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The automotive industry's recent high requirements for high-performance machinery include the selection of materials and effective procedure for cam-follower design and manufacturing. Numerous authors have used several different ways to change the mechanical design, modelling or simulation, and performance of the Cam-follower mechanism. The Cam and follower mechanism are generally utilized for the IC engine's inlet and outlet valves. This paper presents the designing, modelling, and finite element analysis of the machine cam-follower mechanism. For this analysis, the finite element method is used. The Cam-follower is one of the essential parts in the engines of automobiles and other vehicles. In this project, the standard engine cam-follower is designed and analysed using SOLIDWORKS & ANSYS WORKBENCH 2020R2 software, respectively. An engine's basic needs create the model. Presently used material for cam- follower is steel. In this paper, the cam-follower material is getting replaced with smart materials. Static structural analysis and model analysis is done cam-follower model using cast iron, steel, and different composite materials. A comparison chart is also prepared for the four materials to confirm the best suitable material for the cam-follower mechanism. Hence, using the standard materials for Cam and follower mechanisms, these can be manufactured from composite materials or smart materials as it will provide better optimization in engine performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, some features confronted in finite element analysis of combined clinching and pull-force testing process for process optimal design are investigated to suggest an engineering approach to solve the problems occurring in conducting finite element analysis and clinching process optimal design. An optimized finite element analysis model with appropriate blank size and number of finite elements, based on elasto-plasticity, is proposed in terms of reliable prediction of pull-force. The optimized finite element mesh system in terms of good mesh regularity at the material-die interface is emphasized to obtain steady predictions of pull-force for clinching process design optimization. Rigid-plastic finite element method is criticized from the standpoint of pull-force prediction while implicit elasto-plastic finite element analysis is strongly recommended especially for clinching process design optimization. An optimal process design is conducted using the proposed schemes. The engineering insights obtained from this paper can help gain a better understanding of the deformation history and can pave the way for a more realistic optimal process design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General intention of this research is to investigate possibility to identify damages occurred in overhead contact line pylons of electrified transport during their exploitation based on eigenvalues of the pylons. Metal thin-walled pylons are considered. Vibration detector "LEPTON" is introduced to experimentally obtain eigenvalues of the pylons. Fast Fourier Transformation is applied as general approach to obtain Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics of the structure. Results of experimental research of overhead contact line pylons of electrified transport are presented in this paper. Experimental data have been analyzed and conclusion about such an approach expediency is specified. Moreover, it is stated that basing on experimental data only (without any additional mathematical or finite element modelling introduction) main eigenvalue of the structure is able to be identified as 1.619-1.656 Hz range for twenty two observed pylons of Type I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of soft soil, such as low shear strength and permeability with high water content and compressibility, pose a significant challenge for constructing structures and embankments. One of the most common techniques for ground improvement is stone columns, also known as granular piles or aggregate piers. The main aim of stone column installation is to reduce settlement, shorten consolidation time and increase the bearing capacity of soils. A comprehensive literature search has extracted many studies on finite element models, numerical simulation, and large-scale tests to identify stone columns' performance. This paper presents a brief review of the published work on the stone columns in the last 11 years (from 2000 until 2021) in order to describe the growth and the latest research developments of ground improvement by stone columns. The main findings from Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases are divided into two main subdivisions: the single/group stone column reinforced foundation and the ordinary/encased stone column, explicitly focusing on bearing capacity and mode of failures. Thus, this review paper provides the efficiency of the latest research trend as a guide for other researchers and industry practices that may be significant in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate analytical model of the physical assembled structure is predominantly importance for engineers and designers to be used in predicting the dynamic behaviour of the structure. Powerful tools such as finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental modal analysis (EMA) can be used to determine the dynamic behaviour of the assembled structure. The assembled structure such as automotive structure is normally joined by a number of jointing types such as spot welds, bolts, and adhesive. However due to advancement of the jointing method, the laser jointing method have been significantly used in the automotive industries. However, it is challenging and cumbersome to accurately model a structure that are assembled by a combination of complex types of joints such as laser stitch welds. This is because stitch welds have been discovered as joining method that tends to present the local effect such as structure geometrical irregularities, heat affected zone (HAZ) on the welded areas and also the residual stress that occurs from the laser welding process. In addition, it is challenging to only rely on the prediction of the dynamic behaviour using FE method because predicted results are often found inconsistent with the experimental data. The inconsistencies of the results due to invalid assumptions of laser stitch welds are the significant motivation to the main goal of this paper by investigating the accuracy of the finite element model of the laser stitch welded structure. In this paper, the prediction of the dynamic behaviour of the structure are merely to address the local effects due to the laser stitch welds such as geometrical irregularities, HAZ and residual stress that influence the initial prediction of the laser stitch welded structure by producing highly accurate prediction model as close to experimental data. The inclusion of the local effects to the initial FE model are performed in the sensitivity analysis to identify the most sensitive parameters of the laser stitch welded structure. The FE model updating method was employed with corresponding to the measured result for reconciliation purpose. The results revealed that the inclusion of the local effects due to the welding process can significantly improve the prediction of the dynamic behaviour of the laser stitch welded structure and the implementation of the sensitivity analysis was successful in correcting the source of error by improving the correlation of the predicted results with experimental counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the evaluation of the performance of the FEMM software in comparison with the performance of the ANSYS/Emag software, where the magnetorheological (MR) valve needs magnetic designs and that the calculation by traditional methods is not easy, so need finite element modeling and analysis (FEM). As the ANSYS/Emag software is certified in most researches magnetorheological (MR) valves, in this paper, the magnetic designs of three papers were relied upon in which the ANSYS/Emag software for magnetic analysis was used. By using FEMM software for the same MR valve magnetic designs, the results of the magnetic density and magnetic flux density satisfactory and close to the ANSYS/Emag software depending on the same dimensions, metals, and the number of coils turns of the original design. The FEMM software is characterized by flexibility and ease of use, due to its specialization in calculating magnetic designs, and less complex than other software. (Some figures in this article may appear in color only in the online version). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose using the wave finite element method and genetic algorithms to design periodic waveguide structures with optimal stop-bands. Instead of modelling waveguides using the standard finite element method, we use the wave finite element method to model the waveguides. The wave and finite element method is based on using periodic structure theory and the finite element model of a unit cell of the waveguide to describe the waveguide's motion in terms of wave amplitudes rather than in terms of physical degrees of freedom. This results in a numerically efficient model of the waveguide which can be used in optimisation studies. In particular, the focus of this paper is on the optimisation of stop-bands in the waveguides which leverage this property of periodic structures. Genetic algorithms will be used to optimise the stop-bands. A numerical example where analytical models can be obtained will be used to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach and its potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the study was to replace traditional steel leaf springs with composite materials while maintaining their size and geometry. This paper represents the design and static analysis of the mono leaf-spring. A Metal Matrix composite P100 Gr/6061 Al has been used to compare the existing leaf spring made up of stainless steel. This paper aims to design and perform static structural analysis comparison between mono leaf spring made up of metal matrix composite (MMC) and existing material steel. The structural modeling and finite element analysis [FAE] of mono leaf spring has been performed in Catia v5 R20 software and then imported to the ANSYS 2022 R1 workbench resulting in the improvement of the design of mono leaf spring along with weight reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosthesis has been advancing since the day of its introduction, having a tremendous degree of advancement and examination in clinical field as well as in robotics. This has been an influence for researchers who made it conceivable with various types of prosthetics that are accessible these days in the market both commercially and uniquely crafted. This paper throws light on numerical simulation and design of a prosthetic leg. The work focuses on the optimization and simulation of a prosthetic leg, improving its strength and making it cost effective. The paper has described the design and analysis of two early-existed models of prosthetic leg, comparing their strength and durability through different material analysis and thereafter designing a new model with better strength, having a high deformation rate or durability, and having much cost-efficient design and material. The Finite element analysis (FEA) was done in Ansys software, the material properties and cost efficiency were kept in mind during the analysis as well as during selection of material. Prosthetics are modified for every person, remembering the utilization and actual properties. In any case, the conventional prosthetics are heavier, and the production is costly andtedious. The current study resolves this issue and proposes an elective plan for prosthetic legs. The designed prosthetic was simulated properly and has been compared with earlier existed models. The study concludes that the new design is much more efficient and user friendly that the wearer will feel comfortable, to live a normal life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presented a finite element method (FEM) analysis for a transient redox reaction on a single electrode microdisk via commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics®. The software capabilities in modelling have been well documented, however, a direct comparison of the 1-dimension (1D), 2-dimension (2D) axisymmetric, and 3-dimension (3D) models for electrode microdisk is scarcely available. The developed model is for cyclic voltammetry under semi-infinite spherical diffusion. Mesh refinement with its consequent number of elements (noe), computation time (tcom), and current, I(t) was compared on the 1D, 2D axisymmetric, and 3D model. This paper proved the software's consistency to produce less than 3% error between simulation and analytical results across all dimensions. 1D simulation took around 3 minutes to complete, giving less than 0.1% error. While the 2D axisymmetric simulation completed around 10 minutes with 0.5% error. On very fine mesh using a 3D model can yield a simulation with an error of 2.5%. It has the drawback of taking significantly longer tcom to complete. A slight discrepancy between 2D axisymmetric and 3D simulation results on finest meshing recorded to have less than 3% difference and that is due to CPU memory limit. Further investigations on complex electrochemistry using this platform are justified and highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A valve is a device that control or regulate the fluid in the pipe line, which is commonly used in all industries like oil and gas, process, power, mining, etc. Valves are mainly classified into two types, namely, linear motion valve and rotary motion. A butterfly valve is among the family of rotary motion valve (quarter turn valve) having a metal closure plate along with middle shaft, which acts as a rotating axis. The quarter turn valves are fast to open and close as they required only 90 degrees to rotate in order to fully close and open. The objective of this paper is to identify and study the various characteristics and performance of butterfly valves used in the process industries through various literatures. The most important key performance parameters are identified such as valve operating torque and sealing hence additional research is required to optimize the sealing performance and valve torque by using finite element analysis and engineering hand calculations. Also, it is concluded size optimization is the best methodology for valves according to the industrial valves market scenario. In future research, the factors influencing the design variables to be explored more by scientific methods and the relationship between the variables are to be investigated in order to find the impact of values changes in the variables by using research methodology and technique such as linear regression analysis, correlation coefficient, analysis of variance and etc., Further a reverse engineering to be carried out in high performance butterfly valves to explore the performances and same has been optimized by finite element analysis and engineering calculation without affecting the international valve design guide lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vehicle moving on the road is subjected to a continuous source of vibration. A shock absorber in the suspension system is used to isolate the vehicle from the force transmitted by road irregularities. A shock absorber converts vibration into heat energy. This paper deals with the conversion of vibration energy into electrical energy by employing a transmission mechanism which is called a mechanical motion rectifier. This mechanism converts linear vibratory motion into unidirectional motion, which is then supplied to the DC generator. A rack and pinion type gear, a one way clutch bearing, and a bevel gear arrangement are used in this mechanism. This paper focuses on the design of the mechanical motion rectifier, which has a compact size. Static structural analysis is carried out for the rack and pinion system to identify displacement by using finite element analysis software. The design based on the mechanical motion rectifier can also be used for other applications for energy harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers a test problem for verification of the open-source software Code_Aster for the tasks of simulating strain gauge force sensors. Due to complex geometry, strain gauge force sensors are simulated using Finite Element Analysis Software. For robust design and optimization of strain gauge force sensors, their stress-strain state has to be simulated with good accuracy. In this paper, stress-strain state of a number of typical elastic elements used to manufacture strain gauge force sensors was analyzed using Code_Aster and ANSYS as the reference software. The comparison of strains and stresses shows that nodal strains obtained from Code_Aster are in good agreement with those calculated using ANSYS, and the stress results show reasonable agreement. The simulation fidelity and the open-source license of Code_Aster make it a good tool for educational projects and course works devoted to design of strain gauge force sensors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a two-dimensional finite element (FE) modeling utilized to simulate experimental testing of reinforced concrete (RC) beams externally strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced laminate (CFRP). Four models of concavely flat and curved soffit RC beams were developed. These beams were simulated to be simply supported and loaded statically up to failure by a mid-span single load. The simulations are undertaken to predict the failure mode and load- carrying capacity and gain further understanding of the influence of curvature on CFRP delamination behavior. In this study, eight experimentally tested RC beams were used for comparison with the FE models. The curved soffit beams were constructed with different degrees of curvature of 5, 10, and 15mm/m. The experimental and FE simulation results showed that specimens with 5, 10, and 15mm/m degree of curvature had an average change in the load -carrying capacity of up to 2.5, 6, and 3%, respectively. Furthermore, simulation results showed the failure mode was CFRP intermediate-span crack- induced (IC) de-bonding as observed experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a finite element model for the amphibious aircraft spreader bar using a composite structure will be presented. The initial spreader bar cross-section is an ellipse with an overall thickness of 3.8 mm and an additional thickness on the minor axis. The spreader bar using a composite structure is proposed to replace the initial spreader bar using aluminium. Composite Toray-TCA T700S-12K-50C#2510 Plain Weave Fabric will be used to replace aluminium 6061-T6. The composite spreader bar cross-section is similar to the initial design by applying ply drop-off to vary the thickness of its cross-section. There are 44 plies for the thick zone and 18 for the thin zone. For stacking sequences, all zones use symmetric layers. Model verification has been performed by comparing the spreader bar cross-section from the computer-aided design and finite element model. The spreader bar is modeled with a 2D shell element to obtain the failure index and margin of safety using Tsai-Wu failure criteria. The side load while landing will be used in this paper because it is a critical load during the flight. The side load generates tension, compression, shear, roll moment, yaw moment, and torsion in the spreader bar structure. The spreader bar structure using composite material is 42.8% lighter than using aluminium. The margin of safety of spreader bar structure using aluminium and composite material are -0.37 and 1.54, respectively. This results mean that composite structure can be used as an amphibious aircraft spreader bar, which is safer than aluminium in terms of strength, but not better in terms of stiffness due to its lower elastic modulus than aluminium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gear transmissions are widely used in modern machines due to the high efficiency, invariability of gear ratio, large power range and compactness of construction. The design process of such machine parts is rather complex since multiple factors such as geometrical, technological, exploitation and material features has an impact on the obtained results. In this paper, the influence of the parameters of the zero-backlash spur gear wheel on the stress distribution is presented with using finite element analysis performed in ABAQUS. The obtained results shows the importance of proper shaping of the geometrical features of the gear wheel. The methodology presented in this paper can be used to improve the design process of zero-backlash gear transmissions as well as to analyze the existing designs in order to verify its exploitation properties. Additionally, the presented research has a didactic purpose to highlight main risks and problems with using dynamic FEM analysis for analyzing gear transmissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To calculate analytical model of buildings and receive stress-strain state results, triangulation of structural elements is required. Great attention should be paid to reinforced concrete multi-span floor slabs at the joints with vertical elements. Due to unevenness and complexity in form, the finite element mesh of slab in such places can become more concentrated, which leads to an increase in stress values and inadequately elements design. To prevent such negative consequences and create an even mesh all over the slab, additional mesh generation in such places is required. To simplify such problem and reduce human costs, adjustment of finite element (FE) mesh can be obtained by means of visual programming. The purpose of this paper is to obtain and compare the results of finite element analysis (FEA) of reinforced concrete floor slab in residential building and to adjust generated mesh at the joints with vertical elements by means of visual programming in SAPFIR-3D. The scientific and practical importance of the work stands in the describing of the method of adjustment of FE mesh generation of floor slabs at the joints with vertical elements by means of visual programming. The results of the research are based on the results of calculation in programming complexes SAPFIR-3D and LIRA-SAPR, also analysis of literary sources and practical experience of the authors. The article revealed the possibility usage of visual programming to adjust FE mesh of floor slab with aim to simplify its shape at the joints with vertical structural elements. There is considered method and options for visual programming in the SAPFIR-3D. In this paper, results of the 8-storey skeleton reinforced concrete residential building with basement, have been analyzed and compared. The practical importance of the results of this paper lies in the presentation of the proposed method to adjust FE mesh of floor slab by means of visual programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stents are used in Angio-plasticity (to make the blood flow through it, as an alternative for veins). Reason for choosing material to be shape memory alloy (SMA) is that It should be flexible and resilient. Along with it, it should expand on heating and contract on cooling. A study like this will help to understand more about the behavior of the stent and provide designers with valuable information on how to improve the quality of the stent for different biological loading conditions using FEA. Research and development of new products in biomaterial can be made more cost-effective by implementing this technology. This paper with the help of this FE analysis, two cardiovascular stents made of Aluminum and Nitinol alloy have been thoroughly examined. Comparative results are validated for the different shape memory alloy (SMA) material to know their nonlinear behavior during excessive blood pressure conditions. The outcome of this paper is to determine the FOS and which material is reliable amongst the material. The total deformation of aluminum alloy obtained from the FEA analysis was 1.9174 mm, this total deformation value is greater than the nitinol material. Hence from the analysis its concluded that the nitinol is better than the aluminum alloy when designing a cardiovascular self-expanding stent with more life, less deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro tunnel boring machines (MTBM) are the smaller size of tunnel boring machines for installing pipelines beneath the earth's surface with minimum disturbance to the regular life of the community above the tunneling location. The micro tunneling process is a remotely controlled continuous process to insert the pipes under the ground with the different types of soil and rock conditions using the hydraulic pipe jacking technique. MTMB consists of several components such as cutting shield, shield skin, shaft, bearing, motor, thrust cylinders, slurry pipes, etc., The cutting shield is driven by the shaft that experiences the loads transferred from Earth pressure, water pressure, building loads over the tunneling locations and seismic loads. Also, the shaft may experience sudden jerks during the restarting of the evacuation process. There are many possibilities in failures of cutting blades, shaft, and bearings during the excavation process. The accessibility and repair of failures in micro tunneling are challenging because of the smaller diameter of pipes. Therefore, the shaft is the major driving system that needs to be designed to withstand all the operating loads. In this paper, the major loads acting on the MTBM machine and the loads that transfer to the MTBM shaft are carried out and the shaft design is verified for its safety by Finite Element Analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the design of a strain gauge loadcell with a range of 10 kgf, intended for installation in a test machine. The basic rules used in its design are given. A strength-strain analysis of the elastic element of the loadcell was performed using the finite element method. The steps of production of the loadcell are outlined. The manufactured loadcell is calibrated using the experimental setup described in this paper and the loadcell is built into a test machine. The system for measuring the strength of the test machine is verified, evaluated and classified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a nonlinear 3D model analysis of composite steel-concrete beams with web openings using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The core of the study forms the fundamental procedure of finite element (FE) model building focused on the behavior and structural performance of concrete. Results from various finite element models are compared in the study. The study objective is to define different constitutive models and observe their influence on the structural performance of numerical models of the composite beams at particular load stages. The corresponding deformations, stresses, strains, and fracture patterns were determined. The results show how load-bearing elements consisting of concrete parts can be analyzed using FEM software with various options in order to create the most suitable numerical model. The paper demonstrates the versatility of ANSYS software usage for structural simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Main Spillway and Diversion Tunnel construction at the Manikin Dam, Nusa Tenggara Timur, is constructed in a claystone Bobonaro Formation. Alongside the construction process, this paper aims to evaluate the engineering geological condition and tunnel excavation method that is expected to provide technical consideration in the process of selecting the fieldwork method. Field investigations were carried out in evaluation of rock mass quality for tunnel boring log. The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) method determines rock mass quality. Subsurface samples were laboratory tested for soil/rock parameters in numerical modeling using the finite element method with numerical evaluation by Phase2 (Rocscience) software. The results of tunnel modeling are in the form of displacement with additional effect earthquake analysis and without earthquake analysis (static load). As a result of subsurface geological mapping, the dominant lithology which passes through the tunnel is scaly clay with the category of rock mass quality as Poor Rock and Fair Rock. Based on the Bieaniawski (1989), the excavation method can be multi drift, benching, or full face. The multi drift excavation method is estimated to earn a lower displacement value than other methods. It produces an estimated roof strength factor value of >1.25, which indicates the tunnel construction is in stable condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission towers are vital channels for distributing high-voltage electrical power from power plants to substations. This infrastructure is the backbone of a productive modern society. However, a number of these towers may fail due to earthquakes. This failure may disrupt the electrical network, yield a substantial amount of replacement cost, and, more importantly, interrupt recovery efforts and business operations. This paper presents attempts to analyze the seismic risk of the transmission tower by developing its fragility curve. Fragility is defined as the probability of damage exceeding a certain level, given an extensive range of seismic intensity. A finite element computational model was analyzed under a nonlinear static procedure (pushover) to obtain a nonlinear response, specifically a capacity curve. Then the fragility analysis was performed by determining certain damage states in the capacity curve. The inter-segment drift ratio (ISDR) was employed for the damage states. The result is expressed as a fragility curve that provides fundamental and rational insights into the mechanical and probabilistic performance of transmission towers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On April 10th, 2021, 3296 houses suffered light damage, 1964 houses suffered moderate damage, and 1552 houses suffered severe damage due to the earthquake that occurred in Malang, Indonesia. The iMPact on public facilities included 203 damaged schools, 16 damaged health facilities, 171 damaged places of worship, and 40 other damaged public facilities. Most of the damaged buildings were non-engineering buildings with various types of damage. In Pacitan Regency, there are many low-rise to medium-rise non-engineering buildings. In addition, Pacitan Regency has a coastline that is part of the Indonesian Ocean and is located very close to the subduction zone between the Indo-Australia plate and the Eurasian plate. The main potential sources of earthquake and tsunami events in this region are thrust systems. Seismic fragility curves play a pivotal role in the assessment of the comprehensive vulnerability of civil infrastructure to prospective seismic events, as well as in the anticipation of the consequential socioeconomic repercussions. This paper presents an analysis of the fragility of non-engineering buildings and estimates of their collapse using the finite element method. Seismic fragility analysis produces fragility curves that show the probability of structure damage under various damage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the world of technology, where technology helps to explore almost everything, including outer space, planets, etc. However, due to the unknown extreme conditions at unexplored places, there is an interest and need to develop a technology which helps explore more about space. Here, we attempted to develop the Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled rover model to be used for such space exploration scenarios. In this paper, firstly, finite element method (FEM) based design and analysis of the rover model are discussed. The operational and constructive features are explained, such as the real-time camera feed feature, measuring the temperature and humidity values, and detecting the object while measuring the obstacle distance. The AI-enabled rover model uses a real-time object detection algorithm which helps to analyze the object in a real-time manner. The rover model is designed in such a way that it can easily climb on different surfaces having obstacles. The rover model is then fabricated, where wheels are made from a buoyant substance such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). A special suspension frame based on a modified rocker-bogie system is created to adapt the walker to uneven ground. This means that even in hostile surroundings, the rover can explore independently. The proposed model has a comparable cost as compared with published literature work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind turbines are considered one of the tallest buildings vulnerable to lightning strikes as they lack a protection system for large-scale carbon-fibre epoxy composite structures. Blades are more affected by lightning due to their large scale, which is the highest point in wind turbine structure. Knowledge of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning, lightning protection system (LPS), electrical field relation and receptor configuration are explained. A design from an actual wind turbine blade is used to study the effect of lightning. The receptor plays an essential role in determining the efficiency of (LPS). To investigate the impact of receptors with different shapes and sizes, two different types of lightning protection receptors are used to perform their effect on lightning. Three different radius of lightning copper receptor disks, 0.1m, 0.2m and 0.4m, have been tested. A triangle with a head to the downside simulates the lightning terminal. This paper is aimed to study and analyze the most suitable lightning protection for wind turbine blades to suggest the best parameters for receptor type and size. The electromagnetic Finite Element Method simulation recommends the minimum and maximum electric field that builds up around receptors, which has been used to determine the correct size and forms of receptors. Results from the lighting strike Simulation 0.1m receptor gives the highest value of electrical field interception 56.3MV/m compared with larger size receptor 0.4m with 18.7MV/m. This research revealed the effectiveness of different types of lightning receptors and the effect of the receptor's radius, which will offer better protection to the wind turbine [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic behaviour prediction scheme of contact surface of bolt joints has found to be extremely difficult to model due the complex behaviour of the structural joints. In this paper, the bolted structure was used with aim to investigate the dynamic behaviour of the bolted structure using practical modelling scheme via finite element modelling and updating method. A simplified FE model of the bolted structure was developed using CBEAM element to represent geometrical shape of the bolt and Thin Layer Element (TLE) was used to represent the contact surface of the bolted structure. Subsequently, the normal mode analysis using NASTRAN103 was used to predict the dynamic behaviour of the FE model. Potential updating parameters of the FE model was analysed by implemented sensitivity analysis formulated in Nastran SOL200. The model updating method is then used to update the initial FE model of the bolted structure based on the experimental modal analysis (EMA) result. The comparison of the results is used in verifying the accuracy of the updated FE model of the bolted joint structure. The result suggested that the CBEAM and TLE can be used efficiently to represent the bolted joints and the contact surface of the bolted joint of the assembled structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the Ritz method to find approximate solutions to boundary-value problems for ordinary differential equations. We present the approximate finite element solution by a linear combination of the basis functions. Here we get co-efficients of the optimal interpolation formula in W 2 (1 , 0) space as basis functions. The difference obtained in numerical results and exact solutions illustrates graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper algorithms for constructing a finite element mesh of compound domains and minimizing the ribbon width of the system of resolving equations by the finite element method (FEM) are considered. A technology for constructing a finite element mesh by connecting elementary subdomains, a semi-automatic method for partitioning a two-dimensional multiply connected domain with a curvilinear boundary, and ordering the node numbers of a finite element mesh is described. In this case, the algorithms allow, by ordering the numbering of nodes, to determine such a sequence in which the ribbon width of non-zero coefficients of the system of resolving equations by the FEM will be locally minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rail crack is the most threatening defect in railway industries. The crack can cause the train to derail. Using artificial neural networks (ANN), the paper aims to predict the crack location and depth in a rail track panel under clamp boundary conditions using artificial neural networks (ANN). In this study, the model of rail track was used based on 60E1(European standard EN 13674-1) and has been modelled as a reliable structural using CATIA software. The free vibrations analysis of the rail track with the various crack models had performed using MODAL analysis in ANSYS software. The finite element analysis can observe that the modes shape of vibrations had different values with the various crack models. The results obtained were used as data for training, validation, and test for the ANN model. The acquired results were used for the ANN model's train, validation, and test phases. Cascade-forward Back Propagation (CFBP) was used in the ANN models to predict rail track cracks). furthermore, the regression analysis determination coefficient was used to test the validity of the ANN model (R2). ANN performance indeed found the R2 (coefficient of determination) values both for train and test data to be 0.998 and 0.998 accordingly. The ANN predicted crack prediction analyzed outcomes to the ANSYS simulated results to measure the ANN model's accuracy in predicting crack lengths and locations. The result can observe that the predicted results were in excellent agreement with the finite element analysis results (FEA). In general, this study is beneficial and adds significant knowledge to predict the location and depth of crack using the ANN model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an investigation on human body tibia bone of three siblings (male, female and a child) is presented. The age of the male, female and a child are 23, 21 and 12 years old. The work was carried out to know the tibia bone behavior through 3D modeling. The 3D model of tibia bone was created from CT scan data and DICOM images. Finite element analysis is used to study the deformation, von-Mises stress and factor of safety upon applying the static load. The observation from this investigation may be helpful to orthopedic surgeons to analyze the load bearing capacity of the tibia bone of a male, female and child of a single family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geotechnical is a branch of Geological science that studies soil and rock and their relation to the surrounding buildings. Geotechnical assessment on a slope that is indicated to be prone to landslides is very important to do, especially if the slope is in a location that is often passed by humans. In this paper, a geotechnical assessment is carried out on the landslide-prone road cut slope on the Jabungan-Mluweh Road, Semarang, Indonesia with the aim of knowing the level of vulnerability to landslides on the slopes around the road. The method used is remote sensing and field observations. The remote sensing methodology for determining the distribution of landslide-prone by 5 parameters, that is rock resistance, land use, slope, fault fracture density, and normalized difference vegetation index. After that, detailed observations were made in the field and it was found that there were 10 locations prone to landslides, at those 10 locations a more detailed analysis was carried out to determine the geological strength index (GSI), slope geometry, and joint conditions. Slope modeling is done using phase 2 software by finite element method. The results of the analysis show that Geotechnical assessment on road cut slopes can be done using laboratory data, but an empirical approach using Schmidt hammer rebound value (SHRV) can also be applied in the assessment if the observed terrain is quite difficult and dangerous. The slope stability analysis show that there are 7 slopes in unstable conditions, 1 slope is marginally stable, and 2 slopes are stable. Therefore, several suggestions are proposed to forstrengthen the stability of the cut slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling the interaction of engineering structures with the soil is a non-trivial task that constantly arises in the design of transport structures. Simplification of the design scheme using the hypotheses of the theory of elasticity does not always give correct results. Therefore, to refine the design models, it is necessary to take into account the nonlinear work of the soil using various algorithms of the theory of plasticity and soil mechanics. The authors have developed a software module for determining the stress-strain state of a soil mass, taking into account physical nonlinearity. The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of calculations of soil mass in a linear and nonlinear formulation at various gradients of the mesh density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In engineering practice, solving problems of convective-radiative heat transfer is of particular interest. As a rule, problems of this kind still do not have an analytical solution and are solved approximately, approaches based on numerical modeling techniques are often used. Considering the construction industry, it is worth noting that this class of tasks is of particular importance. Thermal panels are widely used in water heating and cooling systems (convectors, radiators, ceiling panels, floor panels). The most widely used plates belonging to the "convector" type, consisting of a set of a certain number of plates connected to each other by a pipeline with a heat or cold carrier circulating inside. In this regard, thermal panels are quite complex objects from the point of view of mathematical description. Such system is crucial in many heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, including air conditioners, chillers, fan coils, heating equipment, etc. In this paper, for the first time, a mathematical model of a stationary temperature field in a rectangular plate with an arbitrary distribution of heat sources was developed, taking into account convective-radiative heat exchange with the external environment. The analytical model was tested on the problem of determining temperature fields in a heating device, for which a numerical solution was also obtained by the finite element method in the ANSYS Mechanical APDL software package. The resulting mathematical model will allow designers to determine the output integral parameters of the heating system necessary to ensure comfortable conditions for people to stay in heated rooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a way to analyze the geometrical nonlinear buckling problem of truss structures with dependent boundary constraints using the finite element method. For determining the nonlinear buckling behavior of the structural system with multi-freedom boundary constraints based on the finite element method it is necessary to implement the dependent boundary conditions to the nonlinear master stiffness equation for building a modified solving system. The author proposes using the augmented Lagrangian method, the connection between the penalty augmentation method and the Lagrange multiplier adjunction method, to implement linear multi-freedom constraints to the nonlinear master stiffness equation. The solving system of equation is constructed by minimization of augmented Lagrange multiplier function to convert a constrained problem into an unconstrained problem. The incremental-iterative algorithm is established based on the arc length method to solve the nonlinear system of equations. Based on the proposed incremental-iterative algorithm the calculation program is written for analyzing the buckling and post-buckling behavior of truss structures with multi-freedom constraints. The numerical test is presented using a written calculation program to investigate the buckling behavior, equilibrium path for plan truss with multi-freedom constraints. The results of the numerical test show the advantages of the proposed method in geometrical nonlinear analysis of truss structures having complicated equilibrium path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel approach to solve the dynamic problem of truss with temperature variation under harmonic load considering geometric nonlinearity based on the mixed finite element method. In solving the nonlinear dynamic problem of truss structures using displacement-based finite element formulation it is required to incorporate the temperature variation as a dependent boundary constraint to the master stiffness equation for producing a modified system of equation. For overcoming the mathematical difficulties of implementation of the thermal load the mixed finite truss element with temperature variation considering geometric nonlinearity is built in this research. The mixed dynamic equilibrium equation of the truss system subjected to harmonic load is constructed based on the principle of stationary potential energy. For solving the dynamic equilibrium equation of the truss system under time-dependent harmonic force the incremental iterative algorithm is established based on the combining Newmark integration method and Newton Raphson technique. Based on the established incremental iterative algorithm the procedure is built and a calculation program for investigating the dynamic response of truss system with temperature variation under harmonic load is written using Matlab software. Using the written calculation program the numerical test to investigate the time-dependent response of truss system with temperature variation under harmonic load is presented. The numerical test results show the efficiency of the proposed formulation in nonlinear dynamic analysis of truss with temperature variation under time- dependent load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil mechanical and geotechnical problems are often characterized by large material deformations and other associated phenomena. In their modeling, classical soil mechanics and the traditional finite element method based on the total Lagrange (TL) formulation reach their limits. The Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) approach, for example, can be used to model dynamic processes with large deformations. This paper deals with the installation of piles in sand. As is known [1-4], the use of a completely Lagrangian (TL) approach in the numerical solution of geometrically nonlinear problems can lead to a fatal accumulation of rounding errors. The effects of shear locking and hourglass effect in FEM [5-7] when using reduced integration elements make the results of numerical modeling inapplicable for any practical analysis. Our experience of using a completely Lagrangian approach without using computationally expensive procedures in solving the problem of pile driving led to the appearance of such large shear stresses in the ground that further immersion of the pile into the ground in this simulation became impossible. The use of the CEL method made it possible, while maintaining the numerical efficiency of the reduced integration, to get rid of these effects in the solution [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the improvement of finite element for investigation of behavior of slender reinforced concrete columns prepared using high performance concrete particularly M60, M70 and M80 using uni-axial loading. The current study consists the square column of cross section 100mm × 100mm × 1300mm under uni-axial loading. The Finite element analysis of slender reinforced high-performance concrete columns are done by the use of ANSYS Software. The FEA detail outcomes previously opposed to experimental outcomes of different researches displaying more accuracy with regards to load-deformation, final load capability and failure modes. In conclusion: Modification in SP-16 for the grades of high-performance concrete. Drafting the moment interaction curves for various strength of slender columns and compare with literature. It will help in reducing the column size with the use of HPC and expanding the carpet area. The concrete compression failure sample is because of spalling of cover, buckling of main reinforcement and yielding of lateral ties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents comparison of analytical and experimental result discussion for vibration analysis of composite beam with crack. Beams and beam like elements are principal constituents of many mechanical structures and used widely in high speed machinery, aircraft and light weight structures. Finite Element Analysis is performed using ANSYS 14.5. The model of beam is generated and used for Finite Element Analysis. The modal analysis is used to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure. The experimental analysis is carried out by using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) device which is used to detect the potential faults and checking the condition of the machine through the vibration analysis. Accelerometers often come with a calibration certificate stating the exact reference sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image based concrete finite element model is now becoming popular to determine the mechanical properties of concrete. In this review paper researchers had prepared a concrete cube. Their compressive strength is determined in laboratory. Images of the cubes were taken by medical CT scan device. 2D images were converted into 3D images. Finite element model was prepared by using various software. Stress – strain relationship can be found out by finite element model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh is situated in an earthquake-prone zone where devastating earthquake occurs frequently. This is especially alarming for different kinds of infrastructures, i.e., building structures. It is necessary to find out the proper economical designs of such buildings that can withstand an earthquake. The objective of the study is to analyze the performance of 8 (G+7) storied reinforced building structures in different seismic zones of Bangladesh for two different soil types (SC & SD) as per Bangladesh national building Code (BNBC), 2020 by using the software ETABS (finite element method). Additionally, storey drift, storey displacement, plan irregularities and vertical irregularities have been checked for all cases. Comparisons have been made amongst all cases with respect to aforementioned parameters along with storey shear. The results show that the building model has passed the inspection in lower seismic zones for a certain dimension of beam, column, and slab. But failure occurs in higher seismic zones. Results also vary for different soil types. Findings show that the building model passes more for SC soil type than SD soil type in maximum seismic zones. Shear walls have been introduced to those cases where the infrastructure was unable to resist the earthquake. Comparisons have been made between the models with shear wall and without shear wall. Results show that introduction of shear wall decreases storey displacement, drift and shear in most cases. Findings also show that when the shear walls are introduced along with the adjacent columns and beams (merging with column), it increases the cost of concrete in higher seismic zones as the volume of concrete is higher in those zones than in the lower seismic zones. On the other hand, if the shear walls are introduced without the adjacent columns and beams (without merging), it decreases the cost of concrete as the volume of concrete decreases. The information provided in the following research paper will be productive for further study on constructions in different seismic zones in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the system of water droplet equations is written out. The type of equations is investigated and it is shown that the system is parabolic, which is caused by the absence of a complete system of linearly independent eigenvectors. A way of hyperbolizing this system, transforming it to a hyperbolic type, is presented. The obtained equations are realized by the high accuracy Galerkin method with discontinuous basis functions (DGM). The testing was carried out, which showed the advantage of the DGM method. Two tests are given. The finely-dispersed aqueous mixture flow of non- viscous gas around a circular cylinder and NACA-64A008 wing show that the results of numerical calculations are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cracks in engineering structures affect the dynamic characteristics and leads to failure of beam structures over a period of time. The crack will propagate due to vibration characteristics and the resultant fatigue in the beam structures. This paper focuses on a cantilever beam subjected cracks of different depth and its location under free vibration. The effect of such vibrations and crack are analyzed. Different aluminium alloys which find modern application in areas like aerospace, automobile, marine, construction industry etc. are considered for analysis. The change in modal shape and natural frequency of the beam structure due to crack under free vibration analysis is carried out by changing the crack location, crack depth and also the material properties by Finite Element Method (FEM) using ANSYS software. The natural frequency of the beams under test comprising of different Aluminium alloys is compared for various location and depth of crack. The modal shape of the free vibration analysis of the Aluminium alloy beam shows that the crack brings down the natural frequency level and it gets further reduced when the crack depth increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper portrays the comparable investigation of pistons made of three distinct materials by utilizing Finite Element Method (FEM) and endeavors to sort out whether the material utilized in the piston of supercars can be employed in a motorbike or not. The boundaries utilized for the reproduction are working gas pressing factor, temperature and material properties of piston. The particulars utilized for the investigation of these pistons have a place with four stroke single chamber motor of Bajaj Pulsar 220 cc. This undertaking represents the methodology for mechanical design of two aluminum compound and one titanium combination piston. The measurements are gotten and a 3-D CAD model on CREO 3.0 is readied. Static underlying and warm pressure investigations are performed by utilizing ANSYS 16.0. The outcomes foresee the most extreme pressure and basic locale on the pistons utilizing FEA. The best material is then chosen on premise of these outcomes and an examination is made with the titanium combination to see if the titanium amalgam is reasonable for motorbikes or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turbines are a critical component in many systems. A rotary engine blade is a part of a turbine's rotary engine portion. The square blades are responsible for removing energy from the combustor's thick, high-temperature gas. Throughout union, the blades of a turbine were damaged. The rotary engine was heavily damaged as a result of the blade failure. This work is aimed at expanding the turbine blade cooling topic in order to ensure the turbine's continued stable activity in high temperature environments. Finite component analysis is used to investigate the thermal and structural efficiency of turbine blades under various loading conditions. The examination of the stress values produced during the rotating motor measures the key aspects to be taken into account in the design future generation rotary engine blades. Numerous methods for cooling the blades have been proposed; thus, taking all considerations into account, we can still strive to increase the rotary engine blade efficiency by alloying the components, adding heat barrier coatings, and cooling the blades by providing an entirely different variety of holes (cooling vanes). The square measure of the rotary engine blades was compared and contrasted, resulting in the conclusion that these types contain the rotary engine potency square measure as described. The paper discusses medium-term to long-term requirements for enhanced or novel materials that can be used to solve the many failures and disadvantages of current turbine blades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will analyze the strength and mass comparison of the float compartment composite structure using e-glass and carbon fiber. Meanwhile, epoxy and Divinycell H were selected as resin and core material. The composite structure used a combination of solid laminate and sandwich. Since fiber thickness was different between e-glass and carbon fiber, it had to be adjusted by selecting the number of ply stacks to an almost similar thickness. There were three types of ply orientation such as [0/90]s, [±45/0/90]s, and [0/90/±45]s. The float compartment was modeled with the quad element in Abaqus finite element analysis software. The total mass of the float compartment with e-glass fiber was 7.58% heavier than carbon fiber. Based on failure indices and margin of safety using Tsai-Hill, the best type of ply orientation for e-glass fiber was [0/90/±45]s with a failure index of 0.1358 and margin of safety of 2.71. The best type of ply orientation for carbon fiber was [±45/0/90]s with a failure index of 0.0255 and a margin of safety of 6.27. Those results conclude that carbon fiber is superior in terms of strength and mass to e-glass fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have suggest, design, and simulate an all optical 1*2 demultiplexer (Demux) depended on Insulator-Metal-Insulator (IMI) plasmonic multilayer structure. The proposed structure offers an operating wavelength at 1550 nm and the design area is (350 nm* 350 nm). In this work, Finite Element Method (FEM) is used by using COMSOL Multiphasic software (version 5.4). The working principle of the proposed device (plasmonic Demux) depends on destructive and constructive interference, which occurs on input signal, selector signal, and control signal. The borderline between Logic 0 and Logic 1 at the output is 0.5 that is called transmission threshold. The performance of the proposed structure is measured by three parameters; Transmission, Extension Ratio, and Modulation Depth (MD). This devise shows, in some cases, the transmission value reaches more than 80%, Extension Ratio (3.5 dB), and very high MD value (97.6%). The proposed structure has a major role in building the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and photonics integrated circuits (ICs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automobile contains several very important parts, one of which is the friction clutch. Its importance comes from being it is a mechanical coupling device that plays the role of connecting and transmitting the torque generated in the engine to the gear set in the gearbox. The friction material is an important parameter due to withstand the mechanical and thermal load generated in the clutch system. This paper focused on studying the thermal behavior of four different friction lining materials (LUK, Tiger, G95, and HCC) to identify the temperature distribution for each material separately and then compare these materials to arrive at the best material that you can choose in the dry clutch design. Modeling of the model was done by the method of finite element and with the help of the ANSYS program to perform numerical simulations and show results. It may be determined that the thermoelastic behavior of the clutch is influenced by the type of frictional lining material used. After comparing the data, it was discovered that the materials (HCC and G95) were vulnerable to clutch activation for long periods. In the current investigation, the lining materials stood out because they demonstrated a high thermal efficiency when compared to the other materials in the prior study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different loads were considered in design of structural buildings such as dead, live, wind and seismic loadings with loads combinations based on adapted standard code. The applying external loadings classified as static and dynamic, in which the dynamic loadings as a function of time. Different types of dynamic loadings such as impact, harmonic and cyclic loadings. This paper investigates the structural behavior of steel plate reinforced concrete composite shear walls. A nonlinear finite element model for the analysis of corrugated steel plate reinforced concrete composite shear walls under seismic loadings was developed. Deformations, stress concentration and strain will investigate throughout analysis. Analysis results after run the models will compare with the adapted experimental problem. Comparison between the finite element analysis and experimental results show good agreement with little difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to the study of the using the potential drop method possibility to identify local stress concentration zones and assess the metal deformation degree in these zones. Paper presents the finite element modeling results of the current circuits propagation in objects with locally deformed regions that occur in places of increased mechanical stresses concentrations. To identify areas with varying degrees of deformation, a method for recording the specific electrical conductivity increment is proposed (Δρ/ρ0) according to the voltages values δU detected as application result of the potential drop non-destructive method using a sinusoidal current source. The current circuits excitation at frequencies f less than 10000 Hz allowed us to determine the most informative approximating function δU(f) parameters, allowing to synthesize a model of multiple linear regression correlating with the parameter Δρ/ρ0 values, and with the degree of product material deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]