terminal sludge collectors in Arkhangelsk, situated in the northern part of the Russian Federation. The authors give the rationale for reducing the hazard class of oil-containing wastes, slurry cards stored for long periods at the Arkhangelsk oil transshipment complex. A technology for lowering the hazardous class of oily waste is suggested. It includes several stages and implies the division of oil sludge into layers and splitting the treatment process into phases. The waste disposal treatment consists of dosage, heating, mixing of the solid phase of the waste with organic substances, preparation and heat treatment of mixtures. The application of the method allows for the neutralization and cure of oil-contaminated materials with optimal energy consumption and the use of domestic commercially available equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, palm olein oil was used to produce biodiesel by reducing the percentage of free fatty acids in the oil and then performing a transesterification reaction. biodiesel is one of the sources of alternative fuels. Palm olein oil had treated with sulfuric acid as a catalyst at a ratio of 0.25 wt%. The reaction took place at a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 3:1 at a temperature of 60 °C and stirred to 250 rpm and for 60 minutes after that, the methanol had separated from the oil. This process reduced the free fatty acid plant by 5%. The transesterification reaction was done by placing 50g of palm olein oil and the reaction had carried out with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, and the catalyst was 1wt%, where the reaction occurred at a temperature of 60 °C for 120 minutes and stirred at 300 rpm. The results of the produced 44.87g of biodiesel and12.34g of glycerin. Test showed an increase in dynamic viscosity, higher biodiesel density, lower calorific value, higher flashpoint, and a higher cetane number compared to fossil diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer flooding is a common tertiary oil recovery method, which is widely used in China's crude oil production. After polymer flooding, the oil recovery will decrease in water flooding stage, so people need to take effective measures to promote the oil recovery. This paper mainly studies and discusses the optimization technology and measures of oil recovery after polymer flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]