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A survey of Odonata in streams on Mount Edough, Algeria, and in Kroumiria, Tunisia, indicated strong faunistic similarities between these two areas, characterized by the presence of lotic dragonfly species with protracted larval development such as Aeshna cyanea, Boyeria irene and Onychogomphus uncatus. Climatic oscillations and marine transgressions have isolated these mountains and their North African populations in the past geological times, which have led to distinct adaptations and stenotopy in various zoological and botanical groups. These mountain forests are also a refuge for aestivating Odonata with postponed reproductive maturation like Lestes numidicus, a species new for Tunisia, Lestes barbarus, Sympecma fusca, Aeshna mixta, Sympetrum meridionale and S. striolatum. In the light of increasing human encroachment, urgent conservation efforts are needed to ensure the perpetuity of these unique habitats in North Africa and their biota.