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At the beginning of the last decade, Google Earth data became the most popular program used by researchers and students. Several companies supplied their high-resolution images to Google Earth, which is deserve to examine its positional accuracy. Two stereo pairs of Pleiades images with 0.5 meter spatial resolution cover a border open area in eastern Iraq, al-Wend Dam, Khanaqeen, and Deyala governorates, to produce a DEM (Digital Elevation Model) and evaluate its vertical accuracy. The GNSS survey is usually one of the most accurate data sources used to evaluate the DEM vertical accuracy, but it is expensive, time-consuming, and requires a lot of effort in addition to the significant security risks. In this study, we try to replace the GNSS field survey by using selected 3D position coordinates from Google Earth Pro as reference data. Two data sets were acquired in this study. The first data set represents a GNSS field survey for the study area for ground control points by fast static technique, and the second data set is RTK (Real Time kinematic) for checkpoint survey. The second data set was 3D position coordinates from Google Earth Pro. From these data sets, producing DTM1 and DTM2 respectively, and evaluating their vertical accuracy, the results show that the vertical accuracy, depending on ground control points of each DTM1, DTM2 was 0.5352m, 1.184m, and 1.142608m, 3.417807m depending on checkpoints. This provides an index of the vertical accuracy for Google Earth Pro. 3D coordinates, which is less than three times the accuracy of a GNSS field survey in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most significant technical specifications that the producer and user of a DEM (digital elevation model) must know is the vertical accuracy of the model. The model's accuracy dictates where it can be used. As a result, one of the most important steps in the evaluation of DEM is vertical accuracy analysis. The elevation data utilized in the evaluation must be compared to reference data that is three times more accurate than the model being evaluated, according to American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing ASPRS 2014 guidelines. In this work, 50 sources linked to evaluating the vertical correctness of DEMs (digital elevation models) for the time period between 2015 and 2021 were reviewed, categorized, and assessed based on reference data utilized to evaluate these models. Field surveys, LiDAR techniques, and topographic maps are the three types of reference data we use. According to the data, GNSS technology was used in 48% of the research, LiDAR techniques such as ALS (Airborne Laser Scanners) or Laser Ranging from NASA'sICES satellite were used in 33% of the research, and topographic maps were used in 15% of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of analys is tools that respond to spatial heterogeneity and the failure to adopt them as tools to assess problems, and the low life quality of Iraqi c ities represent this study's problem. Hence, this study aims to analyze the relationship b etween public transportation and urban form patterns using spatial analys is and shed light on the contribution of spatial analysis as practical planning tools to increase the public transport contribution. The importance of the study can be summarised in the following two reasons; the first is the adoption of a new model for spatial analyzes, which is weighted geographical regression. The second reason is the attempt to activate public transport. Therefore, it should be known that makes public transportation more attractive to the user, both for new areas and future development. The study hypothesis includes that spatial analyzes are more appropriate tools for studying spatial phenomena and are compatible with postmodernity. Finally, the current study introduced a demographic and good urban design that fac ilitates the residents' access to public transport services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drinking water disinfection has been one of the biggest advances in public health. However, animal studies have suggested that when tested at high concentrations, certain disinfection byproducts disinfection (DBPs) in drinking water can cause an increased incidence of cancer and reproductive effects. In this study, sixty male white mice were kept under the laboratory conditions, divided into six exposure groups and administrated with single oral dose 0, 50, 300, 700, 1000 or 1500 mg/kg BW chloroform dissolves in corn oil as a vehicle. Clinical observations and gross pathologic examination made after dosing on surviving died, and animals that were killed on the 7th day. At end of 14 days, animal weights were recorded, liver and kidneys removed, weigh and examined with the naked eye then it was fixed in 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF), transfer to 70% ethanol and included in paraffin. Tissue parts were cut 4-5 µm soiled with hematoxylin and eosin. Clinical signs observed at high doses consisted of behavioral effects, reduced body weight, livers and kidneys were congested, enlarged and their weights increased. Liver damage was characterized mainly through centrilobular necrosis and massive necrosis at higher doses. The kidney damage containing raised kidney weight, inflammation, renal cell proliferation and proximal tubular necrosis. Lethal dose causes death in 50% of exposed animals (LD50) value calculated by the probit analysis was 550 mg/kg Body Weight (BW). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]