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Informal caregivers of dependants with dementia commence their bereavement experience long before the physical death of their dependant, a process referred to as "anticipatory grief". This represents an ambiguous state that has been acknowledged as a measurable variable among informal caregivers. The use of assessment tools for the identification of anticipatory grief is important for timely intervention to promote well-being and positive bereavement experiences. The aim of this systematic review is to identify and examine existing tools for assessing anticipatory grief among caregivers of dependants with dementia.MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL and Web of Science were searched to July 2021. Studies focusing on the development/evaluation of instruments for measuring anticipatory grief in dementia caregivers were eligible. The quality of each measurement was graded as positive, fair, poor or no information based on defined criteria.100 studies were identified. 33 papers were selected for full-text assessment and 12 papers met the eligibility criteria. Seven assessment tools were identified for measurement of pre-death grief caregivers - the Anticipatory Grief Scale (AGS), Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory (MM-CGI), MM-CGI-short-form (MM-CGI-SF), MM-CGI-brief (MM-CGI-BF), Prolonged Grief Scale (PG-12), Caregiver Grief Scale (CGS) and Caregiver Grief Questionnaire (CGQ). Based on content/construct validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability the MM-CGI/MM-CGI-SF scored highest for quality followed by the CGS.Anticipatory grief in dementia has multiple facets that can be measured using self-scoring questionnaires. Our findings provide support for different measures of anticipatory grief. Further research is needed for the evaluation of the responsiveness and interpretability of these instruments.

Objectives: Whether and how patients should be told their dementia diagnosis, has been an area of much debate. While there is now recognition that early diagnosis is important for dementia care little research has looked at how dementia-related diagnostic information is actually verbally communicated. The limited previous research suggests that the absence of explicit terminology (e.g., use of the term Alzheimer's) is problematic. This paper interrogates this assumption through a conversation analysis of British naturalistic memory clinic interaction.\ud \ud Method: This paper is based on video-recordings of communication within a UK memory clinic. Appointments with 29 patients and accompanying persons were recorded, and the corpus was repeatedly listened to, in conjunction with the transcripts in order to identify the segments of talk where there was an action hearable as diagnostic delivery, that is where the clinician is evaluating the patient's condition.\ud \ud Results: Using a conversation analytic approach this analysis suggests that diagnostic communication, which is sensitive and responsive to the patient and their carers, is not predicated on the presence or absence of particular lexical choices. There is inherent complexity regarding dementia diagnosis, especially in the ‘early stages’, which is produced through and reflected in diagnostic talk in clinical encounters.\ud \ud Conclusion: In the context of continuity of dementia care, diagnostic information is communicated in a way that conforms to intersubjective norms of minimizing catastrophic reactions in medical communication, and is sensitive to problems associated with ‘insight’ in terms of delivery and receipt or non-receipt of diagnosis.

A tablet app, based on the Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate-II (PACSLAC-II), has been shown to have clinical utility and unique advantages. We aimed to replicate and extend the previous validation of the app through the implementation and evaluation of a new community platform involving a quality indicator (QI) monitoring feature and a resource community portal (CP) that work in conjunction with an updated version of the app.We employed a mixed-methods multiple-baseline design across 11 long-term care (LTC) units. Units were randomly assigned to conditions which varied in number of app features available. Data included unit-level QIs as well as questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with health professionals.Following use of the app, we found improvements in unit-level QIs regardless of availability of the QI/CP features. During interviews, participants expressed a preference for the app over a paper version of the PACSLAC-II due to reasons such as the app's ability to summarize information. Utilization of the community portal websites was unrelated to staff questionnaire-assessed stress/burnout.Despite the positive effects on the care of residents, the COVID-19 pandemic presented challenges and interfered with the long-term maintenance of the QI results.

Objectives: Mental health for older people has become a major social concern. Literature has shown that older people, especially when they become empty nesters—when a parent lives alone or lives with his/her spouse after the youngest child leaves home—may start to develop various mental health problems due to reduced contacts with their children. Methods: Using fixed-effects, multivariate regression with a difference-in-differences approach and propensity score matching, this paper examines the relationship between being an empty nester and mental health among older people in China, and the moderating effects of social contact and contact with one’s children in terms of mental health. Our data come from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study of 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2018. Results: We found that, in the short term, the mental health of older people may not be affected after they became empty nesters. But in the longer term, if they did not have regular contact with their children, their mental health would deteriorate with time. Social contact, especially cognitive activities, was beneficial to the mental health of the older empty nesters. We also found that for older empty nesters with disabilities, frequent social contact and contact with their children were more important. Conclusion: We urge the government to promote community-based social activities for older people, especially for those with functional limitations.

Objective: Lewy body dementia (LBD) is the second most common neurodegenerative dementia, and it causes earlier mortality and more morbidity than Alzheimer’s disease. Reviewing current evidence on its pharmacological management is essential for developing evidence-based clinical guidelines, and for improving the quality of its clinical care. Hence, we systematically reviewed all studies that investigated the efficacy of any medication for managing various symptoms of LBD. Method: We identified eligible studies by searching 15 databases comprehensively. We completed quality assessment, extracted relevant data, and performed GRADE assessment of available evidence. We conducted meta-analyses when appropriate (PROSPERO:CRD42020182166). Results: We screened 18,884 papers and included 135 studies. Our meta-analyses confirmed level-1 evidence for Donepezil’s efficacy of managing cognitive symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) (SMD=0.63; p

Resilience-building interventions have not yet targeted older adults, despite the importance of well-being for maintaining independence and health. The 'My Generation' programme aims to build resilience through greater access to social networks, well-being activities, and psycho-educational support; this paper examines service evaluation data from its pilot implementation to identify factors leading to positive outcomes.The 'My Generation' programme comprises eight weekly 2-hour group sessions; each session includes both psychoeducation and a well-being activity. Participants were invited to complete questionnaires at the start and end of the course, and 12 weeks later. These included measures of well-being, loneliness, social connections and self-efficacy.Baseline assessments were completed by 239 older people (average age 71, range 50-97), attending 38 courses in four centres. Most were female (80%), 40% were widowed, 25% divorced/separated and 64% lived alone. Demographics did not differ between those completing post-intervention assessments (The 'My Generation' package appeared effective in improving well-being, self-efficacy, social connections and aspects of loneliness in at-risk older people. More research is needed to identify the intervention's key components and possible between-centre differences in outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: This paper sought to examine the role of region and race/ethnicity in alcohol consumption among older adults. METHODS: Data were obtained from the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Participants aged 60 and older were included (n=185, 190). Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) were conducted to examine the effects of region and race/ethnicity on alcohol consumption among older adults. RESULTS: Results indicate that region and race/ethnicity are significantly related to the alcohol consumption of older adults. More specifically, results suggest that White older adults consume significantly more alcohol than other racial/ethnic groups among older adults. Regarding regional effects, results suggest that older adults in the West consume significantly more alcohol than older adults in the Midwest and South. Additionally, results suggest regional variation in alcohol consumption patterns by race/ethnicity. CONCLUSION: Results provide additional insight into how and where alcohol is being used among older adults in the United States. Further, results highlight the importance of taking race/ethnicity and geography into consideration when investigating the health behaviors of older adults.

Objectives: With rates of diagnosed dementia increasing, and the state becoming increasingly reliant on informal carers, caregiver burden can lead to increased stress, depression and health difficulties for caregivers and care-recipients. This systematic review aimed to examine the published evidence, for interventions designed to reduce levels of carer burden, in those caring for a person with dementia. Methods: Three databases were searched (Medline, PsycINFO and CINAHL) for studies reporting on randomised controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions for dementia-related caregiver burden (limiting to publications since 1999 to build upon a previous review by Acton & Kang [2001]). Data quality checks were completed for included papers and meta-analysis was performed to estimate the efficacy of individual interventions and different categories of non-pharmacological intervention. Results: Thirty studies were included in the analysis. Seven studies found a significant reduction in carer burden and a pooled effect found that intervening was more effective than treatment as usual (SMD = -0.18, CI = -0.30, -0.05). This result was small, but significant (p = 0.005). Multi-component interventions are more effective than other categories. High heterogeneity means that results should be interpreted with caution. Conclusions: Interventions that significantly reduced levels of burden should be replicated on a larger scale. The relative effectiveness of interventions targeting cognitive appraisals and coping styles suggests that future interventions might be informed by models theorising the role of these processes in carer burden.

Objectives: People with dementia are more likely to fall and less likely to recover well after a fall than cognitively intact older people. Little is known about how best to deliver services to this patient group. This paper explores the importance of compensating for cognitive impairment when working with people with dementia. Methods: Qualitative methods - interviews, focus groups and observation - were used to explore the views and experiences of people with dementia, family carers and professionals providing services to people with dementia following an injurious fall. A thematic, iterative analysis was undertaken in which emerging themes were identified from each individual dataset, prior to an integrative analysis. Results: A key theme across all datasets was the need to deliver services in ways that compensate for cognitive impairment, such as negotiating meaningful activities that can be embedded into the routines of people with dementia. Professionals varied in their ability to adapt their practice to meet the needs of people with dementia. Negative attitudes towards dementia, a lack of knowledge and understanding of dementia limited the ability of some professionals to work in person-centred ways. Conclusion: Improving outcomes for people with dementia following a fall requires the principles of person-centred care to be enacted by professionals with a generic role, as well as specialist staff. This requires additional training and support by specialist staff to address the wide variability in current practice.

OBJECTIVES: Late-onset stress symptomatology (LOSS) is a phenomenon observed in older combat veterans who experience increased combat-related thoughts, feelings, and reminiscences corresponding with the changes and challenges of aging. Previously, we developed and validated the LOSS Scale as a tool to assess LOSS. This paper describes the development and validation of a LOSS Scale short form (LOSS-SF) for use in various settings to screen veterans who may be actively re-examining their past wartime experiences. METHOD: Three studies examined the reliability (Study 1) and the concurrent (Study 2), convergent/divergent (Study 3) validity of the LOSS-SF in separate samples of male combat veterans age 55 and older (total N = 346). Veterans were administered measures via telephone and mail survey. Correlation and regression analyses examined the reliability and validity of the LOSS-SF. RESULTS: Across the three studies, the LOSS-SF exhibited strong internal consistency (alpha = .93), test-retest reliability (2 week interval on average; r = .88), and good concurrent validity with the LOSS Scale (r = .81). Convergent and divergent validity were supported by the pattern of correlations between the LOSS-SF and other construct measures. CONCLUSION: The LOSS-SF is a reliable and valid measure to quickly assess thoughts, feelings, and reminiscences about past combat experiences in older veterans and identify those veterans who may benefit from psychological interventions to effectively resolve related issues.

Objectives: This paper examines factors associated with happiness and to estimate happy life expectancy for older people in South Africa. Methods: The study uses data from the first wave of the Study on Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) survey, which is a nationally representative population-based survey with a sample of 3,840 individuals aged 50 years and above. The Sullivan method and multivariate linear regression analysis were used in the analysis. Results: The prevalence of happiness was the same for men (55.5%) and women (55.4%) at the youngest of the age groups (50–59). However, this prevalence was higher in men than women across older ages. Women demonstrated longer life expectancy and happy life expectancy, but also unhappy life expectancy, compared to men, across all the ages. However, men had greater proportions of happy life expectancies compared to women. In multivariate analysis, wealth status, health, activity limitation, race and age were significantly associated with happiness among men and women. Conclusions: Gender disparities in happiness are demonstrated in this study. It is important to understand the factors that promote happiness in older people as this may point to areas that need intervention for improving overall quality of life

We undertook a cluster-randomised controlled trial exploring the effect of a therapeutic companion robot (PARO) compared to a look-alike plush toy and usual care on dementia symptoms of long-term care residents. Complementing the reported quantitative outcomes , this paper provides critical reflection and commentary on individual participant responses to PARO, observed through video recordings , with a view to informing clinical practice and research. A descriptive, qualitative design with five participants selected from the PARO intervention arm of the trial. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12614000508673). The five participants and their responses to PARO are presented in terms of three issues: i.) Different pre-intervention clinical presentations and different responses; ii.) Same individual, different response - the need for continual assessment and review; and iii.) The ethics of giving and retrieving PARO. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed in relation to each issue. The findings suggest that one approach does not fit all, and that there is considerable variation in responses to PARO. A number of recommendations are discussed to aid the delivery of psychosocial interventions with PARO in practice, as well as to guide future research.

OBJECTIVES. Current literature highlights several negative sequelae for caregivers of individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), but little is known regarding the effect that caring for an individual with MCI has on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The primary purpose of this paper was to identify the most important aspects of HRQOL related to caring for an individual with MCI. METHODS. Six focus groups were conducted with caregivers of individuals with MCI (n=32). Focus group discussions were transcribed verbatim, and a qualitative frequency analysis approach was used to analyze the data. RESULTS. Qualitative frequency analysis revealed that caregivers of individuals with MCI most frequently discussed their social health, including changes in their social roles and an increased need for social support (51.2% of the total discussion). This was followed by mental health concerns (37.9%) centering on anger, frustration, and a need for patience in the caregiving role, as well as caregiver-specific anxiety. Other discussion topics included physical health (10.0%), and the impact that stress and burden have on medical heath, and caregivers’ cognitive health (0.9%) including memory problems in relation to caregiver strain, sleep disruption, and cognitive fatigue. CONCLUSIONS. Findings illustrate the multiple domains of HRQOL that are affected in individuals providing care for someone with MCI. Moreover, findings highlight the need for extending support services to MCI caregivers, a group that is generally overlooked and are typically not offered support services due to the “less severe” nature of an MCI diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Literature agrees that post-diagnostic services for people living with young onset dementia (YOD) need to be age-appropriate, but there is insufficient evidence of 'what works' to inform service design and delivery.\ud \ud OBJECTIVE: To provide an evidence base of age-appropriate services and to review the perceived effectiveness of current interventions.\ud \ud METHODS: We undertook a systematic review including all types of research relating to interventions for YOD. We searched PubMed, CINHAL Plus, SCOPUS, EBSCO Host EJS, Social Care Online and Google Scholar, hand-searched journals and carried out lateral searches (July-October 2016). Included papers were synthesised qualitatively. Primary studies were critically appraised. RESULTS: Twenty articles (peer-reviewed [n = 10], descriptive accounts [n = 10]) discussing 195 participants (persons diagnosed with YOD [n = 94], caregivers [n = 91] and other [n = 10]) were identified for inclusion. Services enabled people with YOD to remain living at home for longer. However, service continuity was compromised by short-term project-based commissioning and ad-hoc service delivery. \ud \ud CONCLUSION: The evidence on the experience of living with YOD is not matched by research and the innovation needed to mitigate the impact of YOD. The inclusion of people with YOD and their caregivers in service design is critical when planning support in order to delay institutional care.

Objective: Globally, depression is one of the most prevalent and burdensome conditions in older adults. However, there are few population-based studies of depression in older adults in developing countries. In this paper, we examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and explore possible contributory risk factors in older adults living in Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two semi-urban communities in Kathmandu, Nepal. Depression was assessed using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale in 303 participants, aged 60 years and over. Multivariate logistic regression was then used to assess associations between potential risk factors and depression. Results: More than half of the participants (n = 175, 60.6%) had significant depressive symptomatology, with 27.7% having scores suggesting mild depression. Illiteracy (aOR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.08–3.75), physical immobility (aOR = 5.62, 95% CI: 1.76–17.99), the presence of physical health problems (aOR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.03–3.77), not having any time spent with family members (aOR = 3.55, 95% CI: 1.29–9.76) and not being considered in family decision-making (aOR = 4.02, 95% CI: 2.01–8.04) were significantly associated with depression in older adults. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression was significant in older adults. There are clear associations of depression with demographic, social support and physical well-being factors in this population. Strategies that increase awareness in the community along with the health and social care interventions are needed to address the likely drivers of depression in older adults.

© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Objectives: This paper reports two related analyses of verbal material from seven Living Well with Dementia groups: the first examines changes in the verbal behaviours of participants across the course of the sessions in all seven groups; while the second contrasts therapist behaviour in two groups. Methods: In the first analysis, recordings of three sessions from each group were transcribed and participant descriptions of dementia were analysed using the Markers of Assimilation of Problematic Experiences of Dementia (MAPED) rating procedure. In the second analysis, therapist behaviour in weeks 2 and 8 from two groups (F and G) was analysed using the Hill Counsellor Verbal response rating scale. Inter-rater reliabilities for the two sets of ratings were ‘good’ and ‘very good’, respectively. Results: For the MAPED ratings, a five by four contingency table was analysed using chi-squared, which indicated a highly significant change in assimilation. There were significant higher levels of level 1 and 2 markers in the first two sessions and level 4 for sessions 5 and 6. Facilitators used significantly more direct guidance and information giving behaviour in the second session at Location F compared to Location G. Conclusions: The results suggest that important changes occurred in the way that dementia was described across the seven LivDem groups: this includes both reductions in the avoidance of direct references to dementia after the first two sessions, as well as an increase in ‘insight’ statements. Directive facilitator behaviour may be associated with poorer outcomes.

Objectives: Subjective memory complaints (SMC) are common in older people and previous research has shown an association with mood problems, such as depression and anxiety. SMC form part of the criteria for many definitions of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but there is controversy over whether they should be included as they may be related more strongly to mood than to objective cognitive impairment. This study aims to clarify the relationship between mood and SMC in people with MCI. Method: This paper reports an analysis of data from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing study. Structured interviews were conducted with community-dwelling older people to assess a range of aspects of cognitive functioning and mood. Data from two time points approximately 24 months apart were used in this analysis. At baseline, participants without dementia or severe cognitive impairment were categorised into three groups according to cognitive status. Mood was investigated by assessing symptoms of anxiety and depression which were defined using a diagnostic algorithm. Associations were tested using logistic regression and chi square analyses. Results: A clear association was shown between SMC and mood, both cross-sectionally and over time. The relationship between our two competing definitions of MCI suggested that mood problems were more strongly related to the presence of SMC than objective cognitive impairment. Conclusion: SMC may be a function of anxiety and depression rather than being related to objective cognitive function. This questions whether SMC should be included in definitions of MCI.

Identifying depression in older adults with cancer presents a set of unique challenges, as it combines the confounding influences of cancer and its treatment with the developmental changes associated with aging. This paper reviews the phenomenology of depression in older adults, and individuals diagnosed with cancer.PsychInfo, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched for English-language studies addressing the phenomenology, symptoms, or assessment of depression in older adults and those with cancer.The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria that appear to be relevant to both older adults and cancer patients are anhedonia, concentration difficulties, sleep disturbances, psychomotor retardation/agitation, and loss of energy. Possible alternative criteria that may be important considerations included constructs such as loss of purpose, loneliness, and irritability in older adults. Among cancer patients, tearfulness, social withdrawal, and not participating in treatment despite ability to do so were identified as potentially important symptoms.Current DSM criteria may not adequately assess depression in older cancer patients and alternative criteria may be important to inform the understanding and identification of depression in this population. Enhancing diagnostic accuracy of depression is important as both the over-diagnosis and under-diagnosis is accompanied with significant costs. Thus, continued research exploring the phenomenology and identifying effective indicators of depression in older cancer patients is needed.

This paper presents preliminary baseline data from a prospective study of nursing home adaptation that attempts to capture the complexity of residents' adaptive resources by examining psychological, social, and biological variables from a longitudinal conceptual framework. Our emphasis was on validating an index of allostasis.In a sample of 26 long-term care patients, we measured 6 hormone and protein biomarkers to capture the concept of allostasis as an index of physiological resilience, related to other baseline resources, including frailty, hope and optimism, social support, and mental health history, collected via interview with the resident and collaterals. We also examined the performance of self-report measures reflecting psychosocial and well-being constructs, given the prevalence of cognitive impairment in nursing homes.Our results supported both the psychometric stability of our self-report measures, and the preliminary validity of our index of allostasis. Each biomarker was associated with at least one other resilience resource, suggesting that our choice of biomarkers was appropriate. As a group, the biomarkers showed good correspondence with the majority of other resource variables, and our standardized summation score was also associated with physical, social, and psychological resilience resources, including those reflecting physical and mental health vulnerability as well as positive resources of social support, optimism, and hope.Although these results are based on a small sample, the effect sizes were large enough to confer some confidence in the value of pursuing further research relating biomarkers of allostasis to psychological and physical resources and well-being.

Loneliness and social isolation are two important health outcomes among older adults. Current assessment of these outcomes relies on self-report which is susceptible to bias. This paper reports on the relationship between loneliness and objective measures of isolation using a phone monitoring device.Phone monitors were installed in the homes of 26 independent elderly individuals from the ORCATECH Life Laboratory cohort (age 86 ± 4.5, 88% female) and used to monitor the daily phone usage for an average of 174 days. Loneliness was assessed using the 20-item University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness scale. A mixed effects negative binomial regression was used to model the relationship between loneliness and social isolation, as assessed using the total number of calls, controlling for cognitive function, pain, age, gender, and weekday. A secondary analysis examined the differential effect of loneliness on incoming and outgoing calls.The average UCLA Loneliness score was 35.3 ± 7.6, and the median daily number of calls was 4. Loneliness was negatively associated with telephone use (IRR = 0.99, p0.05). Daily phone use was also associated with gender (IRR = 2.03, p0.001) and cognitive status (IRR = 1.51, p0.001). The secondary analysis revealed that loneliness was significantly related to incoming (IRR = 0.98, p0.01) but not outgoing calls.These results demonstrate the close relationship between loneliness and social isolation, showing that phone behaviour is associated with emotional state and cognitive function. Because phone behaviour can be monitored unobtrusively, it may be possible to sense loneliness levels in older adults using objective assessments of key aspects of behaviour.

© 2014 Taylor and Francis. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to report a pilot study in which participants who had recently received a diagnosis of dementia were randomised to either a 10-week group intervention or a waiting-list control.Method: Memory clinic staff with limited previous experience of group therapy were trained to lead a 10-week group therapy intervention called Living Well with Dementia. Fifty-eight participants, all of whom had received a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, vascular or Lewy body dementia within the previous 18 months, were randomised to receive either the intervention or treatment as usual (waiting-list control). Data collection occurred at baseline, within two weeks after the intervention finished and at 10-week follow-up.Results: The study met its recruitment targets, with a relatively low attrition rate for the intervention arm. The acceptability of the intervention and research methods was examined qualitatively and will be reported on elsewhere. For the primary outcome, measure of quality of life in Alzheimer's disease (QoL-AD), and secondary outcome, self-esteem, there was some evidence of improvement in the intervention group compared to the control group. There was, also, evidence of a reduction in cognitive functioning in the treatment group compared to the control. Such reported differences should be treated with caution because they are obtained from a pilot and not a definitive study.Conclusion: This pilot study succeeded in collecting data to inform a future definitive cost effectiveness clinical trial of Living Well with Dementia group therapy.

While psychosocial interventions for late-life anxiety show positive outcomes, treatment effects are not as robust as in younger adults. To date, the reach of research has been limited to academic and primary care settings, with homogeneous samples. This review examines recently funded and ongoing late-life anxiety research that uses innovative approaches to reach unique patient populations and tailor treatment content and delivery options to meet the unique needs of older adults.A systematic search was conducted using electronic databases of funded clinical trials to identify ongoing psychosocial intervention studies targeting older adults with anxiety. The principal investigators (PIs) of the studies were contacted for study details and preliminary data, if available. In some cases, the PIs of identified studies acted as referral sources in identifying additional studies.Eleven studies met inclusion criteria and represented three areas of innovation: new patient groups, novel treatment procedures, and new treatment-delivery options. Studies and their associated theoretical bases are discussed, along with preliminary results reported in published papers or conference presentations.Psychosocial intervention trials currently in progress represent promising new strategies to facilitate engagement and improve outcomes among unique subsets of older adults with anxiety. Continued investigation of evidence-based treatments for geriatric anxiety will allow greater understanding of how best to tailor the interventions to fit the needs of older adults.

Rural and urban differences in the effects of care-giving are not well documented. This paper reports data on 122 carers for people with stroke or dementia living in rural and urban settings in Wales.Carers completed a postal questionnaire, including the SF-12v2 Health Survey. Definitions of rural and urban were based on the Urban/Rural Indicator from the Office of National Statistics (ONS) All Fields Postcode Directory 2004.Carers' mean Mental Component Summary (MCS) score (adjusted for age and sex) was one standard deviation below the population mean (-12.03). Male carers living in urban areas reported better mental health than male carers in rural areas (p0.05) and female carers in both settings (p0.05). A full model and a parsimonious model were developed, using MCS scores as outcome variables. In the full model sitting service provision in rural and urban locations was linked to better carer mental health, while support from friends and family was linked to better mental health for urban carers only.Our findings indicate the existence of both gender and location differences in carer experiences.