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• Divide 192 months into 4 groups by PCA and CA based on 4 meteorological factors. • Any individual meteorological factor is far from adequate to determine C fluxes. • Effective accumulated temperature plays a vital role in regulating C fluxes. • Precipitation is the limiting factor in the transitional phase of growing period. • Short-term seasonal drought has significant negative impacts on C fluxes. Influences of meteorological factors on the carbon fluxes of a forest ecosystem can vary with time scales. While many studies were made on daily to annual variations of measured carbon flux of forest ecosystems, few were conducted on the variations of observed carbon fluxes over longer (decadal or more) time scale. This study quantified the influences of meteorological variables on the measured carbon fluxes in a Quercus variabilis plantation from 2006 to 2021 using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). PCA was used to identify the most important meteorological variables. They are monthly mean daily maximum global radiation (Rg), monthly effective accumulated temperature (Tac), monthly mean daily maximum vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and monthly precipitation (PP). CA was used to group 192 observed months into four groups based on those four meteorological variables and their effects on the observed carbon fluxes. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was then used to quantify the relative importance and direct or indirect effects of those four meteorological factors on carbon fluxes at the interannual timescale in each of the four groups. The results showed that air temperature had dominant influence on net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and ecosystem respiration (Re) with its relative importance measured by standardized coefficients (SC) of 0.59 and 0.97, respectively. PP directly impacted gross primary production (GPP) with an SC of 0.40 and indirectly influenced NEP and Re. The importance of a given meteorological factor on carbon fluxes and the dominant meteorological factors varied among the four groups. Tac mainly influenced Re with a SC of 0.79 in Group 1 (the nongrowing season). The direct effects of PP on NEP and GPP and indirect effects on Re were most prominent in Group 2 (the transition stage between the nongrowing season and the growing season). Tac and PP had greater influences than other two variables in Group 3 (the transitional stage of early growth and vigorous growth and the transitional stage of steady growth and dormant period). NEP increased with Tac, while excessive rainy weather accompanied by a decrease in temperature and radiation reduced Re and GPP in Group 4 (the wet season). The short-term seasonal droughts with warm air temperatures but little precipitation (mainly in June) led to significant reductions in both GPP and NEP of the Quercus variabilis plantation ecosystem in the warm-temperate continental monsoon climate zone. Our results can be used to guide managing forest plantations in temperate region in China to maximize their carbon sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Evaporative fraction increased by 16–49 % on cloudy days compared with clear days. • Clearness index controlled evaporative fraction through direct and indirect paths. • High NDVI reduced evaporative fraction response to cloudiness. Cloudiness influences gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration in terrestrial ecosystems by increasing diffuse radiation and improving the photosynthesis of shaded leaves. However, the effect of cloudiness on energy partitioning in terrestrial ecosystems is not well understood. Using latent heat (LE) and sensible heat (H) datasets observed by the eddy covariance systems and meteorological variables, the regulation of biophysical factors on energy partitioning under different sky conditions was investigated at 6 plantation ecosystems (2 deciduous broadleaf and 4 coniferous plantations) in eastern China from 2019 to 2021. The averages of evaporative fraction (EF) during the growing season were 0.34±0.06–0.50±0.04. The EF values increased by 16−49% on cloudy days, which was attributed to the lower decrease in LE compared to H. On the half-hourly scale, EF was mainly driven by air temperature (T a), relative extractable soil water (REW) and clearness index (CI) (i.e., a metric to quantify cloudiness). For plantation ecosystems, CI had an indirect effect on EF mainly through net radiation (R n). Moreover, the positive effect of cloudy sky conditions on EF was higher under low T a , vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and REW conditions. The increment of EF on cloudy days was weaker at high normalized difference vegetation index, which may be explained by higher T a and VPD limiting canopy transpiration during the mid-growing season. Cloudiness can also influence energy partitioning by regulating stomatal behavior in plantation ecosystems. These results contribute to understanding the drivers of energy partitioning in response to cloudiness in plantation ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]