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Cropping systems in the future will need to increase grain yield while reducing greenhouse gas emission per unit of production. Based on the investigation data of the farmers production, applying carbon cost model, we conducted the carbon cost of rice on state-operated farm (13 production teams) in Northeast China Plain. The results were as follows: the carbon cost of rice on Shuanghe Farm was 221.62±26.32 gCO2e kg-1, in which irrigation accounted for 40.68%, chemical fertilizer accounted for 24.55%, mechanical operation accounted for 24.35%, seed accounted for 9.21%, and pesticides accounted for 1.20%, respectively. The carbon cost of rice in different production teams were significantly different (Pth production teams was the highest (249.56±26.68 gCO2e kg-1) while 10th team was the lowest (190.87±17.09 gCO2e kg-1). The differences of the carbon cost of rice among production teams almost was resulted from irrigation, and it had the potentiality of emission reduction in the production teams with higher carbon cost.

The different refining processes of lime mud, including water washing, drying and adding auxiliaries from chemical recovery of black liquor from reed pulp mill were studied in the article. The convenient and effective technologies of refining lime mud for CaCO3used as papermaking fillers with less water consumption were optimized and discussed. The experimental results showed that the brightness of the CaCO3refined is 84~86%(ISO), and water consumption is about 30~50 ton for one ton’s lime mud by the washing processes, and the brightness of the CaCO3refined is 88~89%(ISO) by the drying processes, and the lowest water consumption is about 3~6 tons for one ton’s lime mud by the adding auxiliaries peocess. With the optimum process, the carbonizing temperature is about 50°C, and the brightness of CaCO3refined is 91.5%(ISO). Total water consumption in the processes is only about 5~10 tons for one ton lime mud.

Deposition temperature is a key factor influencing the growth morphology of thin-films, aiming at this phenomenon, a precise control system of deposition temperature in ultra-high vacuum is developed in the paper. It can realize accurate temperature control in a range of 150K to 450K during experiment by combination of resistance heating up and liquid helium cooling down strategies, which is benefit to further understand the temperature-depended mechanism of organic molecule thin-film growth. Besides, it is experimentally studied that the growth morphology of p-6p molecules on a mica substrate is closely related to the substrate deposition temperature, indicating that the length of p-6p nano-fibers is proportional to the deposition temperature, while their distribution density is inversely proportional to the temperature.

A general three stages process to treat the integrated waste water in a laboratory scale, including anaerobic, aerobic and intensive coagulating treatment, was discussed in this paper. After being filtrated and coagulation simply, the effluent was treated with two steps of biological process combined with one step of intensive coagulation process. The result shows that the chemical impurities, including COD, BOD, colored substances and turbidity were removed efficiently,and after anaerobic biological treatment, effluent become easy to be biologically treated, and after aerobic aeration treatment, the BOD of the effluent from the clarifier was lower than 25 mg/l，and the BOD total removal ratio was as high as 90%. The result shows also that when poly aluminum silicate chloride (PASC) combing with APAM was effective to remove the colored substances more than 95%. Being treated for the three stages, the water quality of the treated effluent was higher than that discharge requirements by National Effluent Discharge Standards in China.

A novel faint signal processing method based on phase-lock amplification principle is developed to enhance the sensitivity of pump/probe-based laser generated and laser detected surface acoustic waves (LG/LD SAW) spectroscopy system. This novel method involves a “dead zone” filter located before a common phase-lock amplification unit, which wipes off most of the noise stacked on SAW signal. This paper explored the working principle of this novel signal processing method based on the knowledge of the characteristics of the system noise and the signal. The experiment result shows that the detection system’s sensitivity has been dramatically improved by this new signal processing method.

Carbon nanotube (CNT) probe used in atomic force microscopy (AFM) was fabricated by using electron beam induced Pt deposition method. The bonding force for CNT probe was found to be larger than 500nN. The nanotube probe’s length was shortened by focused ion beam milling process. It is confirmed that the CNT probe shows higher aspect ratio than the Si probe. The nanotube probes with fullerene-like cap end present higher imaging resolution than those with open end.

We study some microstructures fabricated by designed 355nm ultraviolet nanosecond pulse laser micromachining system, which consists of LASER, mechanical and optical structure, 3D work platform, and control system. Nanosecond pulse LASER, with 40ns pulse duration, is chosen as the light source. Mechanical and optical structure is designed for laser beam focusing. Computer software resolves the graphics. And control system based on DSP and FPGA is designed to drive the 3D work platform. Raster sensor is used to measure the real distance that the platform moves. Using this system, some experiments are analyzed and some parameters are optimized. Some microstructures are also fabricated on single crystal silicon wafer and organic glass. The lines of fabricated graphics are 20-40um wide and smooth, with less effect of heat.