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This study evaluated the salt tolerance in 40 celery germplasm resources to clarify the different salt tolerances of celery germplasm. A gradient treatment with different concentrations of NaCl solutions (100, 200, and 300 mmol·L−1) was used to simulate salt stress. After 15 days of salt treatment, 14 indicators related to plant growth, physiology, and biochemistry were determined. The results showed that different celery varieties responded differently to salt stress. Notably, there were significant variations in below-ground dry weight, root–crown ratio, antioxidant enzyme activity, and soluble protein content among the accessions under salt stress. Principal component analysis was used to identify important indices for evaluating salt tolerance, including plant height, spread, content of soluble protein, and so on. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted utilizing the salt damage index, principal component analysis, affiliation function analysis, and cluster analysis. The 40 celery germplasms were classified into five highly salt-tolerant, seven salt-tolerant, fifteen moderately salt-tolerant, nine salt-sensitive, and four highly salt-sensitive germplasms. SHHXQ, MXKQ, XBQC, XQ, and TGCXBQ were highly salt-tolerant germplasms, and BFMSGQ, HNXQ, ZQ, and MGXQW were highly salt-sensitive germplasms. The results of this study provide a reference for the variety of celery cultivation in saline areas and lay a foundation for the selection and breeding of salt-tolerant varieties of celery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the impact of continuous dark stress on lignin and cellulose synthesis in celery, shade-tolerant celery varieties were screened. Yellow celery variety 'Qianhuang No.1' and green celery variety 'Qianlv No.1' were separately grown in vegetable greenhouses. Dark treatments were applied using PVC shading sleeves for 4, 8, 12, and 16 d after celery had grown 10–13 true leaf blades. This study aimed to investigate the impact of varying periods of dark treatment on the morphological characteristics, lignin accumulation, and cellulose accumulation in celery. The results showed that dark treatment led to celery yellowing, a reduced stem thickness, and an increased plant height. Analysis of lignin and cellulose contents, as well as the expression of related genes, showed that dark treatment caused down-regulation of AgLAC, AgC3′H, AgCCR, AgPOD and AgCAD genes, leading to changes in lignin accumulation. Dark treatment inhibited the expression of the AgCesA6 gene, thus affecting cellulose synthesis. Under dark conditions, the expression of AgF5H and AgHCT genes had little effect on lignin content in celery, and the expression of the AgCslD3 gene had little effect on cellulose content. Analysis of morphological characteristics, lignin accumulation and cellulose accumulation after different lengths of dark treatment demonstrated that 'Qianlv No.1' is a shade-tolerant variety in contrast to 'Qianhuang No.1'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tillering is an important part in strawberry growth, and strawberries can reproduce nutritionally through stolons to generate genetically stable offspring. However, excessive tillering during the fruit-growing stage can negatively impact fruit yield and quality. In this study, different concentrations of exogenous rac-GR24 (GR24) are used to treat the strawberry plants. It was found that GR24 effectively inhibited the sprouting of strawberry stolons, while promoting the growth of the stems and leaves. Among the treatments, the most effective concentration was found to be 5 μmol/L GR24. This treatment resulted in a decrease in the glucose content in the strawberry crowns and also caused changes in the contents of two endogenous phytohormones, gibberellic acid (GA3) and trans-zeatin riboside (tZR). Transcriptome data further suggested that exogenous GR24 may inhibit strawberry plant tillering by affecting various phytohormone signaling pathways and the sugar metabolism pathway. In 5 μmol/L GR24-treated plants, the expression level of type-B response regulator (B-ARR) was down-regulated and the expression level of CYTOKININ RESPONSE 1 (CRE1), histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein (AHP), and type-A response regulator (A-ARR) were up-regulated, suggesting the inhibition of the cytokinin (CTK) signaling pathway. The down-regulation of auxin (AUX) and auxin response factor (ARF), as well as the up-regulation of auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (AUX/IAA), led to the inhibition of the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) signaling pathway. Additionally, the up-regulation of pyrabactin resistance 1/ pyrabactin resistance 1-like (PYR/PYL), non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2), and ABRE binding factors (ABF) and the down-regulation of protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) were observed in the up-regulated abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways. In the sugar metabolism pathway, the up-regulation of invertase (INV), hexokinase (HK), and fructokinase (FRK) and the down-regulation of trehalase (TREH) and beta-amylase (BMY) led to a decreased glucose synthesis and an increased glucose consumption. Therefore, GR24 can effectively inhibit strawberry plant tillering through these pathways, making it an effective reagent for tillering inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GR24, a synthetic strigolactone analogue, plays a crucial role in a wide range of life processes. Studying the effects of the pre-harvest application of GR24 on strawberry ripening and fruit quality provides a scientific basis for the application of GR24 in horticultural crop production. GR24 solutions at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 µmol/L were applied to strawberries at the de-greening stage. The results showed that pre-harvest treatment with 1 µmol/L GR24 increased fruit weight and size; promoted fruit softening; increased the content of sugars, total flavonoids, total phenolics, and anthocyanins, and increased antioxidant activity. These results proved that GR24 effectively accelerated fruit ripening and improved fruit quality. In addition, to gain more insight into the biological mechanism of GR24 in fruit ripening, we conducted a combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. It was found that the differences were related to sugar and flavonoid biosynthesis, particularly in the later stage of fruit ripening. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that GR24 increased gene expression activity and metabolite accumulation in the anthocyanin and sugar biosynthetic pathway, thereby promoting strawberry color and flavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protoplast culture and transformation technology offer a novel method for developing new plant varieties. Nonetheless, the effective preparation of protoplasts and transformation technology specific to celery has yet to be achieved. This study utilized celery seedling leaves as the primary materials to examine the key factors influencing protoplast isolation. The aim was to prepare leaf protoplasts with a high yield and of high quality and subsequently conduct transient gene transformation and expression. The findings indicated that the most effective procedure for isolating and purifying protoplasts was enzymatic digestion using an enzyme solution consisting of 2.0% cellulase, 0.1% pectolase, and 0.6 M mannitol for a duration of 8 h. Subsequently, the protoplasts were filtered through a 400-mesh sieve and purified through centrifugation at 200× g. Within this system, the overall protoplast yield was exceptionally high, reaching a viability rate of up to 95%. The transient transformation system yielded a maximum transformation efficiency of approximately 53%, as evaluated using the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter gene. The parameters of the transient transformation system were as follows: a protoplast concentration of 5 × 105 cells·mL−1, exogenous DNA concentration of 500 μg·mL−1, final concentration of PEG4000 at 40%, and transformation duration of 15 min. The transient transformation system was also utilized to further analyze the protein localization characteristics of the celery transcription factor AgMYB80. The findings indicated that AgMYB80 predominantly localizes in the nucleus, thereby confirming the reliability and effectiveness of the transient transformation system. This study successfully established an efficient system for isolating, purifying, and transforming celery protoplasts, and will serve as a basis for future studies on molecular biology and gene function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant mitochondria play a crucial role in various cellular energy synthesis and conversion processes and are essential for plant growth. Watercress (Oenanthe javanica) is a fast-growing vegetable with strong adaptability and wide cultivation range, and it possesses high nutritional value. In our study, we assembled the O. javanica mitochondrial genome using the Illumina and Nanopore sequencing platforms. The results revealed that the mitochondrial genome map of watercress has a circular structure of 384,074 bp, containing 28 tRNA genes, 3 rRNA genes, and 34 protein-coding genes. A total of 87 SSR (simple sequence repeat) loci were detected, with 99% composed of palindrome repeats and forward repeats, while no complementary repeats were identified. Codon preference analysis indicated that watercress prefers to use codons encoding leucine, isoleucine, and serine with a preference for A/U-ending codons. Phylogenetic analysis showed that watercress is closely related to species of Bupleurum, Apium, Angelica, and Daucus, with the closest evolutionary relationship observed with Saposhnikovia divaricata and Apium graveolens. This study provides a valuable resource for the study of the evolution and molecular breeding of watercress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red pears are appreciated for their abundant nutritional benefits and visually striking red hue, rendering them a favored option among consumers and stimulating substantial market demand. The present study employs the flesh of a red pear as the explant, subjecting the flesh callus to varying sugar sources, MS concentrations, light qualities, and temperatures to investigate the alterations in secondary metabolites, including anthocyanins, within the callus. It was found that sucrose can induce more anthocyanins, and its related metabolites and genes also increase as the sucrose and MS concentrations increase. Under the conditions of red-blue light and a temperature of 15 °C, it can further induce the production of more anthocyanins and secondary metabolites and can also upregulate the synthesis of anthocyanin-related genes. As such, this investigation serves to elucidate the factors that contribute to anthocyanin accumulation in red pears, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanisms underlying color change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry is a worldwide demanded edible fruit with high economic and nutritional value; however, a very short storage life largely limits its supply and marketing. In this study, strawberries were treated using sodium selenite with different concentrations (6, 12, 18, and 24 mg/L), and the postharvest fruit quality and resistance to Botrytis cinerea were substantially assessed. Among all concentrations, 12 mg/L Se was the most effective treatment, which maintained fruit skin brightness, reduced natural decay incidence, severity, and weight loss, increased the Se content in fruit, and thus maintained the postharvest fruit quality of the strawberry. Furthermore, strawberries treated with 12 mg/L Se had lower flavonoid, phenolic, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, H2O2, and O2− contents compared to the control and, correspondingly, lower antioxidant capacity; moreover, 12 mg/L Se treatment decreased the decay incidence and severity caused by the infection of B. cinerea. Collectively, our findings may provide a reference for developing safe and environmentally friendly alternative methods to sustain quality and manage gray mold in postharvest strawberries as well as other horticultural crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carica papaya maintains an abnormally small but complete NLR family while showing weak disease resistance. To better understand their origin, evolution, and biological function, we identified 59 NLR genes via a customized RGAugury and investigated their characteristics, evolutionary history, and expression profiles based on the improved papaya genome and large-scale RNA-seq data. The results indicated that duplication is a major evolutionary force driving the formation of the papaya NLR family. Synteny analyses of papaya and other angiosperms showed that both insertion and inheritance-derived NLRs are present in papaya. Transcriptome-based expression and network analyses revealed that NLRs are actively involved in biotic stress responses. For example, a papaya-specific inserted TNL was up-regulated strongly by the fungal infection. Both transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses confirmed the expression divergence of an RNL and an RCNL, a pair of tandem duplication genes involved in different co-expression modules. Furthermore, we observed an inserted gene cluster composed of five duplicated CNLs, showing dosage effects and functional differentiation of disease-resistance genes during evolution. This research will enhance our knowledge of the special NLR family in papaya, which may serve as a model plant for disease-resistance genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sequenced and assembled the chloroplast (cp) genome of Brasenia schreberi cv. 'Mahu Chuncai', a novel variety of B. schreberi rich in nutrients with distinctive characteristics, unlike other varieties in China. The cpDNA genome of 'Mahu Chuncai' has a typical quadripartite structure, with a full length of 158,973 bp, including 88 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all species can be divided into three main clades. Results from inverted repeats (IR) boundary analysis revealed substantial differences between Brasenia and Cabomba species. The cpDNA genome of B. schreberi identified was strongly related to Brasenia species but appeared to be a distant relative of Cabomba aquatica more than other species in Cabombaceae. In contrast with the species from Cabombaceae, 'Mahu Chuncai' was a close relative of B. schreberi MN315507.1, which was a distant relative of C. aquatica MG720559.1. Furthermore, we found four potential molecular markers, i.e., ycf1 in the IR region, psbT in the LSC region, and ndhF and rps15 in the SSC region. Collectively, our findings confirm the phylogenetic evolution and cultivation origin of B. schreberi. We identified genetic characteristics and nucleotide diversity hotspots, which provides a theoretical basis for additional research on variety identification, germplasm resources, and molecular breeding of the precious vegetable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition and content of sugar and acid are important indicators of organ development and the quality of horticultural products. B. juncea is an important vegetable in the cruciferous family, with a swollen fleshy stem as the edible organ. Elucidating the characteristics of sugar and acid accumulation during stem expansion of stem mustard and its regulatory mechanism could enhance stem quality. In this study, physiological indicators such as dry matter content, sugar–acid content and related enzyme activities were measured in eight stages of the tumorous stem. The results showed that the sugar and sucrose contents initially increased and then decreased during stem development: Sucrose exhibited a positive correlation with sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase, while acid content was highly positively correlated with malate dehydrogenase. Further analysis of the dynamic patterns of sugar and acid metabolite contents using metabolomics showed that 1097 metabolites were detected, including 229 organic acids and derivatives, 109 lipids, and other metabolites. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis showed that metabolites were significantly enriched in organic acids, amino acids, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, starch, and sucrose metabolism. Analysis of the sugar pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle revealed obvious differences in the content and type of metabolites, with most upregulated metabolites in S3 and S4. The expression patterns of enzyme genes associated with the biosynthesis and accumulation of sugar and acid metabolites were found based on differentially expressed genes at different developmental stages, and gene expression levels were verified by qPCR, which showed that the expression patterns of enzyme genes associated with this pathway were highly consistent with the metabolite accumulation. These results suggest that amino acids, sugars, and acids play a critical role in regulating the development of tumorous stems. Results of the present study offer a theoretical basis to improving the quality of mustard by using a metabolomics approach to determine the dynamics of metabolites and related regulatory enzymes during development and the correlation between these levels, which provides novel insights into the potential mechanisms underlying sugar and acid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wasabi (Eutrema japonicum) is a vegetable of Brassicaceae family, currently cultivated in East Asia. It is rich in nutritional and has a spicy flavour. It is regarded as a rare condiment worldwide. Its genetic profile for yield improvement and the development of E. japonicum germplasm resources remains unknown. Cognizant of this, this study sequenced and assembled the chloroplast (cp) genome of E. japonicum to enrich our genomic information of wasabi and further understand genetic relationships within the Eutrema species. The structural characteristics, phylogeny, and evolutionary relationship of cp genomes among other Brassicaceae plants were analyzed and compared to those of Eutrema species. The cp genome of E. japonicum has 153,851 bp with a typical quadripartite structure, including 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 87 protein-coding genes. It contains 290 simple sequence repeats and prefers to end their codons with an A or T, which is the same as other Brassicaceae species. Moreover, the cp genomes of the Eutrema species had a high degree of collinearity and conservation during the evolution process. Nucleotide diversity analysis revealed that genes in the IR regions had higher Pi values than those in LSC (Large single copy) and SSC (Small single copy) regions, making them potential molecular markers for wasabi diversity studies. The analysis of genetic distance between Eutrema plants and other Brassicacea plants showed that intraspecies variation was found to be low, while large differences were found between genera and species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 29 cp genomes revealed the existence of a close relationship amongst the Eutrema species. Overall, this study provides baseline information for cp genome-based molecular breeding and genetic transformation studies of Eutrema plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few reports on the reproductive biology of celery, which produces small flowers in a long flowering period. Anther development was analyzed by paraffin sectioning and related genes were examined by transcriptome sequencing and qPCR. The development process was divided into nine stages based on the significant changes in the cell and tissue morphologies. These stages included: archesporial stage, sporogenous cell stage, microspore mother cell stage, dyad and tetrad stage, mononuclear microspore stage, late uninucleate microspore stage, binuclear cell stage, mature pollen stage, and dehiscence stage. A total of 1074 differentially expressed genes were identified by transcriptome sequencing in the early flower bud, middle flower bud, and early flowering period. Functional annotation indicated that these genes were involved in physiological and biochemical processes such as ribosomes metabolism, sugar metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Transcription factors such as C2H2, AP2/ERF, bZIP, WRKY, and MYB played key regulatory roles in anther development and had different regulatory capabilities at various stages. The expression patterns based on qPCR and transcriptome data of the selected transcription factor genes showed consistency, suggesting that these genes played an important role in different flower development stages. These results provide a theoretical basis for molecular breeding of new celery varieties with pollen abortion. Furthermore, they have enriched research on the reproductive biology of celery and the Apiaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]