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This paper presents an optimization of the Al2O3/distilled water-based nanofluid process parameters for enhancing its thermal conductivity. Nanoparticle volume concentration, nanoparticle size, sonication time, stirring time, and surfactant volume concentration are selected as optimization factors to obtain higher thermal conductivity. Eighteen different nanofluid samples having various preparation parameters are determined and prepared as per the Taguchi orthogonal array. Thermal conductivity was measured using the KD2 Pro thermal properties analyzer at a working temperature of 28 °C. To study the structure and crystallite size of alumina nanoparticles, we used X-ray diffraction. A scanning electron microscope is used to investigate the morphology and size of Al2O3 nanoparticles. To assess the effect of each parameter on thermal conductivity, the main effect plot for means and the signal-to-noise ratio are utilized. The statistical contribution percentage of each parameter on thermal conductivity is determined using an analysis of variance. The signal-to-noise ratio demonstrated that the nanoparticle concentration in a base fluid is the most affecting parameter, with a delta value of 0.715. Furthermore, with delta values of 0.461, 0.413, 0.272, and 0.177, the stirring time, sonication time, surfactant concentration, and nanoparticle size all play significant roles in nanofluid thermal conductivity. The outcome of the analysis of variance shows that the nanoparticle concentration in the base fluid has the most significant impact on the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid with a contribution of 36.64%, whereas initial stirring has a contribution of 26.82% and sonication time has a contribution of 19.76%, while surfactant concentration has an 8.83% contribution and nanoparticle size has a less significant contribution with a 4.06% contribution on the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The obtained results indicate that the thermal conductivity of the Al2O3/distilled water-based nanofluid increased by 7.146% compared to the base fluid, i.e., distilled water. The optimum thermal conductivity is obtained as 0.640732 W/m-K at optimum parameter settings of 0.3% of nanoparticle concentration, with a nanoparticle size of 50 nm, 40 minutes of sonication time, and 10 minutes of initial stirring time with 0.2% of surfactant concentration, A confirmation test with optimized parameters was finally carried out to ensure the method's confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, researchers have used nanomaterials as additives in base lubricating oils to improve spesification, especially to minimize wear and friction in their applications. Nanolubricant is a new engineering lubricant, made of nanoparticles suspended in base lubricating oil. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles were chosen as additives that can be a protective layer from direct contact friction between components that have anti-wear properties. As synthesized samples will be characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) to determine the phase, morphology and functional groups of CaCO3 from scallop shells. XRD results show a particle size of 35.48 nm. SEM images show irregular particle shape. FTIR results display carbonate groups and natural characteristics of dolomite at wavelengths of 715.59 cm-1 and 875.68 cm−1. The viscosity and density results increased in proportion to the addition of CaCO3 nanoparticles. This study will give an insight into how nanolubricant additives can contribute to the reduction of material wear and friction that occurs in vehicle engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable oil is a liquid that has great potential and many advantages as the base material for cutting fluids used in machining processes. Mineral oil reserves will run out and are not environmentally friendly, so it is necessary to look for alternatives. Nanotechnology is currently widely applied to lubricants as additives. This study aims to determine analysis the volume fraction variation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles as a bio-based lubricant additive as cutting fluid for sustainable machining. Calcium carbonate can be a protective layer from direct contact friction between materials that have anti-wear properties. Calcium carbonate from scallops shell as an additive was synthesized and then characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). Calcium carbonate from scallops shell used as an additive has a crystal size of 35.484 nm and including an irregular round agglomeration morphology structure. The results of density and viscosity are directly proportional to the magnitude of the variation of the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the higher the volume fraction, the value of density and viscosity will also increase, besides that the viscosity value is observed to decrease with increasing temperature. The highest density value was 804.7458 kg/m3 at 0.2% volume fraction variation, while the lowest density value was 765.1670 kg/m3 at 0% volume fraction variation. While the highest viscosity value was obtained at 0.2% volume variation in all variations of temperature and rotor rotational speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major aim of the study is to biosynthesised silver nanoparticles fromGossypiumhirsutumand chitosan coated silver nanoparticles compare their morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy depending on size and frequency. Materials and methods: Biosynthesised silver nanoparticles and chitosan coated silver nanoparticles were synthesized by biosynthetic approach. Here, two groups were analyzed with sample size for each group was 5 and the total sample size was 10 with ∝=0.05, G power 80% and confidence interval 95%. The morphological characteristics of both biosynthesised silver nanoparticles and chitosan coated nanoparticles were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis reveals that biosynthesised silver nanoparticles (2500nm) have larger size particles when compared to chitosan coated silver nanoparticles. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles found to be statistically significant 0.002 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Biosynthesised silver nanoparticles have larger size particles when compared with chitosan coated silver nanoparticles are examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Biosynthesised silver nanoparticle is having good optical property and it can be used in therapeutic agents [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) is a biocompatible, biodegradable synthetic polymer, has tunable mechanical and degradation rate properties and the capability for controlled drug release. Encapsulation diclofenac sodium using carboxymethyl chitosan-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (CMCh/PLGA/DS) were synthesized to enhance gastric retention followed by a controlled release in the small intestine to reduce the side effects due to frequent administration, such as gastric irritation and renal damage. Synthesis of nanoparticles was carried out using a double emulsion (water/oil/water) solvent evaporation method with poly(vinyl alcohol) as the emulsifier. Studies using infrared spectrophotometer show that the interaction between diclofenac sodium and polymer on nanoparticles is non-covalent with a spherical shape based on scanning electron microscope characterization. When compared to unmodified PLGA nanoparticles (PLGA/DS), encapsulation efficiency of CMCh/PLGA/DS nanoparticles was increased with a minimum release at pH 1.2 of 0.2% and controlled release at pH 6.8 of 90.9% up to 24 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium silicate nanoparticles were successfully prepared by solution combustion method using easily available magnesium nitrate, silica fumes and fuel urea. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-Ray, transmission electron microscope and UV-Visible spectroscopic studies. The band gap and average size was found to be 4.1eV and 20nm respectively. The degradation efficacy was successfully examined for acridine orange and victoria blue B dye under sunlight. The degradation efficacy was achieved at 93.11% for acridine orange dye and 91.53% for victoria blue B dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents an experimental study of the effect of adding alumina nanoparticles (AL2O3) with different concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4 wt.%) on the mechanical properties of the epoxy-polyurethane resin reinforced by hybrid fibers. The laminate composites were prepared by a hand layup method using only three layers of carbon fibers and E-glass woven with different stacking sequences. The scanning electron microscope examined the fracture surface behavior of the hybrid nanocomposite. The experimental results showed an improvement in the nanocomposite's mechanical properties by adding (AL2O3). Based on the results, nanocomposite with (2 wt%) (AL2O3) has the highest mechanical properties. However, the mechanical properties gradually decrease as more alumina nanoparticles are added. The hybrid composites material with different stacking sequences has been filled with (2 wt%) of (AL2O3), resulting in improved mechanical properties. The result also shows that tensile strength, tensile modulus, and natural frequency were increased with the increase of carbon fibers volume fraction. The damping ratio and failure strain increase with the increase of the E-glass woven volume fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and phase of magnetite nanoparticle of iron sand from Bayuran beach was determined by X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Surface morphology of the obtained magnetite nanoparticle was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the compositional elements was determined by Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX). Last for the effectiveness of adsorbent materials based on magnetite nanoparticle obtained was analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Based on the result of XRD characterization, the magnetite nanoparticle was obtained has polycrystal structure with magnetite, Fe3O4 phase is dominant with crystallite size is around 30.08 nm. This result also supported by FTIR spectroscopy which is the absorption peaks of Fe-O bond had highest intensity at 2370.7; 3405.27; 3783.26 cm−1. It's also supported by EDX analysis, which is the mass percentage of Fe, O and FeO element was 54.55%, 25.00%, and 70.17%, respectfully. From the SEM analysis shows arough round and agglomerated morphology of magnetite nanoparticle was obtained with average particle size of ∼30 nm. This result is similar to XRD analysis of crystallite size. The order of effectiveness in reducing of PB level on the water pollution in Tegalrejo river, it done by using 3 form of magnetite nanoparticle i.e. powder, electrolyzed caplets and caplet. The result of AAS analysis, the powder form of magnetite nanoparticle is more effective to reduce the Pb metal in water pollution, the as followed by electrolyzed caplet and caplet of 88.59%, 82.47% and 78.52%, respectfully. Based on the result, can be concluded the coprecipitation method has been proven to produce magnetite nanoparticle that are effective as Pb metal adsorbent in water pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, nanocomposites' high-velocity impact behavior for lightweight defense applications was studied using aluminum alloy (AA) 7075 reinforced with 1.5 weight percent (wt%) nanoclay nanoparticle. The nanocomposite was manufactured using a stir casting manufacturing technique with equivalently distributed nanomaterial inside the AA7075 material, and both the matrix and nanocomposite material underwent a T6 surface treatment. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (X-RD) analysis have been used to examine the produced materials. Finally, the high-velocity impact characteristics of the AA7075 and nanocomposite material was simulated using the fusion software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to prepare and characterize the green synthesis of CdO nanoparticles using Curcuma longa plant. Using X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, UV-Visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope SEM analysis, the thorough characterization of CdO nanoparticles was carried out, demonstrating that the prepared CdO nanoparticles were polymorphic. The findings of antibacterial activity have shown that efficacy against Gram-positive inhibition (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative activity against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative activity (salmonella and P. aeruginosa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work represents modification of Zinc oxide nanoparticles by doping with Co nanoparticles to yield Co/ZnO. The produced Co/ZnO nanoparticles was examined by atomic force microscope(AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), BET specific surface area and X-rays diffraction techniqueXRD). From the obtained results, it was found that Co/ZnO nanoparticles was arranged homogeneously. ZnO NPs crystallinity has also been found to not be missing with the presence of cobalt nanoparticles. This material was applied as a photo cathode for dye sensitized solar cell (DSSCs). The efficiency of the DSSCs in the current study was as follows: (ri %) was 1.67 %, an Voc 350 mV, a short-circuit current density (Isc) 0.82 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF) 0.58. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gadolinium oxide-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Gd2O3-MS) were synthesized using CTAB as surfactant template via sol-gel method. The generated Gd2O3-MS nanoparticles were characterized for phase using X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement, functional groups were determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), morphology and element composition were revealed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, and magnetic properties were conducted by vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM). The analysis results confirm that Gd2O3-MS nanoparticles were successfully synthesized in spherical form with diameter sized∼90 nm. Gd2O3-MS nanoparticles has the BET surface area value of 468.2 m2/g with total pore volume of 0.5867 ml/g and three kind of pore size distributions, namely, 1.8 nm, 2.9 nm and 3.3 nm. These Gd2O3-MS nanoparticles possess magnetic and mesoporous properties that may act as contrast agent and can accept organic molecules (for drug delivery) with further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by the electrochemical method for the modification of carbon paste electrode (CPE) to construct the bisphenol-B (BPB) electrochemical sensor have been successfully investigated. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were identified by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Spectroscopy UV-Vis, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The electrocatalytic of the TiO2 modified CPE (TiO2NPs/CPE) was determined by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). The result showed that the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the surface CPE could improve the sensitivity electrode for BPB detection. The developed sensor has excellent stability, repeatability, reproducibility, low limit of detection at 0.001 µM (3σ), and wide linear ranges between 0.1-200 µM. In addition, the TiO2NPs/CPE sensor was also employed for determination of BPB in plastics as real samples. The recovery value was found at 98-103.67% which indicated the developed sensor has the potential to directly apply as a standard method for BPB detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper Oxide (CuO) being one of the transition metal oxide has an unfathomable number of applications such as photoconductive functionalities, industrial and medical applications. The current study aims at the synthesis of CuO nanoparticles with the use of Saraca Indica (Ashoka) leaf extract, which acts as a reducing agent. The experimental conditions were optimized for nano-range synthesis of CuO particles. The obtained CuO nanoparticles have been characterized using various analytical techniques such as SEM, FTIR, XRD. Scanning Electron Microscope images revealed that the nanoparticles are in petal like shaped structures, having an average crystallite size of~ 14 nm. The XRD graph confirmed that the obtained CuO nanoparticles have monoclinic structure and has a preferred Morphology Index. The FTIR plot further confirmed the presence of Cu-O bonding with a slight modifications with functional groups. CuO nanoparticles of different properties and dimensions can be prepared with the help of different leaf concentrations and Copper salts. This work provides a simple, environmental friendly, tailor made and a cost effective way of synthesizing CuO nanoparticles using Green method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to estimate the ability of seven species nematode trapping fungi isolated from Iraqi agriculture soil to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles. All tested species showed the ability to produce silver nanoparticles. The UV-Vis spectra obtained from the fungal free-cell (FCF) amended with AgNO3 at wavelengths 433.5- 450 nm after 72hrs. showed significant variations in spectra of silver nanoparticles synthesis and different absorption peaks in specific wavelengths and the diameters of nanoparticles also differed according to the tested fungi. The absorption value of the tested fungi was between 0.3-0.5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs showed that the synthesized silver nanoparticles are dispersed and mostly having spherical and ovoid shape within the size range between 5-90 nm. A.eudermata gave the smallest nanoparticles size of 5-35 nm, while A.cookedichison gave the largest nanoparticles size of 10-65 nm. 0ther species revealed different size of nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized from waste lignin via carbonization and base activation. The effect of base activation on lignin transformation to carbon nanoparticles was investigated. Carbon nanoparticles from waste lignin via carbonization and base activation were denoted as CNPs. The physicochemical properties of CNPs were comprehensively characterized through a Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that the condition using 5 wt% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and carbonization at 700°C on N2 atmosphere exhibited the highly porous structure of carbon nanoparticles. In conclusion, the NaOH-treated CNPs led to the production of high specific surface areas and high micropore volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have been successfully synthesized from waste lignin via carbonization and base activation. The effect of base activation on lignin transformation to carbon nanoparticles was investigated. The physicochemical properties of CNPs were comprehensively characterized through a Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Surface area and pore analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that the condition using 5 wt% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and carbonization at 700°C on the N2 atmosphere exhibited the highly porous structure of carbon nanoparticles. In conclusion, the NaOH-treated CNPs led to the production of high specific surface areas and high micropore volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were done by modified sonoelectrochemical process which is pulse sonication using copper (II) acetate and sodium hydroxide as a precursor in the presence of glucose as a surfactant. In the present study, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was also used as the stabilizing agent in the synthesis of CuO nanoparticles. The copper (II) oxide nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis, FT-IR, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The PVP was found to greatly promote the dispersed and homogeneous phase of copper oxide nanoparticles. The influence of the parameters of electrochemical and ultrasonic pulses on the particle diameter was also studied. All the samples have been calcined at 500 °C and found an absorption peak in between 250-300 nm by UV-vis spectrophotometer. Furthermore, the absorption spectra of CuO nanoparticle were examined to explore the possibility of using them as a material for applications such as solar cell. The XRD and TEM analysis showed the high crystallinity and lesser size of CuO nanoparticles with PVP. XRD peaks value depend on the calcination temperature and reaction time that reveal an average crystallite size found to be 30 nm using Scherrer equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work we have studied the effect of 2% doping of Barium in 'A' site and 2% doping of Gallium in 'B' site of Pr0.57Ca0.43MnO3 manganite, also we studied the impact of size reduction to nanoscale on the magnetic ordering of Pr0.57Ca0.43MnO3 (PCMO), Pr0.57Ca0.41Ba0.02MnO3 (PCBMO) and Pr0.57Ca0.43Mn0.98Ga0.02O3 (PCMGO) nano manganites. Bulk samples of PCMO, PCBMO and PCMGO were prepared by solid state reaction method and nano particles by solgel method. X-ray diffraction confirms the phase formation in all the prepared samples. Microstructure of nano particles were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscope. The temperature dependent magnetic properties are studied using SQUID magnetometer which shows very interesting properties. Bulk PCMO is charge order at TCO =240 K and antiferromagnetic below TN = 170 K. By doping 2% of Barium in 'A' site ('Ca' site) and Gallium in 'B' site ('Mn' site) of PCMO has induced ferromagnetism at low temperature but charge order (CO) has not been effected. Surprisingly the charge order has seen to be absent in PCBMO and PCMGO nano particles. The possible reasons for the emergence of ferromagnetism in bulk PCBMO and PCMGO and disappearance of charge order in nanoparticles of PCMO, PCBMO and PCMGO will be discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present study, the effect of Senna auriculata flower extract on physical and biological features of ZnO NPs prepared using microwave irradiation method is reported. Crystalline size and morphology were analyzed using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The addition of Senna auriculata flower extract reduces the particle size more. Furrier transform infra-red technique was used to confirm the bonding between metal (Zn) and oxygen (O). Such green synthesized antibacterial agents locally destroy bacteria (Escherichia coli), without being toxic to the surrounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterostructures exhibits unique set of properties as compared to their pristine counterparts. In the present study, Ag-Bi2S3 heterostructure were synthesized using modified composite molten salt method and field electron emission behavior was investigated. The synthesized heterostructure was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope to analyze structural and morphological aspect. The FE behavior of as-synthesized heterostructure carried out planer diode configuration. The values of turn-on and threshold fields, required to draw an emission current density ∼1 µA/cm2 are found to be ∼1.70 V/µm, for anode-cathode separation of ∼2 mm. The maximum emission current density of ∼143.12 µA/cm2 has been drawn from the emitter at an applied electric field of ∼3.33 V/µm. The emission current stability recorded at the pre-set value of ∼1 µA over the period of more than 3 hr with fairly stable emission having fewer fluctuations. The observed results of field emission behavior of Ag-Bi2S3 heterostructure hold the promise for the application in vacuum micro/nanoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, we have synthesized Ni0.98Pb0.02O nanoparticles using a chemical route such as sol-gel method. With the help of X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), it is observed that nanoparticles are single-phase and spherical shaped with the crystallite size calculated using both of Sherrer method (S-H) (6.57 nm) and William Hall method (W-H) (10.19 nm). In addition to this, the optical band energy (3.65 eV) has been estimated using the Tauc model with associated Urbach energy (170 meV) and this low value of Urbach energyconfirms the less induced disorder with Pb doping. By the photoluminescence spectroscopy, we report the effect of intrinsic defects (nickel vacancies in the surface, oxygen vacancies and oxygen interstitial etc.) on the bandgap of NiO nanoparticles in terms of many visible emissions (Blue, Green and Orange) which make the Pb doped NiO as visible light emitter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Nickel nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide was successfully prepared through an in-situ hydrothermal process by applying graphene oxide as a precursor that was applied as a catalyst for converting CO2 into CH4. NiNPs/rGO were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The characterization of the UV-Vis spectrophotometer shows NiNPs/rGO gave absorption at 260 nm which indicates red shifting from GO absorption peak (230 nm). FTIR spectra of NiNPs/rGO shows a decreasing in absorbance from the peaks of the oxygen-containing group (i.e. carboxylic and hydroxyl group) previously contained in the GO, moreover disappearance of the absorption peak at 1736 cm−1 (C=O) in NiNPs/rGO also indicates that reduction process from GO into rGO has been successfully carried out. The construction of Nickel nanoparticles on the surface of the rGO was proven from the results of EDX (% mass) shows the presence of C (21.84 %), O (5.58 %), and Ni (72.58 %) on the surface of NiNPs (30 %)/rGO. In its application as catalysts, the NiNPs (30 %)/rGO catalysts have shown a good activity in the process of CO2 methanation (i.e. CO2 conversion into CH4). Initial catalytic test had been done to evaluate the effect of reaction temperature on CO2 methanation using NiNPs (30 %)/rGO as catalyst. The catalytic test result shows that catalys could produce methane as the main product with highest value of 17.63 % at 673 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure and magnesium modified SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by using sol-gel method were studied for enhancement in emission properties. Pure and Mg modified SnO2 nanoparticles were analyzed by using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Photoluminescence spectra (PL) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). From the XRD analysis, the average crystallite size was found to decrease from 14 nm to 10 nm with the insertion of Mg2+ ions in SnO2 matrix. Agglomeration due to interaction of nanoparticles with the doping has been studied by using SEM analysis. Photoluminescence measurements performed at room temperature show peak in UV region as well as visible region. A significant increase in the PL intensity with the doping was observed in both the regions which might be due to presence of oxygen vacancies as surface defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles and their applications particularly in biomedical and agricultural sciences are reaping importance nowadays. This work reports the biosynthesis of cuprous oxide nanoparticles (Cu2O NPs) using grape juice and its effective antimicrobial activity which displayed comparatively less and/or no toxic profile. Present nanofabrication is very handy, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and reproducible. The as-synthesized Cu2O NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, UV-visible and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy techniques. Also, the antimicrobial assays of biosynthesized Cu2O NPs were carried out against the Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans utilizing disc diffusion method. Results showed that Cu2O NPs may serve as an antimicrobial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enamel is the exterior stratum of the anatomical crowns of teeth. It is a solid, scanty and glassy layer of a calcified matter that wraps and shelters the dentin. In the oral environment when the pH is beneath 5.5, calcium and phosphate ions are discharged away from the enamel in a procedure admitted demineralization. Calcium oxide (CaO) is an inert mixture that is accustomed in different attentions as a poison-waste remedy actor, catalyst, adsorptive, etc. The study evaluate the effect of CaO nanoparticles in the remineralization of initial caries and the adjacent sound area. samples of enamel were prepared from molar teeth involve the initial caries area and the adjacent sound area to be studied by scanning electron microscope pre and post-application of coating materials. The statistical analysis showed an increase in calcium and a decrease in phosphorous ions post-treatment. This indicate that coating the initial caries of enamel with CaO nanoparticles increase the remineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Silicon Carbide (SiC)-Graphene (GN) nanoparticles are prepared by using hydrothermal autoclave reaction method for the application of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) shielding. The SiC-GN nanocomposites show good Magnetic loss and Di-electric loss to Electromagnetic waves there by the Electromagnetic reactions becomes weaken. Using XRD, the x-ray diffraction patterns were obtained. The microstructures of the composites were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. Shielding effectiveness could be found from the scattering parameters obtained from the vector network analyzer. This SiC-GN nanocomposite has great potential as a material for electromagnetic absorbent because of its excellent dielectric and strong absorption property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present the design and fabrication of a nano-scaled device able to sort, isolate and separate particles suspended in a liquid medium. The device is biocompatible, electrically and chemically inert. Its mechanical and chemical features, together with the technological procedure used for its fabrication, makes it easily integrable in compact microfluidic-based and microscaled devices with a variety of biomedical applications in the field of particle counting, sorting and monitoring. It’s reproducibility makes it a good alternative in terms of particle filtering where the size and shape of the porosity needs to be accurately controlled. We present the design as well as the detailed fabrication procedure, together with some Scanning Electron Microscope images of the resulting device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanocrystalline samples of NdFeO3 (NFO) and NdFe0.7 Zn0.3O3 (NFZO) synthesized by sol-gel combustion route have been investigated for their structural, morphological and optical properties.XRD patterns with Rietveld refinement reveal the orthorhombic structure of the samples with Pbnm space group. The calculated values of tolerance factor indicate towards enhanced distortion with Zn doping. Fe-O-Fe bond angle and the Fe-O bond length are found to decrease with Zn doping. Williamson-Hall analysis is used to determine the average crystallite size and the lattice strain of the samples. FTIR spectroscopy discloses the stretching vibration (v1mode) for Fe-O band, bending vibration (v2 mode) for O-Fe-O band and the contribution of Nd3+ ions, that confirm the formation of the samples. SEM images demonstrate the clearly distinguished nanosized particles for both the samples. The energy band gap of the NdFeO3sample decreases with Zn doping from 3.12 eV to 2.86 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NPs of Ce1-xZnxO2 (x=0, 0.02, 0.040.06, 0.08) were prepared by solution combustion technique using glycine as fuel. The prepared sample were subjected to various characterization techniques includes UV-visible spectrometer, Xray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX). The Xray diffraction analysis confirms the crystalline nature of CeO2 cubic lattice and fallowed by the fair incorporation of the Zn atoms in to CeO2 lattice. The SEM studies address the porous morphological structure, UV studies account for the optical band gap and EDX gives the elemental composition of the Ce1-xZnxO2 samples. Gas sensing studies of Ce1-xZnxO2 samples as a function of temperature have been proposed and it reveals that Zn doped CeO2 sensor exhibit excellent sensitivity towards acetone and ethanol vapors. The magnetic properties of the Ce1-xZnxO2 samples were studied using VSM up to 50 kOe at RT. It was found that all the samples exhibiting paramagnetic behavior which is recognized to the nanosized particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technique of pick up and transfer of nanoscaled particles from the surface of a non-conductive substrate using a tungsten tip irradiated with focused electron beam is experimentally presented. The proposed technique of manipulation is implemented in a scanning electron microscope and allows to manipulate nanoparticles, with continuous visualization of the transfer process in real-time. The mechanism of the manipulation process is presented, which is based on the electrostatic interaction of charges produced by an electron beam in the tip, particle and substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coagulation of the dispersed nanoparticles in the base fluid diminishes its thermo-physical and transport properties, leading to its low performances as a heat transfer medium for thermal applications. In this paper, Al2O3- water and CuO - water nanofluids were synthesized using NaOH, NH4OH and acetic acid as surface charge modifiers to improve the stability of the prepared nanofluids. The stability of the suspended nanoparticles was evaluated using, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and optical microscope (OP). The results showed that Al2O3-water nanofluid stabilized at low pH value of 4.59 (within the acidic region) while CuO-water nanofluids showed poor stability compare to Al2O3-water nanofluid. It is a well-known fact that if the pH of a nanofluid is significantly less or substantially more than the isoelectric point (IEP), better stability will be observed. Therefore, by adjusting the pH of the suspension away from IEP, the repulsive force of the particles in the suspension become stronger, making the nanofluid stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromium doped Copper-Cobalt ferrite Nanoparticles were obtained by sol-gel auto-combustion method using citric acid as a fuel. The metal nitrates to citric acid ratio was taken as 1:1. The prepared powder of Cr3+ doped copper-cobalt ferrite nanoparticles is annealed at 600°C for 5 hrs and the same powder was used for characterization and investigations of structural properties. The phase composition, micro-structural, micro morphological and elemental analysis studies were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The FTIR spectra of these samples are recorded to ensure the presence of the metallic compounds. The average crystallite size obtained by Scherrer’s formula is of the order of 19.28 nm to 32.92 nm. The dielectric properties are investigated as a function of frequency at room temperature using LCR-Q meter. The saturation magnetization (Ms) of the Cr3+ substituted Cu-Co ferrite sintered at 1100°C lies in the range of 5.4136-28.9943 emu/g, the coercivity (Hc) dropped desperately from about 2091.3-778.53Oe as Cr3+ composition increases from 0.0 to 0.25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports facile synthesis, characterizations by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and magnetic behaviour of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel auto combustion technique using glycine as a fuel. Phase purity and nanocrystalline nature of the prepared sample was confirmed through X-ray diffraction technique. No extra peak other than cubic spinel structure was observed in the XRD pattern. The crystallite size calculated by using Scherrer’s formula is of the order of 21.6 nm indicating the nanocrystalline nature of the prepared cobalt ferrite sample. The surface morphological studies were carried out using scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM image shows homogeneous, agglomerated particles with sponge-like form. The saturation magnetization, coercivity and remenance magnetization obtained by hysteresis curve clearly gives the evidence of excellent and enhanced magnetic behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanoparticle based on natural bentonite from Pahae village had been prepared using co-precipitation method. Bentonite was dried in the oven at 100°C during a week. Bentonite is crushed using a mortal and milled by planetary ball mill to obtain the powder form. Further, the bentonite powder is activated with chemical reaction by dissolves the 50 g bentonite to 100 ml of HCl at 10 M. The magnetic stirrer was employed to mix the solution at 300 rpm and temperature 70°C. After that, the bentonite solution is washed using distilled water until the pH is neutral. The bentonite powder is calcined at temperature of 600°C for 1 hour with fix increment 150°C. Finally, the powder is given High Energy Milling (HEM) treatment for 30 minutes to obtain the particle size. The X-ray Difractometer (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used to characterize. From the characterization results it is reported that the average of bentonite nanoparticle size is 35.26 nm and the chemical constituents of natural bentonite Pahae are Al, Si, Ca, Fe and Ti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of different techniques application for the investigation of orientation inhomogeneities in polycrystalline materials was studied using FEG SEM-FIB dual beam station equipped with EBSD. It is shown that for the visualization of pearlitic ferrite fragments it is more appropriate to acquire the images in secondary electrons induced by Ga ions. At the same time for the visualization of nano-sized particles it is more prospective to use images in forward scatter electrons in combination with IQ maps. It is established that pearlitic ferrite fragments are not flat. Complicated spatial configuration of orientation inhomogeneities in pearlitic ferrite is shown by means of 3-d reconstruction. The features of ferrites aggregation are revealed depending on pearlitic ferrite fragmentation criterion. The existence of longrange misorientations in the aggregation area of proeutectoid and pearlitic ferrites is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural modification of co-precipitated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles can be done by varying the annealing temperature and the temperature of synthesis process. Experimental results show that the dependence of crystallite sizes for both the annealing temperature and the temperature of synthesis process were successfully demonstrated using XRD. The SEM images confirm that the heating treatment assisted interaction between individual particles resulting the homogenization of grains size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by solution combustion method with varying the oxidizer (cerium nitrate hexa hydrate) to fuel (Glycine) molar ratio. The prepared samples were characterized by UV-visible spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDAX). XRD pattern reveals the formation of cubic fluorite structure of CeO2. It was observed that finest crystallites were found at extreme fuel-deficient condition and it is good enough to produce favorable powder characteristics. The average crystallite size was found to be 14.46 nm to 21.57 nm. The temperature dependent dc conductivity was carried out using Keithley source meter between the temperature range from 300K to 573K. From this study it was found that the conductivity increases with increase of temperature due to semiconducting behavior of CeO2 and it decreases with particle size due to increase in the energy band gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire explosion technique is performed by passing a high power pulsed current through a metallic wire to disintegrate it through Joule heating effect. In this work, the production of nanoparticles by the wire explosion technique has been investigated. Copper wires with a diameter of 125 μm and a length of 3.5 cm are exploded in air at two different pressures, namely, 1 bar and 10-2 mbar. Particles produced from the wire explosion are collected for characterization. The characterization of the particles is done by using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive analysis by X-rays (EDAX). The morphology and chemical composition of the particles produced at the two different pressures are compared. Discharge current and optical emission spectra of the wire explosion at the two pressures are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanorods were grown on porous silicon substrate by sol-gel immersion method, which is containing of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O) and hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4).ZnO Nanorods prepared under the different deposition temperature. The surface morphology and photoluminescence spectrum of the samples were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and photoluminescence spectroscope (PL). The result indicated that the ZnO nanorods start to form at 85° C. From the photoluminescence spectrum, it shows that a strong ultra-violet (UV) emission peak and several weak emission peaks related to the deep level excitation de-excitation were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocrystalline In2S3 films have been prepared by close spaced evaporation technique. The films were grown on coring 7059 glass substrates at different temperatures in the range, 200–350 °C. The structural and surface morphological studies were analyzed by using X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. The optical characteristics of the films were evaluated from the optical transmittance data. All the films showed a strong (103) peak at 2Θ∼14.2°, which correspond to tetragonal structure of β-In2S3 and the surface roughness increased with the increase of substrate temperature. The material parameters such as lattice strain and texture coefficient were also determined and the influence of substrate temperature on these parameters was discussed. The optical band gap was found to be direct and the layers grown at 300 °C had a band gap of 2.46 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reported a simple approach to generate gold nanoparticles from HAuCl4 containing aqueous solution by synchrotron x-ray irradiation at room temperature. The gold colloidal were investigated by a variety of characterization methods including Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR), Ultraviolet and Visible (UV-VIS) spectrometer and the effects of variables including pH value, radiation time were examined. © 2007 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonic nanoparticle grating (PNG) structure of different periods has been fabricated by electron beam lithography using silver halide based transmission electron microscope film as a substrate. Conventional scanning electron microscope is used as a fabrication tool for electron beam lithography. Optical microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) have been used for its morphological and elemental characterization. Optical characterization is performed by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopic technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reported a single step process for the synthesis of Ni having wire, sponge and flower type microstructures that are obtained via a microwave-assisted decomposition of Ni-TEA (triethanolamine) complex precursor with and without amino acid. The products formed at different stages of the growth process were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and magnetometer. Morphological modification enhanced the coercivity from 40 Oe for the Ni-wire to 120 Oe for the Ni-flower with exchange bias effect, which mechanistically arises due to the presence of NiO phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present work, Ce, Cu co-doped ZnS nanoparticles were prepared at room temperature using chemical precipitation method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) and High Resolution Raman spectroscopic techniques. X-ray diffraction studies show that the diameter of the particles is 2-4 nm. Broadened XRD peaks confirmed the formation of nanoparticles with face centered cubic (FCC) structure. SEM attached with EDS gave the size, morphology and compositional analysis of as-prepared material. The Raman spectra of unplanted and Cu, Ce ions implanted samples of nano structured ZnS showed LO mode and TO mode. Compared with the Raman modes (276 and 351 cm-1) of undoped ZnS nanoparticles, the Raman modes of Ce, Cu co-doped ZnS nanoparticles are slightly shifted towards lower frequency side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]