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The aim of the study is the soil stabilization of expensive soil using terrazyme and construction and demolition waste. In the current review the expensive clay soil was mixed with various dosage of terrazyme and CDW and had exposed enormous development in list properties of soil i;e specific gravity, OMC, MDD and CBR. Terrazyme decreases the voids and reduces the amount of consumed water in between the particles of soil so that compaction started by enzymes can be maximum. The measured results indicate that the construction and demolition waste had higher structural capacity than the clay soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of clayey soil in subgrade construction is limited due to its tendency to swell and shrink, making it unsuitable for building. To overcome this, mechanical or chemical stabilization techniques are required. Furthermore, improper disposal of plastic waste is a significant environmental concern. To promote sustainable development, an experiment was conducted to stabilize clayey soil using powdered LDPE plastic waste. Varying amounts of LDPE waste powder were added to the soil, and the results showed that adding 4% LDPE waste powder significantly increased the soil's strength. Statistical analysis revealed a strong correlation between the LDPE powder proportion, maximum dry unit weight, ideal moisture content, and unconfined compressive strength of the soil. The soil sample made from plastic waste outperformed the traditional soil sample. This suggests that mixing plastic waste with clayey soil can be an effective way to improve soil quality and the amount of plastic waste can be reduced through proper disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since clayey soils are highly plastic therefore they are unstable for the purpose of construction. These soils continuously keep on changing temporarily or permanently once they come in contact with water. Soil stabilization is a process of enhancing the properties of soil especially from engineering point of view. This literature review scientifically scrutinizes the functioning features of clayey soils made using industrial wastes such as lime, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag(GBFS) and bagasse ash. The organized exploration was incorporated from Web of Science and SCOPUS by means of altered keywords, and 111paperworkshave been recognized. Following the screening and suitability progression in consistency with PRISMA guidelines, 30 papers have been chosen carefully and hence chosen to be assessed and explored. Here the working features of the soil keeping in view the physical properties, mechanical properties, durability criteria, microstructural examination, statistical examination, cost determination, etc. were scrutinized. Most of the studies using different industrial wastes in soil stabilization have seen to be emphasizing on determining the compressive strength, water absorption, Atterberg's Limits, strength and durability by wetting drying cycles. The PH, electrical conductivity, maximum dry density and optimum water content, thermal conductivity, tensile strength, and flexural strength have also been assessed in latest studies and recounted in this paper. The research papers used industrial wastes such as lime, GBFS, bagasse ash etc and conducted several tests for each of the materials like unconfined compressive strength(UCS), compressibility indices, Atterberg's limit, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, California Bearing ratio(CBR) test, Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) test, SPC test, and many more tests and microstructural analysis during the stabilization of clayey soil via distinctive industrial wastes for advanced findings found to be short of in existing writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replacement of soft clay soil technique is commonly utilized in the construction practices and engineers had proven that it may be one of the effective techniques. In addition, a number of researchers have already thought about the mechanisms of soil removal and replacement. The present research investigates efficiency of remove and replace approaches for the mitigations of the soft clays in the fact that analyses have been based upon the basic principles of stress-deformation. The main objective of the present work is to investigate the effectiveness of the replacement method. The finite element software PLAXIS was implemented in the present study in order to analyze the behavior of shallow footing. The present investigation considers the variation in replacement thickness, replacement width and the relative density of sand used in replacement. A total of 33 models represent two groups were performed. The first group consists of 16 models by using medium sand for soil replacement; the second group consists of 16 models by using dense sand for replacement of the soil both of 2 groups have been performed with various depth and width values of the replacement, besides one untreated soil model. Soil's bearing capacity that has been enhanced by the soil replacement was measured. It has been noticed that the capability of the replacement of the soft soil by the sandy soil for improvement of footing bearing capacity on the soil had shown a maximal improvement degree that has been accomplished in the case where soil has been treated through partially replacing it with the dimensions B soil replacement (B represents footing width) with an extension of (b=1.50-2.0) all the sides to a (1-2) B depth. The approach of the soil has a higher effectiveness in the improvement of bearing capacity when increasing replacement width in comparison to an increase of replacement depth. It has been found that bearing capacity of the footing is highly increased by increasing relative density of sand by compacting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to sustain the construction of a building, soil stability is crucial. In this study, clay soil had waterglass and limestone added to it. Given the current state of the soil, the researchers attempted to improve it by adding an activator, specifically limestone and waterglass, as an addition. This study will keep track of the soil's compressive strength after it has been activated with waterglass and limestone. The waterglass variation is 7% of the overall weight, while the variations for the limestone mix are 5%, 10%, and 15%. According to the test results, the soil has a compressive strength of 0.86 kg/cm2, making it unsuitable for use as subgrade soil. The test findings showed that after adding waterglass activator and limestone, the compressive strength value of the free rose. As can be observed, adding 5%, 10%, 15% limestone and 7% waterglass and curing the mixture for a day resulted in unconfined compressive strength values of 4.82 kg/cm2, 6.76 kg/cm2, and 7.48 kg/cm2, respectively. The compressive strength measurements after 3 days of curing were 7.13 kg/cm2, 7.55 kg/cm2, and 11.24 kg/cm2, respectively. These findings suggest that adding waterglass activators and limestone can strengthen soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of drainage system planning plays an important role in tackling rainwater in an area, and if there is an error in the design calculations in drainage system planning, there will be puddles or flooding in the area around the drainage canal. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures that not only solve drainage problems in the short term but also deal with drainage problems in an integrated manner, including eco-drainage, where the location conditions for the Maritime Tower project are in the lowlands, close to the beach or sea area, the type of soil is clay, and the drainage system used is a conventional drainage system. The purpose of this study is to deepen the information related to the selection of the drainage system and determine whether the drainage selection used by the project is effective. Based on the results of this research that has been done, it can be concluded that the most effective drainage systems to be used in the repair of the Maritime Tower project are the conventional drainage system and the eco-drainage channel system using the rorak method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stabilization is one method of improving soil that does not meet development requirements. This method is used to enhance the technical properties of the soil so that it can fulfill particular technical specifications. Due to the low bearing capacity of clay soil, this study was conducted to increase soil gradation using black-beach sand by adding 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% clay to the soil. Water content and specific gravity tests were performed on black-beach sand, as well as physical (water content, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, and soil grain analysis) and mechanical properties (compaction and shear strength) testing on clay soils. The black-beach sand test resulted in a water content of 2.51% and a specific gravity of 2.676. The results of the physical properties test on clay showed a decrease in the water content, specific gravity, liquid limit, plasticity index, and percentage of passing No. 200, but an increase in the plastic limit and shrinkage limit values. Clay is classified as A-7-5 by AASHTO and as CH by the USCS. The optimal water content value decreased as the maximum dry soil volume increased. The original soil shear strength test resulted in a value of 0.863 kg/cm2, a cohesion value of 0.557 kg/cm2, and an internal friction angle of 11.08°. The internal friction angle increases with the addition of black-beach sand, but the cohesiveness value decreases. Stabilization with black-beach sand can increase the gradation and bearing capacity of the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay soils are characterized by low bearing capacity and poor soil characteristics. Because the soil at the research location has high plasticity and shrinkage value, it must be managed carefully to fulfill the requirement. The research aims to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the soil before and after stabilization. The solution is to mix the soil with PET plastic waste at concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% of the weight of the soil. PET plastic is produced from white and thin plastic bottle waste that is twice chopped. The analysis revealed that increasing the plastic content decreases the water content, specific gravity, liquid limit, shrinkage limit, and plasticity index, while increasing the plastic limit value. The results of the soil mechanical properties showed that the maximum dry density increased, while the optimum water content decreased with the addition of plastic. The original soil consolidation obtained Cv of 0.000965 cm3/sec, Cc of 0.40612, and Sc of 0.015143 cm. With the addition of waste, the value of Cv increases, while the values of Cc and Sc decrease. According to the results above, the waste can be used to stabilize clay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of waste by-products materials such as cement kiln dustand reclaimed asphalt pavementin soil stabilization aims to improve the mechanical properties of soils in which more sustainable soils can be existed. The influence of wetting and drying cycles on the strength of soil stabilized by cement kiln dust and reclaimed asphalt pavement as well as the investigations of the microstructure of such blends are evaluated in this study. High plasticity clayey silt soil was under investigation. The results showed that there was a significant increase in the unconfined compressive strength, which reflected the soil strength. In contrast to control soil samples, which collapsed in the first cycle of wetting and drying, soil mixtures stabilized by cement kiln dust and reclaimed asphalt pavement passed the cycles of wetting and drying with a constant volume and no dramatic weight loss. The weight loss of the mixture of soil with 20% cement kiln dust and 35% reclaimed asphalt pavement was 2.64%, as a lowest loss. Moreover, the unconfined compressive strength of samples stabilized by cement kiln dust significantly increased after conducting wetting and drying tests compared to that of tested samples before the test. The unconfined compressive strength of soil stabilized by 20% cement kiln dust increased to 5.85 MPa after performing the durability test compared to its value of 2.68 MPa before the test. On the other hand, there was a slight change in the unconfined compressive strength value of soil stabilized by mixtures of cement kiln dust and reclaimed asphalt pavement after conducting the durability test. The formation of compounds with cementitious properties in the structure of stabilized soils was proven by microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clayey soils are recognized to have undesirable technical characteristics. They have a poor shear strength, which is worsened by moisture or other physical stress. Soil stabilizing procedures are required to improve the technical properties of the soil prior to construction. Additionally, waste product creation is rising daily as modernized regions of the world expand. As a result, the price of land filling and the transportation of the garbage would go up. Reusing waste resources for development purposes is a good idea. The primary goals of this study are to analyze how LDPE and aluminium waste are used in geotechnical applications in a way that is environmentally sustainable and to assess how these waste materials influence tests for the Atterberg limit, shear strength, compressibility, and unrestrained compression. India generates hundreds of tons of LDPE and aluminium waste annually, which is difficult to dispose of and has a negative effect on the environment. Aluminium scrap is acquired in the form of shreds and put to the soil in various amounts, as well as LDPE in powder form, to determine the ratio where the soil achieves its maximum strength. Additionally, the traits of dirt made of clay that hadn't been modified by LDPE and scrap aluminium were contrasted with those of untreated clay soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to use the concept of sustainability and provide guidance to geotechnical engineers to contribute towards greater sustainability in geotechnical design and construction. The methodology of the sustainability framework aims to support indicators and tools used in the sustainability concept in geotechnical engineering. In addition, available indicators will be used to analyze the role of natural resources, social impacts, environmental and economic aspects. In order to demonstrate the sustainability assessment approach, a case study is evaluated using the methodology of sustainability framework by using Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA). The assessment is studied for raft footing and deep foundations (driven and bored piles A foundation treatment of 15×15 m and 0.45 m thickness to carry a high static load or to carry cyclic loading is analyzed. The results indicate the calculations of sustainability indices from the multicriteria analysis show that the option of raft footing than deep foundation if raft provides adequate allowable load by improving the soil using lime piles technique is sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finite element model has been carried out to simulate the vertical flow and horizontal flow of water and crude oil on several types of soil. Eight models were constructed with a cross-section length of 1000 mm and a height of 350 mm for different types of soil on one layer like (sand, clay, silt, silty sand, and silty clay), and two layers of soil like sand (50%) and clay (50%), sand (50%) and silt (50%), and clay (50%) and silt (50%). Steady-state analysis was applied, and the simulation results obtained that the water discharge quantity (m3/sec) is less than the crude oil discharge quantity on all the scenarios on the steady start analysis, like for the vertical flow simulation, found the highest value is 1.1% for the silty sand soil and the lowest is 0.2% for the clay soil model. And in the horizontal flow simulation, found the highest value is 1.71% for the sandy soil model and the lowest is 0.1% for the clay soil, while there is no change in the flux quantity for the sand-clay and sand-silt soil models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using nanomaterials to keep soil stable in geotechnical engineering is a growing field of study. The effects of adding carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers to soft clay soils were compared in this study. The amount of the nanomaterials used is (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1) % by dry weight of the soil. Atterberg's limits, unconfined compression stress, and consolidation are some things that this study looks at. Both nanomaterials increased the plasticity index, while the increase was more apparent when added carbon nanotube than carbon nanofiber. Unconfined compressive strength increases with Nano carbons are added, and the highest percentage of increase is achieved compared to the lowest percentage of addition. This behavior was evident when adding MWCNTs while CNFs was much less effective. The effect of wet treatment with time is an additional factor for that increase. The results of the consolidation tests also confirmed that the lowest percentage of the nano-additive achieved the best results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerical analysis was conducted to study the effect of sand columns group under raft foundation in undrained condition using finite element method (Plaxis 3D Foundation). The raft foundation of actual dimensions was modeled for both floating and end-bearing sand columns stabilized with 8% of sodium silicate. The analysis focuses on the length to diameter ratio, number of columns, and column pattern of the bearing capacity of clay soils. Three patterns are studied: triangular, rectangular, and square for four ordinary sand columns. The analysis results show that the bearing capacity of sand columns stabilized with sodium silicate increased as the number of columns increased. A higher improvement ratio was observed when using eight columns (For the type of floating columns, the improvement ratio for the soil reinforced with sand columns stabilizing with sodium silicate reached 68% and 308%, in the end, bearing columns when L/D=6). In the floating type, the results show that the triangular arrangement pattern showed the higher improvement ratio reaching 49%, and in the end bearing type 172% compared to other patterns (L/D=6). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a rising interest in evaluating piled-raft foundations in order to account for the integrated impact of rafts and piles in order to provide a more efficient solution during the past several decades. The raft is separated from the piles by a cushion of sandy soil or gravel, and this method is called the Disconnected piled raft foundation (DCPRF). The load is redistributed between the raft and the piles via the cushion. This study used PLAXIS-3D finite element analysis software to investigate the maximum settlement and axial force on the pile head. Verification with the Messe-Torhaus building, Frankfurt, the effects of cushion, cushion thickness, and geogrid were investigated. The study showed the ratio between the connected piled raft foundation (CPRF) and disconnected piled raft foundation (DCPRF) for the maximum settlement is 9.5%, while the axial force on the head of the pile decreased by 40% of that in CPRF. The maximum settlement decreased with increasing the number of geogrid layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerical analysis was conducted to study the effect of area replacement ratio on the bearing capacity of sand columns reinforced with 8% sodium silicate as an additive to increase their stiffness. The theoretical analysis was done using the finite element method (Plaxis 3D Foundation) to actual foundation dimensions for both floating and end-bearing sand columns. The analysis was carried out by using a model test of sodium silicate sand column with different diameters (0.3 m,0.5 m, and 0.7 m) or (Ar) area replacement ratio (0.071,0.196, and 0.38). The results show that the values of bearing capacity ratio are in the clay soil with an undrained shear strength of 30 kPa, which are 1.33, 2, and 2.82 in floating type and 1.41, 2.68, and 2.88, in the end, bearing type at area replacement ratio values (0.071, 0.196, and 0.38) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft soils have a big problem in geotechnical engineering because need a long time to get a final settlement under applying heavy load. There are many techniques used to accelerate this settlement such as granular columns and other new techniques. In this study, a numerical analysis is carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate two-dimension, geometry by employing a limited component demonstrated was made to reproduce the change of delicate clay soil with granular column and the evacuation of water by an electric field. Tow interface used to build model, solid mechanics, and electric interface. The model depicts species linked to mass and charges transport in an electric field. In the mechanical interface, Mohr-Coulomb depended on soft clay soil and granular column, and Electro-osmosis was used to explain the effect of the electric field in the model. The ground surface settlement of soft clay soil was calculated for one month. The result found that the natural soil settlement before applying the electric field (0.006 m). But after applying the electric field, the soil settlement increased, so its amount reached (0.02 m), in three months the settlement of the natural soil was equal (0.018 m) and after applying electric current the settlement reached (0.03 m), in six months the settlement reached (0.03 m) of the natural soil and granular column and when applied the electric current the settlement (0.04 m) this indicates the improvement of the soil and the speed of its removal of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subgrades of Al-Kut city soils are mostly silty clay. Due to a lack of cohesiveness, these soils are relatively weak. A list of problems might occur when the soil is medium stiff clay. Settlement and structural instability are caused by soft soil. Medium saturated fine grain soils have a low undrained shear strength and high compressibility. This type of soil can induce cracking and collapse in geotechnical projects. The purpose of this study is to see how traditional soil stabilizers (cement and lime) affect the stability and bearing capacity of the soil. The soil test was taken from the ground level (shallow depths). To investigate the influence of these two additives on soil bonding and waterproofing, 8% of each weight of dry soil was applied separately. Then, using a proportion of 4 % of dry soil weight each, cement and lime were combined, and a comparison was conducted. Physical, engineering, and mineral examinations were performed on prepared soil specimens before and after the addition of conventional stabilizers. Atterberg limits, compaction test, and consolidation test were among the tests performed. The results showed that adding cement to the soil improved soil characteristics and γd,max=1.5 gm/cm3 more effectively than using the same percentage of lime (γd,max.lime = 1.4 gm/cm3). The most successful method was to use 4% cement and 4% lime. Observing the results, the value of γd,max increased to 1.64 gm/cm3. When compared to the expense of just adding cement or lime, this has the potential to provide more significant consolidation outcomes at a more acceptable and fair cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the study of resistance of various plant species to oil pollution proposed to be used as phytoremediants for the restoration of oil-contaminated soils according to the methodology developed by the authors. The study is devoted to the study of the effect of various concentrations of oil on cattail broadleaf, which was carried out according to such parameters as seed germination, their viability after 1.5 months and the length of seedlings. For the experiments, leached chernozem was used. The results of the experiments showed that the oil in question has a stimulating effect on seed germination in the amount of 6.8 g/kg and 33.8 g/kg, while at high concentrations, germination is worsened and a suppressive effect is manifested. It is concluded that it is possible to use broad-leaved cattail for phytoremediation of oil-contaminated areas with high moisture content, which is especially relevant for low landscapes and clay soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most famous type of swelling soil is montmorillonite. The main source of swollen soil formation is the dissolution of aluminum silicate minerals. The Wasit Governorate in Iraq was chosen as a study area. It was considered clay soil because the proportion of clay in it was 36%. The size of this soil increases when it absorbs water because it contains active minerals that have a strong desire to absorb water. This paper evaluates the use of PVC waste to eliminate undesirable properties of the swelling soil and create new useful soil. PVC is used to modify engineering properties. PVC is one of the most famous types of polymers, the most important, and the most widely used. In the present study, three percentages of PVC were used, which are 5, 10, and 15%. Liquid limit, plastic limit, compaction characteristics, swell, and CBR tests have been conducted on the prepared and modified soils. 15% of PVC was the best percentage due to the decrease in the liquid limit from 66% to 33%, the plastic limit from 34% to 22%, and the increase in the dry density of the soil from 1.48 to 1.74 g/cm3. While 10% PVC was the best percentage for CBR, the CBR for swollen soil was 2%, and at 10% PVC, it became 4.5%. These results were obtained after placing the samples in water for 94 hours, proving that PVC can be considered a successful material for improving soil properties. The best proportion of PVC based on the best CBR test result was 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction on clayey soil has generated problems for a variety of civil engineering projects around the world, including roadways, buildings, trains, and foundations. When clayey soil is wet, it expands and shrinks, causing foundation cracks and fractures. As a result, it's critical to treat this soil and make it construction-ready. Because of the current COVID-19 pandemic, many countries, including India, have made it essential to wear single-use face masks as a protective barrier. The disposal of these face masks poses a serious environmental risk. This study looks into a novel way of dealing with the problem by using polypropylene fibres from single-use face masks to improve the shear strength of clayey soil. In addition to polypropylene fibres, we added damaged annealed glass in a crushed form derived from industrial waste to help improve clay strength. Annealed glass and polypropylene fibres are non-biodegradable waste that takes a long time to degrade, therefore using them would not only aid with waste management but also improve the strength attributes of clayey soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to improve the compaction properties of the sandy clay soil by adding glass fiber and we compared the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of the sandy clay soil and glass fiber reinforced sandy clay soil to provide an innovative road construction material. In the present study, we have determined the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of the sandy clay soil and glass fiber reinforced sandy clay soil (1.5% glass fiber). A total of 36 samples (18 sandy clay soils samples and 18 glass fiber reinforced sandy clay soil) were tested. Independent Sample T-test on sandy clay soil and glass fiber reinforced sandy clay soil. The obtained significance for OMD is 0.001 (p<0.05) and for MDD, it is p =0.156 (p> 0.05), respectively. The mean MDD value of glass fiber reinforced sandy clay soil is increased by 1.41 kg/m3 when compared with the sandy clay soil. The mean OMC value of sandy clay soil is increased by 6.17 % when compared with glass fiber reinforced sandy clay soil. Thus, we have identified that there is an increase of maximum dry density of the soil by adding glass fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to find the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) Maximum Dry Density (MDD) of sandy clay soil and Coir Pith reinforced Sandy clay soil. In the present study, we have determined the OMC & MDD of the sandy clay soil and fiber reinforced sandy clay soil (10% Coir pith). A total of 36 samples, 18 sandy clay soil samples and 18 coir pith reinforced sandy clay soil were tested Independent Sample T-test on sandy clay soil and coir pith reinforced sandy clay soil and the obtained significance is 0.001 (p<0.05). It also reveals that the OMC of the coir pith is decreased and MDD is increased when compared with the sandy clay soil. Thus, we have identified that addition of coir pith to sandy clay soil will decrease the OMC and increase MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to compare plasticity characteristics of soil due to addition of rice husk ash (RHA). Casagrande liquid limit test and plastic limit test are conducted for two groups of soil samples to study the differences in Atterberg limits (group 1: soil without RHA, N = 17; group 2: soil with 5% RHA, N = 17). The pre-test power and confidence intervals were chosen as 80% and 95% respectively for sample size calculation. Test results show that the liquid limit and plastic limit of soil decrease due to addition of RHA with soil. There is a significant difference (2 tailed) between two groups of soil as the value of p is 0.0001 and 0.007 for liquid limit and plastic limit values respectively. Decrease in liquid limit and plastic limit signify decrease in compressibility of the resulting soil + RHA mixture. Therefore RHA can be used as an innovative additive material with clay soils in place of costly good quality earth fills in building infrastructures effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the global storage of clean water resources, the exact amount of demand for it has been created. Innovative irrigation is a modern technology that can solve the problems of traditional drip irrigation. Materials: The two soils used in this recommended system are sandy soil with an average moisture content of 60% and clay soil with an average moisture content of 76%. A total of twenty samples are taken from two groups. Using Gpower and input soil samples with an alpha error of 0.95, a threshold value of 0.05, a confidence level of 95%, and a pretest G power of 80%, the sample size is 5 in each group. This proposed system has a significance level of 0.05. Conclusions: Comparing both the soils it is clear that soil with low percentage moisture tolerance is more suitable for irrigation. Using Artificial Neural Network method, which provides 89.21% accuracy for agricultural production improvement, clay soils seem to be superior to sandy soils. Based on statistical analysis of soil moisture measurements, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05, 95% confidence limit). Conclusion: Clay soils appear to be superior to sandy soils, and Convolution Neural Network method and Artificial Neural Network algorithm solve typical problems with drip irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil as the basis for strengthening the building structure must have a high bearing capacity and shear strength. Soil is useful as a building material in a variety of civil engineering and mining works. The main function of soil is to support the foundation of a building requiring stable soil conditions, poor soil conditions need to be engineered by changing or adding elements or materials that can change physical and mechanical properties by stabilizing the soil. Stabilization is an action taken to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the soil to increase the bearing capacity of the soil, water content, cohesion and internal friction angle. Soil stabilization that can be done, one of which is adding chemicals by adding extinguished lime (Ca(OH)2. Lime is a material that contains substances that are able to neutralize the swelling and shrinkage properties and increase the strength and durability of the soil, especially in clay soils with parameters of soil shear strength (ϕ) and cohesion (c) will increase and change the physical properties of the soil related to the volume of the optimum water content. The research was conducted by mixing extinguished lime with clay at 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12% and the direct shear strength test time was based on 3, 6, 9, and 12 days. Clay soil used as a mixture of quenched lime (Ca(OH)2) has a natural density value of 2.05 gr/cm3, 37.4% porosity, and a void ratio value of 0.6. The optimum water content value obtained in clay soil is 17.26% at a dry density condition of 2.38 gr/cm3. The effect of adding lime and a long test time on the optimum cohesion value occurred in the addition of 6% lime with a value of 0.15 MPa while the effect of adding lime and soil test time on the optimum internal friction angle value occurred in the addition of 12% lime with the highest value of 27.1o. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the massive infrastructure construction in Indonesia, some of the infrastructures encountered many problems with clay shale soil. From several slope failures in clay shale formations, three main points were found. First, the type of slope failure was mainly translational. Second, slaking of clay shale reduced its shear strength and initiated failures. Third, a possibility of interface failure was found between the overburdened soil and the clay shale layer. From these characteristics, many studies were conducted mainly on the first two points. Thus, this research would like to summarize the existing research while also exploring the third possible point for clay shale slope failure. The discussion is limited to clay shale in Indonesia. Four main topics were categorized: engineering properties, weathering properties, shear strength properties, and interface behavior. First, engineering properties research showed that different locations of clay shale would have different characteristics. It would also help in determining its weathering properties and selecting the correct correlations. Second, the weathering properties indicated that smectite is a dominant mineral that affects the weathering of clay shale. It also showed that determining the weathering degree can use both the durability index and disintegration ratio. Third, the topic of clay shale shear strength is divided into residual shear strength determination and shear strength reduction due to weathering. Lastly, the interface shear strength research is still limited, but it is currently developing in many geotechnical engineering fields. Thus, it is a great prospect for interface shear strength of clay shale research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil has a significant impact on construction, so it must fulfill the specified requirement. Problems are often found in certain soils, such as soft clay, due to the low bearing capacity and the high consolidation settlements. One method that can be applied to improve these properties is with additional materials into the soil as reinforcement. This study used coir fiber waste as an additional material because it has a high tensile strength value. The test carried out is a one-dimensional consolidation test to analyze the effect of coir fiber content on the consolidation settlement parameters, namely the coefficient of consolidation (Cv) and the compression index (Cc). The variation of fiber content is determined at 0%; 0.25%; 0.50%; 0.75%; 1.00%; and 1.25% by weight of the mixture. Based on the test results, the addition of coir fiber decreased the Cc value and increased the Cv value. The clay without coir fiber has a Cc of 0.543, while clay with added 1.25% fiber content has a Cc of 0.332 (decreased 38.9%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrocarbon contamination is one of the largest sources of anthropogenic contaminations that occur in the world. Among the available forms of hydrocarbons, diesel consumption is higher. Diesel contamination occurs due to leakage from storage, while transporting and during spills. Once contamination occurs, the contaminant in the soil moves downward due to gravity and meets the water table. The contaminant then spreads horizontally along with the water table and affects a few of the geotechnical properties of the soil. One of the most widely used remediation technique for this sort of contamination is construction of landfill. Due to its requirement of land and labour, a cheaper method of remediation is suggested here which is eco-friendly as well. This study points out the effects of diesel contamination on the compaction characteristics, specific gravity of clayey type soil and the effects of bioremediation of contaminant using cow-dung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil is a valuable natural resource that is vital to preserving environmental equilibrium. For the purpose of this paper, the dielectric constant of soil was examined in its physical elements and available nutrients. A soil sample from the Dantewada area discusses the link between Physio-chemical parameters and the dielectric constant. Dantewada district soil samples were gathered at many places, including the NMDC Dantewada agricultural area (Villages-Kirandul, Bade-Bacheli, Bacheli, Bhanshi). In addition, the electrical conductivity and dielectric potential of soil samples allowed researchers to investigate several chemical parameters, including the relative proportions of clay and silt in the soil. These findings revealed that soils' physical and chemical qualities vary greatly depending on where they are found. These qualities aid in a better knowledge of soil physics, agricultural applications, and remote sensing data analysis. This research also aids farmers in making the best crop choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In nature, clayey soils are often costly. Because of its low shear strength, construction of any structure or pavement on such soils causes settling and functional failure. There are a variety of methods for stabilizing clayey soils, but mechanical and chemical stabilization play a key part in increasing their strength qualities. As a result, the clay soil is combined with Fly ash, and NaOH is added as a stabilizer to improve shear strength. Alkali activates fly ash to produce geopolymer, which increases the link between soil particles and the soil's durability. The goal of this project is to improve compressive strength and consequently shear strength by mixing ten percent fly ash with eight percent, ten percent, and twelve percent by weight of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with normalities of two and four. For 0, 7, 14, and 28 days, the findings of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) are monitored and compared. We found from the laboratory study that increasing the proportion of NaOH causes an increase in MDD and UCS. This is attained at a concentration of 8-10% NaOH, but by increasing the concentration to 10-12% NaOH, the MDD and UCS were reduced. As a result of the findings, the soil has been stabilized, and 4N has gained increased strength at an 8% NaOH concentration. When the percentage of NaOH is greater than 8, the strength is reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil is an important element for any civil engineering structure. As foundation which will be constructed on soil will receive superstructure loads. Soil in some places might be weak due to which it cannot resist the loads coming on to it. The clay soil is one such soil which are abundantly present in India. This soil is not suitable for construction, because seasonal variation causes swelling in rainy seasons and shrinkage in summer. This leads to settlement and damage of structures constructed on them. In such cases soil needs to be modified. Soil modification is the process that improves the index properties and engineering properties of soil and makes it stable. Soil modification can be done either mechanically, chemically and biologically. In Biological-stabilization, additives are added to cultivate the bacteria induce calcium into the soil along with urea and CaCl2.H2O which will improve the soil properties. Additives may be sustainable or may not be sustainable. It is proposed to use bacillus subtilis as an additive to enhance soil properties. Investigation is to be done to determine the existing and treated soil properties by conducting different tests such as Free swell index, Standard proctor test, California bearing test (CBR), Unconfined compression test, Freeze thaw test according to Indian standard specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crushed waste concrete (CWC) has been added to soil subgrades with inadequate natural stability to evaluate how it affects their behavior. The soils were mixed with various percentages of crushed waste concrete 0 %, 25 %, and 50 %, which were selected based on previous studies. Natural clay soil (Neat Soil)-crushed waste concrete CWC mixes were compacted at the optimum water content and then subjected to a variety of laboratory tests. The results revealed that soil samples stabilized with CWC improved significantly in terms of swelling pressure, maximum dry density, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The swelling pressure decreased by increasing CWC contents for all samples and the maximum dry density value, CBR value of Blend Soil (X1, X2) samples increased with increasing CWC contents. Therefore, the CWC is a valuable material for modifying the properties of soil in order to make it appropriate for construction. Based on the results analysis, mix designs containing 50 % CWC and 50% silty clay soils were found to be appropriate for use as sub-base material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay and fly ash based construction ceramics have been made by die pressing method. Clay soil and fly ash are sieved with a 200 mesh sieve. Ceramics are printed with a ratio of variations of the clay mixture to fly ash 10:0; 9:1; 8:2; 7:3; 6:4; and 5:5 grams. The ceramics were sintered with a sintering temperature of 1000 °C with a holding time of 5 hours. Ceramics are characterized by determining physical properties (shrinkage, porosity and density) mechanical properties (compressive strength and hardness), surface morphology and pore size (SEM), elemental content (EDX). The results of characterization show that the optimum value occurs in a mixture of clay soil and fly ash in a mixture of 9:1 gr with a shrinkage value of 16.519%; porosity of 21.66%; density of 1.974 gr/cm3; compressive strength of 58.41 MPa; and hardness of 1135.82 MPa. Surface morphology (SEM) shows that the optimum variation has an average pore diameter value of 1.07722 µm and an elemental content (EDX), namely the element O = 41.58%; Na = 0.42%; Mg = 1.32%; Al = 11.72%; Si = 16.44%; P = 0.61%; Ca = 7.88%; Ti = 0.93%; Fe = 10.39%. From this result, it can be conclude that, fly ash waste can influence the physical and mechanical properties of clay-based ceramic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay soil consists of tiny and submicroscopic-sized particles with a grain width of less than 0.002 mm that have been weathered because of chemical reactions. Because clay soil can inflate and shrink, it can be stabilized. Soil stabilization is the process of combining soil with specific materials to improve the technical and mechanical qualities of the soil to meet specific technical standards. In this study, we will look at how adding Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) with various combinations as a stabilizing agent can improve physical and mechanical qualities such as CBR value and unconfined compression test, so that the clay soil can fulfill the specifications for field compaction. According to the AASHTO classification system, the clay soil was classified as A-7-6 (11), and according to the USCS classification system, it was classified as CH (Clay – High Plasticity). The original soil sample was found to have a moisture content of 62.50 percent, a specific gravity of 2.59, a liquid limit of 60.82 percent, a plastic limit of 24.38 percent, and a plasticity index of 36.44 percent, according to the study. The original soil's unsoaked CBR Laboratory value was 5.62 percent, and the actual soil's unconfined compression strength was 1.15 gr/cm2. With a 14-day curing period and a 35 percent GGBFS addition, the maximum value for unsoaked CBR was 16.52 percent, and the unconfined compression strength was 2.46 gr/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay soil is microscopic to submicroscopic soil that forms due to the weathering of chemical components in rocks. Soil stabilization is the process of mixing soil with specific chemical compounds to improve soil qualities such as shear strength, settlement, volume stability, and permeability. The effect of adding different percentages of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and 2% cement in each mixture as a stabilizing agent that can improve physical and mechanical properties in terms of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) value so that the clay soil can meet specific technical standards. The initial soil sample had a water content of 62.50 percent, a specific gravity of 2.59, a liquid limit (LL) of 60.82 percent, a plastic limit (PL) of 24.38 percent, and a plasticity index (IP) of 36.44 percent, according to the research. According to the USCS, the initial soil classification was Clay High Plasticity (CH), while according to AASHTO, it was A-7-6 (11). The actual soil's unsoaked laboratory CBR value was 5.62 percent, and the original soil's Unconfined Compression strength was 1.15 kg/cm2. With the addition of 35% GGBFS and 2% cement, the maximum unsoaked CBR value was 17.13 percent, and the unconfined compression strength was 2.52 kg/cm2 after a 14-day curing period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay soil is microscopic to submicroscopic soil that forms due to the weathering of chemical components in rocks. Soil stabilization is the process of combining soil with particular ingredients to improve soil qualities or improving the technical properties of soil to meet specific technical standards. The effect of varying percentages of Redbrick powder in each mixture as a stabilizing agent that can improve physical and mechanical qualities in California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) value will be discussed in this study. The original soil sample had a water content of 62.50 percent, a specific gravity of 2.59, a liquid limit (LL) of 60.82 percent, a plastic limit (PL) of 24.38 percent, and a plasticity index (IP) of 36.45 percent, according to the study. According to the USCS, the initial soil classification was Clay High Plasticity (CH), while according to AASHTO, it was A-7-6 (11). The original soil's unsoaked laboratory CBR value was 5.62 percent, while the original soil's Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) value was 1.15 gr/cm2. With a curing period of 14 days, the addition of 24 percent Redbrick powder resulted in the highest value for unsoaked CBR of 15.93 percent and the unconfined compression value of 1.86 kg/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil conservative services–curve number (SCS-CN) method is one of the most fashionable methods among specialists and engineers for computing the direct runoff because of its simplicity, applicability, stability, and the capability to account for most of the hydrologist parameters that can affect the generation of runoff such as soil type, land use/land cover, hydrologic conditions of the soil, and antecedent moisture condition (AMC) in one parameter called curve number CN. Due to the huge development in the remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) applications in the last years, this study aims to utilize this development to generate the curve number map for the Lesser Zab watershed in the north of Iraq. By providing Digital Elevation models (DEM) raster with 30 m and 12.5 m as spatial resolutions, soil data grid, and land use/land cover grid with 10 m resolution to be used in the geoprocessing, the goals of this study have been achieved using ArcMap 10.5, Arc Hydro, Geospatial Hydrologic Modeling Extension (HEC-GeoHMS), and HWSD Viewer software. The major soil types that have appeared in the study area are clayey soil and loamy soil which is the largest contributing type, the land use/land cover grid has six classes after reclassification, these are water surface, forest land, agricultural land, natural shrubs/scrub land, residential areas, and bare areas, but generally, the vegetation cover is the dominant land cover with about 90% of the watershed area. The resulted CN map revealed that the CN values ranging from 70 to 100 for the Lesser Zab watershed, the lower CN value refers to the lower potential of runoff while higher CN values refer to the higher potential of runoff. Finally, this study emphasizes that the CN values which have been extracted from both DEM rasters have not any significant difference, therefore the DEM with 30 m resolution is preferred due to the time-consuming geoprocessing of the DEM raster with 12.5 m resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground anchors are foundation systems that conduct forces from the structure to the ground for preventing overturning moments and pullout forces that can jeopardize the integrity of a structure. Many structures have been studied and built with anchors to stabilize and avoid failure. The effect of the clay layer location and the clay consistency on the behavior of the anchor plate is studied in this research. The soil sample was brought in from the province of Al-Najaf (Iraq). The experimental work was performed in a steel container with dimensions (70 cm x 70 cm x 70 cm). A model of a circular plate of 10 cm diameter was placed at a constant depth of 30 cm from the surface soil. The relative density of sand in the steel container was kept constant at 60%, and the clay was prepared in four different states: solid, semi-solid, plastic, and liquid, with densities of (14.6,14.8,11.6, and 9.8) kN/m3 and water content of (11, 26.5, 46.65, and 62) % accordingly. The uplift capacity value was obtained from the load-displacement curve. The uplift capacity of the soil layers showed a high value of the stabilizing plate when the sandy layer is above the clay layer only when the clay is in a solid-state. For other states (semi-solid, plastic, and liquid), the uplift capacity is high when the clay layer is above the sand layer. The critical condition is found in this work when the clay soil is in a liquid state and in contact with the anchor. Also, the failure pattern in layered soils was determined for all model tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piles in offshore structures are vulnerable to lateral loads induced by high wind effects in coastal regions in addition to axial loads from the dead weight of the structure itself. Earthquakes are another source of lateral loads on piles in structures like bridges, dams, and high-to moderate-rise buildings. This study addresses the effect of soil properties around the pile on the structural design criteria (bending moments, shear forces, displacements, and lateral earth pressure) in the piles under combined effect of axial and lateral loads. Two soil types were considered in this study; clay and sand with different stiffnesses for each. The study revealed that the maximum bending moment and maximum shear force induced within the pile sections increases as the soil stiffness increases for both of sand and clay soils. The study revealed that piles embedded in clayey soils exhibits an average higher buckling capacity than in sandy soils. The buckling load in clayey soil surpassed that of the sandy soil by a factor of 20. The study has also incorporated determination of the buckling loads for piles embedded in clayey and sandy soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil engineering structures may be constructed on weak or soft soil. Soil having poor shear strength and high swelling & shrinkage can be strengthened by ground improvement techniques such as soil stabilization by reinforcement materials. It enhances mechanical behavior of soil and the reliability of construction. Changes in various soil properties such as Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Compaction, and California Bearing Ratios (CBR) were studied when the soil was blended with fly ash, and the effect of jute geo textile in stiffness characteristics was tested at different depths in CBR mould. The Atterberg's limits of clay soil are 64% and 26.11%, and its values are decreased to 40% and 10% when fly ash content increases from o% to 35% in soil. Maximum dry density in modified compaction is observed to be 17.76kN/m3 for 25% fly ash blended soil and decreases with further addition, and OMC decreases from 23% to 20% when fly ash content increases from 0% to 25%. Maximum CBR value is observed to be at 25% fly ash content, and values decrease with an increase of fly ash. Load settlement behavior of CBR is increased for 25% fly ash blended soil reinforced with jute geo textile placed at different depths such as 0.1H to 0.6H in CBR mould, and a maximum value of 6.634 % is observed at 0.2H location in the mould. The properties of black cotton soil can be modified by adding fly ash and Jute Geo textile to utilize it as an engineering material for various purposes such as foundation soil pavement sub grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expansive soil is brittle and unstable, making it unsuitable for any sort of construction. The subgrade is a layer beneath the sub base course of a flexible pavement. Improving the subgrade's engineering qualities is critical for making it stable. To improve the strength of subgrade soil, stabilisation of using Rice Husk ash (5%, 7%, 10%) and Quarry Dust (10%, 20%, 30%) is employed in this study. Identification of optimum dose of stabilizer is the prime objective of the study and analyzes the performance of admixtures. Various geotechnical tests like Sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, Proctor test for OMC, MDD and CBR tests are performed and evaluated the properties of natural soil and treated soil. The results indicate a greater increment in strength aspect in terms of CBR with Quarry dust where as results are not upto requirement for design of pavement when using rice husk ash as stabilizer. The pavement design as per IRC:37-2018 of for traffic range carrying 5 to 50msa is done and results reveal using quarry dust the thickness of pavement is reduced considerably which decreases cost of construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption process in soil was essential in understanding the potential for bioavailability, toxicity, and leachability of contaminants in soil and became the key in understanding the process of soil pollution and remediation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the competition for heavy metal adsorption on soils with different types by considering rock sources or geological conditions, analyzing adsorption capacity, and investigate the relationship between soil properties and adsorption capacity on heavy metals Cu and Zn. Two soil samples were obtained from different locations considering the geological conditions, namely volcanic and carbonate soil, chosen based on geological conditions representing different rock types. The result of grain analysis shows that the carbonate soil can be classified as clay soil and it has a clay content larger than volcanic soil. Geochemical analysis shows that the carbonate soils had higher CaO content (30%) than volcanic soils. The clay content in carbonate soil was also about 10% higher than that of volcanic soil, and organic content due to the weathering process was longer and more intensive in carbonate soil. The result of the batch equilibrium test shows that carbonate soil containing high carbonates adsorb more Cu and Zn than volcanic soils. Carbonate minerals had a buffering capacity as Cu and Zn retention in the soil. The presence of clay and organic matter content in carbonate soil also contributes to the soil adsorption process for Cu and Zn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saffron is a valuable and most expensive spice in the world, known for its texture, smell, and medicinal values, which has increasing demand in the global saffron market. However, saffron yield reduced in recent years due to climate shifts and the gradual lowering of groundwater tables. Identifying and monitoring the saffron field changes is of exceptional importance for effective agronomic management for local agricultural sectors and farmers. Soil characteristics such as temperature, light intensity, rainfall and altitude are the important environmental parameters that affect the growth of saffron crop. The saffron crop requires low density, loose, and well-drained clay soils with an optimum pH range between 6.8–7.8. The crop is cultivated in cold regions having sub-tropical climate, at an altitude of 1,600m and 40-45cm of annual rainfall. Intelligent monitoring, tracking and management of saffron crop is possible using IoT and Artificial Intelligence based system. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the utility of monitoring of time series in accurately mapping saffron, and detecting saffron phonological behavior. This paper proposes a saffron crop precision farming system using rainfall sensor, light intensity sensor, soil moisture, and climate sensors and android application. The parameters are monitored via the internet and an alert message is sent, if certain parameters like rainfall, light intensity deviate from their threshold values. The created system enables farmers to remotely monitor different field conditions and make choices that will result in enhanced agricultural output with relatively less human work, less cost, and reduced power usage (use of solar power system). This emerging system enables monitoring of the saffron crop parameters and simulating similar environmental conditions for cultivating the same crop at different geographical locations. To address the lack of information and technical support, as well as to increase saffron production, the development of saffron crop monitoring and precision farming using wireless sensor networks (WSN) is proposed to assist farmers in real-time, achieving precision agriculture, and thus increasing saffron production. As a result, automatic water sprinkling control, checking the soil conditions, checking the atmospheric conditions for optimum growth are the useful information which are sent to farmers in real time as a result of this project using IoT and WSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geotechnical engineers are facing many problems to construct any structure over soft soil. The stone column is one of the ground improvement techniques, which is used to increase the strength of soft or weak soil. So, estimation of the bearing capacity (qu) of stone columns is very important for geotechnical engineers. Many researchers studied the behavior of stone columns and obtained the bearing capacity experimentally or analytically. But various uncertainties are observed during the experiments and analysis, therefore, uncertainties need to be considered while estimating bearing capacity. In the present study, the bearing capacity of stone columns is estimated by considering uncertainties. Here, to consider the uncertainties involved during the experiments or analysis, the fuzzy set theory is applied for the estimation of the bearing capacity of stone columns. A model based on the theory of fuzzy set is presented in this paper for the estimation of the ultimate bearing capacity of stone columns placed in soft clay soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil is a valuable natural resource that is vital to preserving environmental equilibrium. It was the purpose of this paper to examine how soil dielectric constants vary with respect to physical components and readily available nutrients. In a soil sample from the Dantewada district, it discusses the relationship between physiochemical parameters and dielectric constant. Soil samples were taken from agriculture land at several locations throughout the Dantewada district, including the NMDC Dantewada agricultural area Furthermore, several chemical factors such as varying percentages of clay, slit, and other physical qualities were studied the electrical conductivity and dielectric potential of soil samples allowed researchers to investigate several chemical parameters, including the relative proportions of clay and silt in the soil. These findings revealed that the physical and chemical qualities of soils vary greatly depending on where they are found. All of these qualities aid in a better knowledge of soil physics, agricultural applications, and remote sensing data analysis. This research also aids farmers in making the best crop choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of experimental study on the deformation and strength properties of clay soils during pressure injection of viscous-plastic mortars. On the basis of changes in the general modulus of deformation and shear characteristics, a significant improvement in the properties of waterlogged loamy soil was proved, empirical models are built. The high efficiency of the use of clay-cement mortars has been proven. In construction, one of the most common ways to the reinforcement of building's foundations are methods based on the use of injection piles (drill-injection piles, root-shaped piles, anchors, etc.). In the world and domestic practice, a great deal of practical experience has been accumulated in the use of drill-injection piles, and numerous recommendations have been developed. The technology of construction of drill-injection piles during the reconstruction of foundations is known and well-developed. However, the constantly changing engineering and geological conditions and growing loads, an increase in the pace of construction, a decrease in the cost of construction and installation work necessitate the improvement and further development of construction technology, methodology for designing parameters, and regulatory documents when creating drill-injection piles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft soil materials have effect that can interfere the strength and stability of a building. The effect properties of soft soil or clay are large shrinkage swelling, high plasticity, and low value of shear strength as well as bearing capacity. Several attempts to overcome these problems require soil improvement or soil reinforcement. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of soil, the effect of soil improvement using several variations of mixtures on the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil (qult), and the value of soil water content. This study uses an experimental method with soil loading. From the result, it is concluded that the classification of Imogiri soil, according USCS, was categorized as inorganic silt or diatomaceous fine sand with the code MH (elastic silt). On the other hand, Wates soil can be categorized as organic clay with moderate to high plasticity with OH code. According to AASHTO, Imogiri soil is classified as group A-7-5(11) and Wates soil is classified as group A-7-5(22). The effect of soil reinforcement can increase the ultimate bearing capacity, in Imogiri soil the highest ultimate bearing capacity is the chalk layer with mixed rice husk ash (TI KAC) with a value of 0.33 kg/cm2. In Wates soil, the highest ultimate bearing capacity is chalk layer with mixed rice husk ash (TW KAC) of 1.13 kg/cm2. The results of soil reinforcement with several variations that have been tested are able to reduce soil water content compared to unreinforced soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil density and bearing capacity are problems that must be considered in the planning of construction building structures. This is because the soil acts as a medium that holds the weight or action of the construction to be built on it. Stability by mixing two materials is one way to meet the required strength. The changes in weather and temperature in the field are factors that make the soil unstable. The samples carried out came from the Pekanbaru - Bangkinang Toll Road Project which came from four observation locations. This research was conducted by mixing two sandy soil materials with a ratio of 1:1 from various locations. After that, testing the CBR, Specific Gravity, Atterberg limits, and volume weight for each specimen. The results of the study were CBR values which indicated that the highest CBR value was in a mixture of Sand 2 and Soil 2 with a CBR value of 34.34%. The lowest CBR value was found in a mixture of Sand 1 and Soil 1 with 21.5%. The mixture between Sand 1 and Soil 2 has a CBR value of 25.3%, while Sand 2 and Soil 1 have a CBR value of 24.8%. The maximum dry density for Sand 1 Soil 1 is 1.944 gr/cc. Sand 1 with Soil 2 is 1,943 gr/cc. Sand 2 with Soil 1 is 1.996 gr/cc. While Sand 2 with Soil 2 is 1,930 gr/cc. The relative difference in maximum dry density is influenced by grain size and is not influenced by compaction energy and mold size in the light density method (standard). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At this S-CPT obtained, value of the cone penetration resistance (qc) namely resistance value to the cone penetration movement whose magnitude is equal to the vertical force acting on the cone divided by the area of the cone tip. Shear resistance (fs) or shear resistance (fs) is the value of resistance to penetration movement due to shear whose magnitude is equal to the vertical force acting on the shear plane divided by the surface area of the shear blanket; this resistance consists of the amount of shear and the adhesion force. Soil classification in civil engineering is a system of regulating several different types of soil but having similar properties into groups and subgroups based on their use. The S-CPT cannot be expected to provide accurate predictions of soil type based on physical characteristics, such as, grain size distribution but provide a guide to the mechanical characteristics (strength, stiffness, compressibility) of the soil, or the soil behavior type (SBT). Based on the results of research and analysis, it is concluded that ; type of soil at the study site is dominated by clay soil, which is interspersed with silt soil and a small layer of sandy soil with non-uniform grain. Type of soil is influenced by t local characteristic of the investigation which is in the river border area and is located close to Mount Merapi which is an active volcano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]