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Essential oils are chemical substances found in plants. Essential oil-producing plants include patchouli, clove, and lemongrass plants. Components of essential oil compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, terpenoids, and glycosides are thought to have antibacterial activity. The study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of patchouli essential oil, cloves, and lemongrass against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The antibacterial test method is carried out using diffusion of agar on disc paper. The test samples used were patchouli essential oil, cloves, and lemongrass from Batang district as much as 10 μL 100% concentration, positive control using 20% concentration chloramphenicol as much as 10 μL, and negative control using sterile blank disc paper. The results showed that there was a clear zone formed in the two test bacteria. The clear zone formed in the Escherichia coli test bacteria is until 9.5 mm in patchouli essential oil, until 20 mm in clove essential oil, and until 18 mm in lemongrass essential oil, while the clear zone formed in the test bacteria Bacillus subtilis is until 15 mm in patchouli essential oil, until 26 mm in clove essential oil, and until 20 mm in lemongrass essential oil. It can be concluded that patchouli essential oil, clove essential oil, and lemongrass essential oil have antibacterial activity against E. coli and B. subtilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesbania grandiflora (local name: "turi"), is one species of the Fabaceae family that is often consumed by Indonesian people as a vegetable. Turi plants contain secondary metabolites that have biological activities such as antibacterial, anticancer and antioxidant. In this paper, we reported the phytochemical study and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) screening of the stembark of turi plant (S. grandiflora). Extraction and fractionation were carried out in several steps including sample preparation and liquid-liquid partition methanol extract with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane as solvents to afford n-hexane, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions. The extract obtained was methanol extract. Meanwhile, the fractions obtained were n-hexane, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions. The phytochemical screening results exhibited some secondary metabolites obtained from the methanol extract as well as in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane fractions including saponins, terpenoids, tannins, steroids, flavonoids and alkaloids. These results was supported by TLC results which showed yellow stains when irradiated by UV at a wavelength of 254 nm and purple and green stains at UV with a wavelength of 366 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various limitation on the direct use of essential oil has stimulate encapsulation technology studies in the recent year. The study aimed to analyze the scope of essential oil encapsulation through a bibliometric analysis. This paper used Scopus database to collecting data about the subjects. VOSviewer was used for network visualization and map constructing. Started from 1988, a total of 1336 publications were collected for analysis. Over the last ten years, the number of articles published has increased significantly. Iran, China, and Brazil are most productive countries, while Indonesia published 26 articles in this topics. Based on VOSviewer visualization, the most influential topics are related to essential oil encapsulation method. However, overlay map showed new emerged author keywords related to the application of essential oil encapsulation for food packaging and microemulsion novel technique by pickering emulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction of the native plants Plectranthus amboinicus and Melaleuca cajupati leaves have been carried out using traditional hydrodistillation (steam distillation) and solvent free microwave-assisted extraction methods at different temperatures and microwave irradiation powers. The chemical compositions of the essential oils extracted were identified using gas chromatography analysis. The ideal extraction time for Pletranthus amboinicus and Melaleuca cajupati were 120 min with microwave power 200 W and 400 W, respectively with the calculated extraction yield were 0.034 % and 0.276 %, respectively. In this paper, the results of the selected microwave powers, first oil drops, and extraction time are presented as well as the findings of the chemical compositions present in both plants are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction is a commonly used technique to obtain plant's bioactive compounds. However, the aforementioned technique involved prolonged thermal exposure which can cause a degradation of bioactive compounds. Thus, this paper presents a degradation kinetics study of terpene markers from Andrographis paniculata extracts. The degradation of terpenes occurs at elevated temperature during the herbal processing such as extraction and spray drying. In the present study, the effect of heating at temperature ranging from 100 to 150 °C for 90 minutes on the terpene content was studied. The heated and unheated A. paniculata extracts was analyzed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography to quantify the terpene content. It was observed that terpenes degrade into smaller fragments during heating as such andrographolide degrades to form 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide. All the three terpenes marker follows the zero-order kinetics during thermal degradation. Generally, the total amount of andrographolide, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide and neoandrographolide reduced by 79.55, 76.00 and 75.68%, respectively after the thermal exposure at 100 °C. All the studied terpenes are prone to degradation upon exposure to heat above 100 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to identify its medicinal apply via analyzing the essential oils chemical composition obtained from Asphodeline globifera grown in Turkey. By applying the retention index from the Van den Dool and Kratz equation and evaluating chemical compositions of the essential oil are characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The Van den Dool and Kratz equation results have the potential to be used not only in the chemical compositions of the oils, but also in applied mathematics and other fields. Recently, the first author [2] constructed a new special finite sum. In addition, the first author also gave a lower bound and inequality for the finite sum containing the dead time related to the isocratic step. In the same manner, he also gave several applications and criticisms including the mentioned lower bound and inequality for these sums and its effects on the chemical compositions of essential oil and the Van den Dool and Kratz equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical and toxicity tests have been carried out using the BSLT method on kemuning leaves. The kemuning leaves are picked in the morning before sunrise then washed, then dried for 5 days, then blended and sieved to obtain kemuning leaves powder. Furthermore, the phytochemical screening test obtained shows the presence of alkaloids that form red deposits (precipitate) with dragendroff reagent, yellowish white deposits (precipitate) with mayer reagents, and the presence of flavonoids is indicated by the formation of black colloids. The most flavonoid yields were obtained (the biggest secondary metabolites components in the extract are flavonoids), while the presence of saponins was indicated by the presence of foam that lasted ±10 minutes. Tannins form dark blue or greenish black rings. While steroids and terpenoids marked with brown or violet rings are not formed and not present in kemuning leaf extract. The results of the toxicity test with BSLT showed moderate toxicity to shrimp larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2014, global demand for essential oils was 165 kt and it is expected to grow 8.5% per annum up to 2022. Every year Australia produces approximately 1.5k tonnes of essential oils such as tea tree, orange, lavender, eucalyptus oil, etc. Usually essential oils come from non-fatty areas of plants such as the bark, roots, heartwood, leaves and the aromatic portions (flowers, fruits) of the plant. For example, orange oil is derived from orange peel using various extraction methods. Having similar properties to diesel, essential oils have become promising alternate fuels for diesel engines. The present study explores the opportunity of using sweet orange oil in a compression ignition engine. Blends of sweet orange oil-diesel (10% sweet orange oil, 90% diesel) along with neat diesel fuel were used to operate a six-cylinder diesel engine (5.9 litres, common rail, Euro-III, compression ratio 17.3:1). Some key fuel properties such as: viscosity, density, heating value, and surface tension are presented. Engine performance (brake specific fuel consumption) and emission parameters (CO, NOX, and Particulate Matter) were measured to evaluate running with the blends. The engine was operated at 1500 rpm (maximum torque condition) with different loads. The results from the property analysis showed that sweet orange oil-diesel blend exhibits lower density, viscosity and surface tension and slightly higher calorific value compared to neat diesel fuel. Also, from the engine test, the sweet orange oil-diesel blend exhibited slightly higher brake specific fuel consumption, particulate mass and particulate number; however, the blend reduced the brake specific CO emission slightly and brake specific NOX emission significantly compared to that of neat diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]