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the chromosomal counting was carried out with 51 of annual Taiwan alder (Alnus formosana) by the wall degradation and hypotonic flame-drying method, and 6 aneuploid plants has been selected from these seedings. The viable aneuploid chromosome numbers included 2n=52 (No.4),2n=42 (No.19),2n=54(No.21),2n=50(No.24),2n=56,112 (No.25),2n=52(No.33). Subsequently, the ISSR was taken to analyze the genome of these aneuploid plants,and 5 primers were obtained from 57 which could separate 6 aneuploid plants. And the ratio of polymorphism was more than 78.2%.

Protein fouling has been reported to be one of the main obstacles for the membrane processes applied in water treatment, pharmaceutical industry, and biotechnology, etc. The extent and nature of membrane fouling are by the interfacial interactions between membranes and protein, however, have not been fully understood. In recent years, a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method has been developed to quantify and analyze membrane fouling in various conditions and good results have been achieved. The scope of the current paper was to review literature on membrane–protein interactions using FTIR in the membrane systems. It will be conducive to further application of the membrane systems in the future.

Walnut shell was used as adsorbent to remove Cu2+ metal ions from the simulated aqueous solution. The influence of factors, namely: particle size, initial pH, oscillation intensity, adsorbent dosage and adsorption time were investigated through single factor experiments.The results show that, the adsorption capacity reached the peak for Cu2+ in 25°C when the initial pH was 5, particle size was 1.25~1.6mm, adsorbent dosage was2.5g, oscillation speed reached 200r/min, and the adsorption time was 360min, all above leads the removal rate of Cu2+reached 75.7%, and the adsorption capacity of Cu2+ 0.702 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order model was fitted to describe the adsorption of Cu2+ , it was shown that adsorption rate for the metal ions in proportion to the square of the concentration.The equilibrium concentration of adsorption fitted well with Langmuir isotherm equation, the process of adsorption was single molecular layer adsorption.

The membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems have been actively employed for municipal and industrial wastewater treatments. However, membrane fouling is one of the main obstacles that restrict MBR to wide application while soluble microbial products (SMP) are known as major foulants. The paper reviewed the effect of temperature on SMP in MBR systems. At the end, the future trends in the effect of temperature in the coming years were addressed. It will be conducive to further application of MBR in the future.

The basic composition and working principle of the turret punch press were analyzed, the recent distance method and genetic algorithm optimize method of holes machining path of NC turret punch press was put forward, the corresponding mathematical model and optimization algorithm was respectively given, these two kinds of optimization methods aiming at different types of holes are compared with the examples, put forward a kind of the integrated holes machining path optimization.

Xinbei Oilfield in Jilin is a tectonic lithology reservoir with high porosity, high permeability, thin oil layers and severe heterogeneity, which has entered a period of high water-cut development. Aiming at actual demand of field development, making use of indoor apparatus monitoring and theoretical analysis method, the author evaluated the viscosity, interfacial tension, absorption characteristics, rheological property, viscoelasticity and displacement efficiency of 5 different binary composite systems composed of surfactants and polymer to optimize the binary flooding system. The results show that Daqing Lianhua/Polymer system can achieve ultra-low interfacial tension with crude oil with small absorption, well stability and little effect on viscoelasticity of polymer solution. The system has higher displacement efficiency and stronger mobility control ability, which is recommend as flooding system for oilfield.

Treatment of deinking wastewater with neutralization, activated carbon, and hydrogen peroxide oxidation is investigated. Discusses the various factors of the neutralization experiment and catalytic experiment on the influence of the experimental results. The results show that for the 20mL deinking wastewater, first neutralize it to pH=4 with dilute sulfuric acid, then the mass fraction of 0.8mLH2O2 (mass fraction of 30%) and 0.8g active carbon powder in oxidative 19min under conditions of pH=3 with an optimum addition of 0.8mg H2O2 (30%) as well as 0.8g active carbon powder, the CODcr can be reduced from 31000mg/L to 2300 mg/L, and the color unit can be reduced from 15000 to 0 after treatment ,its CODcr and color unit decrease significantly and the removal rates reach 90% and 100% respectively.

Composition and structural characteristics of floaters were detected and forming reasons were analysed through modern reservoir engineering theory, equipment analysis and physical simulation.Experiments on flowing characteristics, fluid diversion effect and driving effect were carried out. The results show that floaters are formed by huge amounts of tiny bubble absorbing crude oil and suspended solids in floating progress which make their density lower than water. Disposed floaters have better adaptability and can block off high-permeability. Furthermore, profile control effect turns better as particle concentration and permeability ratio increases. However,floater particles have selectivity to permeability ratio. When permeability ratio is not less than 8, profile control agent may damage low-permeability layers and cause succeeding water passing through high-permeability layers. Therefore, only when floaters adapt well to permeability ratio can we get better profile control effect.

Focused on heavy pollution monitoring while ignoring ecological environmental destruction, existing environmental monitoring program also had disadvantages of unreasonable monitoring frequency setting. In order to be more scientific and reasonable, optimization design of environmental monitoring program was carried out in this paper under the principles of key monitoring by stages and modification of monitoring frequency according to the characteristics of construction process.

This paper reviews the characteristics of smart materials, such as Piezoelectrics (PZT), shape memory alloys (SMA) and mganetostrictive materials (Terfenol-D). Since the properties of these smart materials vary greatly in terms of free strain and actuation stress, there is a need to identify the optimum smart materials for a particular application. From the review and comparison of different types of pumps (based on PZT, SMA and Terfenol-D), we recognize that these pumps have their unique advantages in specific application fields.

Si3N4 based nanocomposites were prepared with nano-sized amorphous SiO2 and Si3N4 powders by pressureless sintering method. The microstructures, phase composition, mechanical and dielectric properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. The scanning electrical microscope (SEM) photographs reveal that the grains are big and elongated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the main crystalline phase in the composites is Si2N2O formed during the sintering process. More β-Si3N4 phases were retained in the nanocomposites with the increase amount of the amorphous Si3N4 powders and no phase of SiO2 were observed. The densities and the strength of the nanocomposites decreased with the increase of amorphous SiO2 content. Despite low density, the flexural strengths of the composites reaches 220MPa and the ceramic has excellent dielectric properties with dielectric constant as low as 3.2-4.7 and dielectric loss in the range 2.6-3.9×10-3.

Al2O3 and Al2O3-40wt.%TiO2 ceramic coatings on H13 hot-worked die steel have been prepared by plasma spraying, and then the microstructure, micro-hardness as well as wear resistance of the prepared coatings have been investigated by means of x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Vickers hardness tester and ball-on-disk high temperature tribometer. The results showed that the plasma sprayed ceramic coatings are of higher hardness and wear resistance than H13 hot-worked die steel.

A new preparation method was developed to produce Si3N4-SiO2-Si2N2O composites for broad band radome applications. The three-dimensional cross-linked polyphenylsiloxane (PPS) was used as an organic precursor. The composites obtained through react bonding between Si and the precursor powders in the stream of N2were examined. The conversion of the PPS polymer to the ceramic was examined by TG analysis and conventional X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. It was found that the ceramics contained a primary Si2N2O phase, some β-Si3N4phase and a minor α-SiO2phase. Despite low density (1.7-2.0g•cm-3), the flexural strengths of the composites reaches 195Mpa at room temperature. The ceramic has excellent dielectric properties with dielectric constants as low as 3.2-5.5.

Wetland is the important part in urban ecosystem. Microorganisms is integral component of urban wetland ecosystem is the main factor of wetlands sewage treatment, and plays an irreplaceable role in the degradation. In this paper, the authors regard urban wetland of Harbin in north shore of Songhua river as the research object, through experiments to identify the microorganisms types, finding five microorganisms types being nitrify fungi. The article analyzes the contributions of microorganisms in nitrogen cycle of urban wetland. It is present that microorganisms plays an irreplaceable role in controlling pollutions and nitrification and anti-nitrification reactions play the most significant role in the degradation of nitrogen compounds and ammonium oxidation is a possible process in deducing nitrogen pollutions.

This paper maily studied the characteristics of silt flocculation of Yellow River. Chemistry and phiscal test methods were used to analyze the effects of silt concentration on settling velocity. The flocculation efficiency of PAM and PAC were compared in this work. Effects of silt concentration on needed PAM dosages and the optimal dosage of PAM at different silt concentration were discussed. Compound flocculants were also being studied. Research in this work has important practical value in the high turbidity water treatment technology for Yellow River and other rivers.

North shore of Songhua river is the major development zone in carrying out the program of enlarging urban areas along river regions in Harbin. In this paper, the authors regard urban wetland of Harbin in north shore of Songhua river as the research object, B-P artificial neural network is applied to build the assessment model of the eco-environmental quality. The authors take 6 factors for samples to be evaluated, the well –trained network is used to assess eco-environmental quality, The overall evaluation result being indicates that overall ecological environment mass of wetland in north shore of Songhua river is with difficulty qualified (0.6116), and by investigation and analysis, it turns out that the assessing results accord well with the actual situation, and provides the theory basis for the urban wetland healthy development. At the same time, applying artificial neural network model to wetland ecological environment quality evaluation, specifically for different ecosystem increasing network secret node or lays numbers come rise neural networks learning ability and train effect.

The manganese oxides (MnO2) with nanostructures was fabricated with non-aqueous alcohol and aqueous solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) at room temperature. The test results show that the nano-MnO2 well coated on the surface of carbon nanotube (CNT), while the specific capacitance of the composites with MnO2 deposited on singlewall carbon nanotube (SWNT) was better than coated on multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT). The specific capacitance of MnO2 coated on SWNT film can reach 769F/g at scan rate of 5mv/s in the first cycle.

Recently the observations on the type Ia supernova has showed the accelerated expansion of the universe which can be used to illustrate by the “dark energy”. In order to understand the accelerated expansion of the universe and the dark energy, people study them based on two aspects: theoretical mechanism and cosmology observation restrictions. The simplest and the most frequently used models of the dark energy are the vacuum energy, cosmic constant model and quintessence model etc. The measurement of the universe can be used to identify the properties of the dark energy. The anisotropy of the type Ia supernova and cosmic microwave background radiation are the methods which commonly used to detect the dark energy, other methods are weak lensing, X ray gas group, high red shift gamma-ray burst and so on

Loss characterization in magnetostrictors is one of the key issues for realizing reliable magnetomechanical transducers. Concerning with the hysteresis minor loop within a relatively linear area of magnetostrictive curve, there are three types of losses, elastic loss, magnetic loss and piezomagnetic coupling loss, similar to the loss mechanism of a piezoelectric (elastic, dielectric and piezoelectric losses) that our group has established recent years. By measuring accurately the mechanical quality factors QA for the resonance and QB for the anti-resonance in the admittance/impedance curve, we can derive these three physical losses. By introducing these losses factors we can characterize magnetostrictive losses using complex parameters.

There are three types of losses for magnetostrictors, elastic loss, magnetic loss and piezomagnetic coupling loss, similar to the loss mechanism of a piezoelectric (elastic, dielectric and piezoelectric losses) that our group has established recent years. By introducing these losses factors we can characterize magnetostrictive losses using complex parameters. Here we derived the relationship of mechanical quality factors and losses factor based on admittance spectra expression we have established previously. By measuring accurately the mechanical quality factors QA for the resonance and QB for the anti-resonance in the admittance/impedance curve, we can derive these three physical losses to characterize magnetostrictive hysteresis loss.

The aim of this paper is to address the accelerated fatigue life under rolling contact condition of coatings. The NiCr-Cr3C2ceramic-metal and Ni-Al alloy were deposited on steel substrate as topcoating and undercoating using supersonic plasma spraying technique, respectively. Accelerated fatigue life tests were conducted using a ball-on-disc tester. The life of coatings was evaluated by Weibull distribution plots and the accelerated fatigue life model was established. The results showed that the coupling relationship between the load and failure life of coatings could be obtained using this model. Accelerated life test for fatigue of coatings could improve the experimental efficiency.

In Virtual instrument (VI) established for computer based automated test and control, the process with only single thread has limits when developed for acquiring high speed data, analyzing and displaying them the meaning while. Any interference from another task may block the whole running process and cause data missing. In order to increase the throughput, responding time and multi-task processing efficiency of VI, multi-thread programming with the platform LabWindows/CVI is introduced in this paper. Contents include the two strategies to establish multi-thread program, Thread pool and Asynchronous Timer, and how to protect data with multi-thread programming. Finally, a case study showed a multi-thread VI based on Asynchronous Timer method, with the comparison of performance between single thread and multi-thread program.

A simulation based on Brownian dynamic for perikinetic flocculation of fine sediment under the ionization is presented. The Langevin equation is used as dynamical equation for tracking each particle making up a floc. Monte Carlo method was used for simulate random variation in particle movement. An initial condition and periodic boundary condition which conformed to reality well is used for calculation. In each cell 1000 particles of 10 m, 15m, 20m, 25m, 30m in diameter were served as primary particles. Floc growth is based on the thermal force and the electrostatic force. The electrostatic force on a particle in the simulation cell is considered as a sum of the electrostatic force from other particles in the original cell. The particles are supposed to be motion with uncharged and charged state in dispersion system. A comparison of the initial flocculent time and smashing time in sludge density 1010kg/m3, 1025 kg/m3, 1050 kg/m3, 1075 kg/m3, 1100 kg/m3 were present to show the effect of it on floc growth. The increase of sludge density deferred the flocculation rate. To study morphological shape of floc, the radius of gyration was revealed under different situations. On one hand the radius of gyration presented random variation with uncharged particle, On the other hand, the radius of gyration increases gradually with the increase of polar electrical charges on primal particle. Moreover, the morphological shape for the charged floc was more open than that of unchanged state. Finally, a series of experimental results are present, which is coincide with model well.

The microstructure and properties of austempered ductile iron with carbides was studied to increase the abrasive resistance of ADI. It was proven that the austempering temperature influences greatly the microstructure, impact toughness, hardness and abrasion resistance of CADI. With increase of austempering temperature, the acicular ferrite becomes thicker and bigger, the impact toughness rises, and the hardness decreases. But there is a complicated effect of austempering temperature on wet abrasion resistance. In addition, the CADI grinding balls were cast and the field testing was performed. The CADI ball is one third of abrasion loss of low chromium cast iron, zero rate of breakage and no loosing round.

The influence of residual magnesium on compact graphite rate and characteristic of thermal analysis curve was studied by fading of magnesium treated molten iron. The results indicate that with fading time, the residual magnesium decreases and the rate of compact graphite increases. The content of magnesium can remarkably change the characteristics of thermal analysis curve, such as the lowest eutectic temperature (TEU) and the recalescence degree △Tr.

The bonded structures in vehicles are usually in different enclosure conditions. A finite element (FE) model, based on fluid-solid coupling method, has been established for analyzing the temperature distribution of adhesive single-lapped joint when curing in a closed enclosure. The heat transferring process of the adhesive joint in an exposed environment has also been executed for comparison purpose. The FE temperature results of both joints are validated by experiments. It has been found that the joint temperature in a closed enclosure rises much more slowly compared with the joint in an exposed environment within the curing process. Due to the thickness variation along the adhesive joint, it can be observed on both joints the lap area always obtains the lowest temperature while the joint ends obtain the highest ones.

In this paper, we adopted a novel method, namely, magnetron sputtering + low temperature ion sulfurizing composite technology to prepare synthetic MoS2/FeS multilayer film. The obtained film has a quite smooth surface with plenty of spherical particles. The friction tests were carried out on a ball-on-disc tester under dry condition. During the whole test, the friction coefficient of the MoS2/FeS multilayer film was always lower than that of the original 1045 steel and FeS film. In addition, the wear scar depth of the MoS2/FeS multilayer film was also low. It is undoubtedly that the synthetic MoS2/FeS multilayer film possesses excellent friction-reducing and wear-resisting behaviors.

In this article, solid lubrication FeS film was prepared on the surface of AISI 1045 steel by means of low temperature ion sulfurizing process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to observe the surface and cross-section morphologies of the sulfurized layer. The element distribution of the sulfurized layer surface was analyzed by X-ray energy spectrometer. The crystalline phases were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). X-ray stress determinator was utilized to measure the residual stress in the sulfurized layer. The nano-hardness and elastic modulus of the sulfurized layer were surveyed by a nano-indentation tester. The results showed that the surface of the FeS film was composed of many minute spherical particles with homogeneous grain size and distribution. The texture of the film was very loose with lots of micro-pores, and the crystallinity was well. There was compressive stress in the FeS film, and the stress value measured is -150 MPa. The average value of nano-hardness and elastic modulus were 4.02 GPa and 157.36 GPa respectively.

In this paper, the structure and tribological properties of synthetic MoS2 film prepared by a novel compound technology—combining magnetron sputtering with low temperature ion sulfurizing were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern for the MoS2 film implies that the film mainly consists of Mo and MoS2 phases. The hardness of the synthetic MoS2 film was 7.44 GPa which was higher than that of the FeS film. The sliding tribological behavior of the MoS2 film was studied by ball-on-disc tests. The results showed that the synthetic MoS2 film possessed excellent friction-reducing and wear-resisting properties. In addition, the tribological behaviors of the MoS2 film were superior to those of the FeS film and original 1045 steel.

The microstructures of three kinds of synthetical solid FeS, acting as a solid lubricant, which includes FeS bulk, FeS particle and FeS powder, were studied by transmission electron microscope (TEM) in this article. The TEM photographs showed that different shapes of FeS had quite dissimilar characteristics. The texture of FeS powder was the loosest among the three shapes, and it tended to forming flocculent aggregation; while FeS bulk and FeS particle were more dispersive. The electron diffraction results showed that the crystals of solid FeS were composed of many single crystals and multi-crystals, with two kinds of crystalline structure- hexagonal structure and face-centered cubic structure.

The chemical composition of essential oil (1.18% yield) from celery seeds by hydrodistillation extraction method was analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 23 constituents were detected, in which 18 compounds that account for 91.38% were identified. The main constituents were limonene (31.15%), β-selinene (22.28%) , p-cresyl isovalerate (14.94%), α-2-propenylbenzenemethanol (9.872% ), β-myrcene (4.32%) and α-selinene (4.32%). The abilities of scavenging DPPH radical of the essential oil and hydrodistillation residue were studied. The result indicated that the maximum scavenging rates was 98.1% when 0.20 mL of the oil was used. The extracts of residue by methanol, ethanol and acetone also has remarkable scavenging activity. The result showed that the scavenging rates of the methanol, ethanol and acetone extracts of the residue were 91.5%, 91.2% and 56.2% respectively, when 0.10 mL of the extract solutions was used.

The essential oil (1.83% yield, w/w) of Amomum tsao-ko was obtained by hydrodistillation method in Clevenger apparatus. 38 constituents were detected in essential oil of Amomum tsao-ko by GC-MS analysis. 32 compounds representing 98.393% were identified, of which 1,8-cineole (40.891%), α-phellandrene (9.769%), 4-propyl-benzaldehyde (6.988%), and (E)-citral (4.949%) were major compounds. In particular, 1,8-cineole (48.03%) was quantified accurately by GC-FID using external standard method. As a reference to penicillin sodium, antibacterial activity of the essential oil and 1,8-cineole were evaluated against the bacteria and fungi using agar disc diffusion respectively. The order of antimicrobial activitiy of the essential oil against the bacteria was as follows: Bacillus subtilis.> Staphylicoccus albus.> Escherichia coli. The order of antimicrobial activity of the essential oil against the fungi was: Aspergillus oryzae> Rhizopus sp.> Penicillium sp.The 1,8-cineole showed weak inhibiting effect to the bacteria and ineffective against the fungi.

The essential oil was obtained from the white Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown in Heilongjiang by hydrodistillation in a clevenger apparatus with 0.28% yield. Then the chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 25 constituents were detected, 24 compounds representing for 98.99% were identified, of which the most abundant compound was β-linalool (64.421%). The antibacterial activities of oil were tested against 3 different general of bacteria and were compared with that of the Penicillin sodium, using the filter paper disc agar diffusion method. The result showed that the oil has powerful inhibitory effects against Staphylicoccus albus, followed by Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli.

The essential oil (yield 1.46%, w/w) of Monarda citriodora flowers obtained by hydrodistillation was analysed by GC-MS, Totally 30 constituents were detected. 26 compounds representing 97.23% were identified, of which thymol (44.599%), 1,8-cineole (23.613%), α-phellandrene (4.815%) and β-cymene (4.019%) were major compounds. Thus, the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were the predominant portions of the oil. Antibacterial ability of Monarda citriodora essential oil was tested by disc agar diffusion against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylicoccus albus. Antibacterial properties were compared to penicillin. Higher antibacterial activity was observed.

With the disadvantages of complex structure, complicated operation and power control, the application of existing high-building escape device are restricted. A novel high-building escape device is designed based on TRIZ theory, which has the advantages of simple structure, easy operation and without electric or other energy. With the transformation of closed-loop mechanism, the gravity of escape person generate the resistance preventing the rapid drop of escape person. The closed-loop mechanism consists of driving shaft, feedback shaft, drving gear, feedback gear and rope. One end of the rope is winded around the driving shaft, and another end is tied with escape person. With the reduction of layers number of rope, the pressure angle between feedback shaft and rope increase, which cause the raise of resistance and the decrease of landing velocity of escape person. Simulation and experiment show that the designed escape device is effective and safety.

By combining magnetostrictive actuator with flow valve directly, the flow was precisely controlled due to magnetic materials’ properties of fast response (less than 1μs)and large magnetostrictive strain (up to 1500ppm). The structure was designed based on this theory, and the flow - displacement model of valve was established by analyzing the size of the valve opening in different incentive current. The flow field was analyzed through multi-physics analysis software COMSOL. Simulation results showed that, the continuous adjustment and precision control were realized in a certain range of flow in the valve. Therefore, it could not only adjust the flow in micro amount directly, but also can be a pilot valve for high frequency precision large flow valve.

Optimization method was applied to obtain optimal television packaging cushion for reducing drop impact response on television. At first, by establishing the parametric finite element model of television with packaging, the drop simulation was performed, and the equivalent stress distribution, acceleration response curve and other related parameters were obtained. Simulation shows that maximum acceleration is overload. Then, structural optimization of television with packaging was performed. The equivalent stress distribution and acceleration curves of optimal packaging and without optimal packaging for the independent components were studied. The results show that maximum acceleration is reduced and the cushioning performance is enhanced.

WC-Ni-Cr composite cladding is fabricated on the Q235 steel by infiltration brazed in a vacuum furnace. Microstructure of interface and welding specimen's longitudinal section of alloy coating are investigated by CMM-88E metallographic microscope and FEI Quanta200 scanning electron microscope. Element diffusion and distribution along the longitudinal section are tested by the Energy Disperse Spectroscopy (EDS), produced by Oxford Corporation; Influencing factors of the coating's brazed interface are analyzed. The results show that when nickel base coating powders are used for infiltration brazed, the BNi-2 solder is appropriate and the appropriate temperature should be in 1120~1140 °C. The welding interface of vacuum brazing compact very well and the existence of element diffusing forms the metallurgy welding contact surface.

Piezoelectric (PZT) material is widely used to drive micro-positioning platform, but the energy density of PZT is low, which restricts the application of PZT micro-positioning platform. In order to overcome its disadvantages, A kind of new micro-positioning platform actuated by giant magnetostrictive material (GMM) was presented in the paper. Based on integrated optimization method, structure designing, magnetic circuit designing and temperature control designing were carried out. The dynamic performance of GMM micro-positioning platform was simulated, and simulation result shows the designing is feasible. The prototype was manufactured, and the measurement system was set up. The experiments on the platform were carried out, and experiment results show that the platform has good output performance with positioning accuracy of ±0.03μm and load capacity of 50kg, and can meets the requirements of large-power system.

A direct aspect of influencing giant magnetostrictive actuator's output performance is the driving magnetic field characteristics. Therefore, research on the influencing factors on the axial magnetic field distribution characteristics of giant magnetostrictive actuator is of great significance in the design. This paper analyzes the importance of the axial magnetic field distribution characteristics, analyzes the driving magnetic field using finite element method based on a designed giant magnetostrictive actuator, studies the affections of coil height, coil shape , magnetic block material, shell material , skeleton material, bottom cover material and output shaft material on the axial magnetic field distribution characteristics and reaches some conclusions about the influencing factors on the axial magnetic field distribution characteristics of giant magnetostrictive actuator. According to this paper, it provides the guidance for the optimization design of the driving magnetic field of the giant magnetostrictive actuator.

obtaining the law of stress and strain distribution of loaded adhesive joint has significant implication for joint design and its strength prediction. The dynamic FEM model of uniaxial tensile adhesive joint was established, in which strain fracture criteria is adopted. It can be observed from the FEM results that: lapped area of the joint bears shear stress primarily, the adherend areas located away from the lapped area bear steady tensile stress mainly and the adherend areas adjacent to lapped area endure tensile and shear stress simultaneously. Based on stress distribution characters, the joint was divided into three areas (lapped area, stress transfer area and uniform stress area) and an analytical model predicting the length of stress transfer areas was developed. DIC technology was applied to measure the whole field strain of the joint. It can be seen from the DIC results that the joints area division and the model of predicting the length of stress transfer length are feasible.

The influence of sulfur on the microstructure and properties of austenite grey iron with 14-16% Ni was studied. The results showed that the crystallizing temperature of primary austenite increases and the the eutectic temperature does not changes greatly with addition of sulfur. When the content of sulfur is lower than 0.046%, the undercooled graphite existed mainly, the hardness of austenite grey iron and the sensibility of cross section become higher. When the sulfur increases to 0.08%, the A type of flake graphite distributed mainly, and the hardness and the sensibility of cross section reaches the lowest. When the sulfur is over 0.11%, the dentritic primary austenite developed largely, the space interval of austenitic dentrite reduced, and a large amount of interdentritic graphite formed, and the hardness and the sensibility of cross section increased again. In additon, the surface roughness of machined casting is influenced by the morphology of flake graphite.