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Albert Einstein proposed a unification of mechanics and electrodynamics by his special theory of relativity, which describes point-like particles moving through empty space. We show in this paper that mechanics and electrodynamics can be unified in Euclidean space if we relax the idea of point-like particles by describing fermions and bosons as spatially extended wave objects. Based on the process theory of gases presented in Paper II [Kalies et al., AIP Adv. 13(5), 055317 (2023)] of this series, we consider a confined photon gas and show that the momentum work of photons leads to an analogous description of matter and light and to the insight that electromagnetic energy is momentum energy. We present the unified energy equations, which do justice to the wave nature of matter, and it is the momentum work that links physical theories. Without momentum energy, which is larger in real terms than the kinetic energy of mechanics, the theoretical edifice of modern physics, at the fundamental level, is incomplete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Paper I of this series, the elastic collision was described via simultaneous processes, where the energy is conserved at any moment. In this paper, we critically review the kinetic theory of gases, which was developed based on Newtonian mechanics, and show that it violates the principle of the conservation of energy. By placing the energy conservation at the beginning of the deductive formalism, we derive the ideal gas law via equally strong simultaneous counter-processes at the walls, namely, momentum work and volume work. Several new insights into the state variables of an ideal gas are obtained: (i) pressure cannot be expressed via the kinetic energy of an ideal gas, and (ii) temperature can be interpreted as a particle-related (microscopic) state variable. The historical choice to set a zero point of the potential energy for a confined ideal gas needs to be corrected, and the internal energy of an ideal gas turns out to include more forms of energy than specified in the kinetic theory of gases. Finally, and importantly, we show that the process approach to an ideal gas and thus to collisions is experimentally confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern physics is based on Newton's laws of motion, which describe interaction via forces. In this paper, we argue that interaction needs to be described in terms of processes. By introducing the momentum work and the associated momentum energy in mechanics, we present a coherent formulation of the process equations for mechanics and thermodynamics. This naturally leads to a simple derivation of the Lorentz-transformed mass, according to which any object changes its mass in real terms when its velocity is changed. Momentum work requires a revision of Newton's laws of motion. For the first time in the history of physics, the elastic collision between objects, such as particles, can be described as a temporal process, not as interaction via force = counter-force. The mechanism of energy conversion during the elastic collision and other mechanical processes, such as free fall, becomes clear and demonstrates the validity of the principle of energy conservation on microscale at any point in time. The results suggest that physics can be rebuilt on a more coherent footing of dynamic processes up to quantum-process thermodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The known publications of the gyroscope property of maintaining its axis are represented by simplified mathematical models formulated on the law of kinetic energy conservation and the action of an inertial torque expressed by the change in the angular momentum. This is the reason that practice does not validate the correctness of such publications and gyroscopic effects remained for a long time as unsolved problems. The new study demonstrates that the origin of gyroscopic effects is more complex and is manifested by the simultaneous and interdependent action of the several inertial resistance and precession torques produced by the rotating mass of a spinning object. These inertial torques are represented by the action of centrifugal, Coriolis, the common inertial forces and the change in the angular momentum of the rotating mass of a gyroscope. In case of the complex gyroscope motion, the inertial torques can deactivate that represent the new property of the matter. The principles of energy conservation, the action of the system of internal and external torques on gyroscopic devices and their new mathematical models enable for the describing all gyroscopic effects. The main contribution and novelty of this paper is the mathematical modeling and describing the physics of the gyroscope nutation called galloping, which was a mostly unsolved problem in engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method for the solution of gyroscope nutation is confirmed by the corrected math model for nutation in Ref. [4]. The corrected mathematical models for gyroscope motions and kinetic energies of its nutation do not change the conclusion of the paper. The author would like to thank the reviewers that supported the original paper.[1] They accepted the author's previous publications with the correct mathematical models of gyroscope motions for its only horizontal location.[[2]] All mathematical models for gyroscope motions for horizontal location were validated by practical tests.[3] The mathematical models for the inclined gyroscope are inaccurate, but they are not fundamental.[1] This erratum presents a logical error of the process of the analysis for the inertial torques and kinematic dependency of the gyroscope motions around the axes of rotation. [Extracted from the article]

Carl Bender and collaborators have developed a quantum theory governed by Hamiltonians that are PT-symmetric rather than Hermitian. To implement this theory, the inner product was redefined to guarantee positive norms of eigenstates of the Hamiltonian. In the general case, which includes arbitrary time-dependence in the Hamiltonian, a modification of the Schrödinger equation is necessary as shown by Gong and Wang to conserve probability. In this paper, we derive the following selection rule: transitions induced by time dependence in a PT-symmetric Hamiltonian cannot occur between normalized states of differing PT-norm. We show three examples of this selection rule in action: two matrix models and one in the continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)-based circuit that generates selfterminating voltage pulses was employed for the detection of light and ionizing radiation in pulse mode. The circuit consisted of a SCR connected in series with a RC load and DC bias. In this paper, we report the investigation of the physics underlying the pulsing mechanism of the SCR-based. It was found that during the switching of SCR, the voltage across the capacitor increased beyond that of the DC bias, thus generating a reverse current in the circuit, which helped to turn the SCR off. The pulsing was found to be sustainable only for a specific range of RC values depending on the SCR's intrinsic turn-on/off times. The findings of this work will help to design optimum SCR based circuits for pulse mode detection of light and ionizing radiation without external amplification circuitry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]