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This systematic literature review sought to identify social norms influencing the perpetration of, and response to, sexual violence and physical intimate partner violence in Somalia. A systematic search of four online databases (Embase, Cinahl Plus, Scopus, and PsychINFO) was undertaken to identify peer-reviewed articles relevant to this study. The search was then expanded to identify other relevant documents published out with academic journals, such as technical or government reports. A total of 19 peer-reviewed journal articles, books, or book chapters were identified, in addition to other relevant papers and reports. A variety of norms were identified, which could be categorized as norms contributing to violence, norms limiting prevention or support, and norms preventing violence or diminishing its consequences. The literature review underlined the importance of considering the intersectionality of social norms and individual, institutional, material, and other social influences on behaviour when seeking to design interventions to address sexual violence and physical intimate partner violence in Somalia. • There is a lack of literature at the interface of social norms and violence against women and girls research in Somalia. • Social norms can either sustain perpetration or confer protection from violence in Somalia. • Social norms in Somalia may be cross-cutting, effecting multiple subtypes of violence against women and girls. • Social norms in Somalia may vary in strength and intersect with other influences on behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aim The purpose of this systematic review is to identify the antecedent factors in different types of workplace violence (WPV) against nurses and understand its impact in order to promote safe working conditions in health care. Background Currently, the evidence examining antecedent factors associated with workplace violence in nursing is restricted to cross-sectional studies and a somewhat heterogeneous subject matter, thus confining the inferences that are possible. In healthcare, workplace violence towards nurses is a growing and serious public health issue and occupational hazard. Methods Primary papers on workplace violence in nursing were identified through a literature search in four health databases (Ovid Medline, Embase, PsychoINFO and CINAHL), using a systematic review protocol tailored to each database. After the finalization of all search strategies, another health librarian searched on November 29th, 2016, as well as an updated search on August 29th, 2017.The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP), and the Cochrane Collaboration 'Risk of bias' assessment tools were used to assess study quality. Results The study identified a total of 3309 articles before the removal of duplicate records. The mean CASP score was 8.14(±1.29) out of a total score of 10. Antecedent factors of workplace were grouped into two categories of WPV: Type II (patient/client) and Type III (worker-on-worker)." Discussion The antecedent factors identified the studies need to be developed and implemented into intervention studies. Furthermore such studies need to be rigorously evaluated through a meta-analytic approach to develop robust solutions and offer recommendations to nurses and workplaces. Implications for nursing & health policy The identified antecedent factors build on the existing evidence related to workplace violence. This systematic review supports the need for intervention-based organizational and state level policies that are evidence-based to mitigate or prevent workplace violence among nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyberbullying is a worldwide phenomenon and most of our knowledge comes from studies with adolescent and younger populations. Adult populations have received scarce attention. The present study is a systematic review of empirical academic papers on cyberbullying in the adult population. An online databases search (CINHAL, PsycInfo, ERIC, Medline, Pubmed, and Web of Science) identified 3986 references that, in successive steps, were reduced to 90 studies published between 2004 and 2016 that met the inclusion criteria. Each study was analyzed regarding topic, methods, ages, and other general characteristics. In addition, the measures used to assess cyberbullying, the impact of cyberbullying, and the different roles of those involved in the studies with adult population were explored. Results showed that there is a need for studies conducted in locations other than university settings and that the variety of measures, as well as the different criteria utilized to identify the cyberbullied, cyberbullies, and bystanders makes it difficult to compare findings. There is a need for longitudinal studies and for evidence-based practices to deal with these violent and aggressive behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context The effectiveness of seclusion and restraint (SR) reduction programs has not been well established. Objective To examine the effectiveness of SR reduction programs in mental health settings. Data sources A systematic review of English and French articles, using CINALH, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Additional studies were added by searching the references of identified papers. Study selection All evaluative studies on SR reduction programs in mental health were included based on predefined criteria ( n = 23 articles). Data extraction Data extraction of articles was performed using predefined data fields. The three authors conducted quality assessments independently. Data synthesis In the 23 articles analyzed, six key components were predominant in SR reduction programs: 1) leadership, 2) training, 3) post-seclusion and/or restraint review, 4) patient involvement, 5) prevention tools, and 6) the therapeutic environment. Conclusion Despite wide variability in SR indicators and methodological rigor, it remains that the outcomes argue in favor of SR reduction program implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of the literature on violence and aggressive behavior by and towards older adults in the context of serious mental illness. Literature was identified via comprehensive searches of PsycInfo, MedLine, AgeLine, CINAHL, PubMed, Biomedical Reference Collection, Sociological Abstracts, and Google Scholar. Key findings of the review are as follows: (1) older adults with serious mental illness are at risk for violent and aggressive behavior; (2) there is limited research on aggressive behavior in older adults with serious mental illness who do not have comorbid dementia; and (3) older adults are at increasing risk of experiencing aggressive behaviors from their mentally ill adult children for whom they provide care. Limitations of the available literature reviewed include possible underreporting of violent and aggressive behavior, a lack of consensus regarding the age at which one is considered to be an older adult, and varying subjective experiences across participants regarding what constitutes violent and aggressive behavior. The literature reviewed suggests that preventing and managing aggression and violence by or towards older adults should emphasize a collaborative approach that integrates the social, interpersonal, situational, and cultural contexts both in future research and clinical practice. • Older adults with SMI are at risk for violent and aggressive behavior. • Limited work exists on violence in older adults with SMI without comorbid dementia. • Older adults are at increasing risk of aggression from mentally ill adult children. • A collaborative approach is needed to prevent and manage violence and aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophrenia is a disabling neurological disorder. Patients with this disease are at higher risk to violence. This paper reviewed the recent literatures with respect to the heterogeneous nature of the abnormalities and pathophysiological and biological risk markers that link to violent behavior in patients with schizophrenia with a particular interest in lipid metabolism. We have focused on altered lipid profile including polyunsaturated fatty acids, which may have attributed to the development of aggressive behavior in patients with schizophrenia. We addressed questions on how aberrant lipid metabolism affects brain structure and function, and how lipids modulate neurotransmission activity during progression of this devastating disease. Many clinical studies have demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acids may reduce transition rate to psychosis and serve as additive to reduce the violence. We postulate that the beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on violence may act through modulating neuronal membrane lipid structure and neurotransmission. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms how these pathways modulate aggression may facilitate development of strategies to prevent, ameliorate or reduce the manifestation of violence. • Aberrant brain lipids affect brain structure and function in violent schizophrenia. • Omega-3 supplementation restores partially brain structure and neurotransmission. • Possible mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of omega-3 supplementation • Timing of intervention may affect the degree of improvement in mental symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]