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The agriculture waste material can give benefit to many production industries. The studied crop is corn (Zea Mays)stalk. The objective of this work was to analysis the chemical composition; to study chemical pulping and papermaking properties of corn stalk and; to investigate the fiber morphology of properties of those crops. Firstly, the chemical composition of corn stalk were determined and compared with other non-woods. After that, chemical corn stalk was conducted in this analysis followed the physical and mechanical properties. The result showed that, corn stalk have cellulose (39.0%) and lignin content is the lowest (7.3%) content rather than other composition. In chemical pulping, reached high pulp yields had been produced and the strength properties: tear index, tensile index, burst and fold verified that they were of an acceptable quality for papermaking. This crop morphology was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM), which showed a condensed composition of fiber structure. This study can developed a friendly product and promote the green technology, suitable to be used as an alternative pulp in paper making industry.Keywords:Fiber, Corn stalk, Composition, Green technology, Pulp and paper making.

The aim of this study was to study the morphology and structural characteristic of NCC hydrolyzed from filter paper. The NCCs were extracted by acid hydrolysis at 50°C for 1 hour, using 55% conc. H2SO4 under vigorous mechanical stirring, centrifugation at 12000 rpm in distillate water and followed by homogenizing at 7000 rpm. The morphology and surface profiles of the NCC suspension was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The crystalline structure of the NCC was evaluated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. As a result, hydrolysed NCC was found to have a rod liked shape with diameter in the range of 100-300nm length and 10-50nm width, with the aspect ratio value of 10.3 nm. According to XRD investigations, the semi-crystalline cellulose was observed with the presence of an amorphous broad hump and crystalline peaks at 2θ of 15o and 22.7o, respectively. The crystalinity index of the raw filter paper was calculated as 86.7 % and increased to 94.4 % as it was extracted to NCC. Crystallite size of raw filter paper and NCC was calculated as 20.6 nm and 11.4 nm, respectively

Environmental awareness and depletion of the wood resources are among vital factors that motivate various researchers to explore the potential of agro-based crops as an alternative source of fiber material in paper industries such as writing, printing, wrapping, and packaging. Fibers from agro-based crops are available in abundance, low cost, and most importantly its biodegradability features, which sometimes referred as “ecofriendly” materials. This paper reports the biopulping of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora towards the properties of its fiber and paper forms. The individual fibers were characterized having good tensile properties at 0.3% of fungus treatment and favourable structural properties as characterized by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. It was also shown that the PALF paper achieved desirable tear index value and uniform morphological observations compared to the conventional chemical pulping method. This new approach of pulping PALF finds applications in paper and packaging products which requires biofriendly characteristic and cost effective.

Rabbit is a traditional textile material and has protein content about 93%. Rabbit hair wastes are abundantly present in textile processing due to its poor spinnability. In order to recycle the waste rabbit fiber effectively, the rabbit protein was researched. The papermaking method was performed for the first time and their properties of the hybrid paper were discussed in this study. Different contents of rabbit protein were successfully prepared and mixed with pulp fibers to remade papers. Finally, performances of these papers were characterized. The results showed that the surface of the rabbit protein paper was flat, white and writing fluently. The ink absorbance of novel paper increased. Moreover mechanical properties of the rabbit protein paper were stronger than the untreated paper. The folding endurance decreased firstly and then increased.

Both water repellency and water vapour barrier properties were endowed at paper surface by coating with beeswax-chitosan latex. It was found that the water vapour transmission rate of coated paper decreased as the drying temperature increased. However, water contact angle was not affected with it. Although the surface morphology deformed at high drying temperature, the roughness values maintained at micro-scale. Further analysis indicated that the water vapour barrier property of coated paper was influenced by the density of the coating layer.

The study aimed to describe the alkaline treatment advantage to remove ash component from natural rice straws. Most of the ash component in the rice straw is silica. High ash content is particularly harmful to cutting tools and to chemical to recovery systems in the pulp paper industry. In this study, the silica content has been removed simply through by immersion process in the 5% sodium hydroxide solution to obtain de-silicated rice straw. The study revealed the effectiveness of this alkaline process and the compatibility in commercial practice. The rice straw pulping is considered competitively to complement the global demand of raw material in paper production. Therefore, the treated rice straw plays an important role in providing raw material in the form of wood and rice straw blend feedstock for pulp and paper industry.

Based on the analysis of the concept of green technology innovation capability, this paper not only structures the evaluation index system of green technology innovation capability in pulp and paper enterprises, builds the evaluation model of green technology innovation capability for pulp and paper enterprises based on Support Vector Machines with Radial Basis Function kernel, but also achieves the optimization of kernel function parameters, penalty factors and insensitive parameters based on a heuristic algorithm for tuning hyper-parameters. This model is more suitable for pulp and paper enterprises to evaluate green technology innovation capability, compared with the evaluation method of BP neural network.

The wettability of the carbon composite electrode on paper substrate was studied using contact angle measurement. Y-Shield HSF54 carbon composite material were coated on paper substrates with a mask using squeegee coating technique. Contact angles of the ten polar probe liquids with the HSF54 electrodes were measured using a customed-built image acquisition system. With the contact angles obtained for each probe liquid placed on the electrodes, the surface tension of the electrodes was determined using Fox-Zisman theory. The result showed that the critical surface tension of HSF54 carbon composite electrodes was 37.2 mN/m which is considered to be moderately hydrophobic.

Relaxation function can well reflect the microscopic polarization mechanism of dielectric. In order to analyze the influence of moisture and temperature on relaxation function of oil-paper insulation, building a physical model of the oil-paper insulation system containing moisture and obtaining the expression of relaxation function. Setting up a testing device for the oil paper insulation dielectric spectroscopy in the laboratory, the parameter values of relaxation function expression were obtained according to test result by Fourier inverse transformation. The results show that the relaxation function containing three relaxation factors are more suited for the relaxation of oil-paper insulation containing moisture content and microscopic polarization mechanism, moisture and temperature have a significant effect on relaxation function.

In this paper, a kind of fibrous TiO2 has been prepared through hydrothermal synthesis and a paper fabricated from the fibrous TiO2 has been obtained. The composition, morphology, and size of the fibrous TiO2 were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively. And the morphology of the paper was characterized by polarizing microscope. The thickness, softness, and writing properties of the paper were detected by a vernier caliper and a pen. The results indicate that the diameter of the fibrous TiO2 is ~ 200 nm, the thickness of the fabricated paper is ~ 0.35 mm, and the paper can be tolerated writing by a UM-100 ball pen. The excellent properties of the prepared paper may change the applications of fibrous TiO2 in papermaking industry.

By applying sodium hydroxide/urea and a sample freeze drying method, we successfully synthesized green cellulose aerogel from paper waste for the first time. We adjusted the cellulose concentration from 1.5 percents to 4 percents in the initial hydrogel. They yielded densities changing from 0.03-0.1 g/cm3.The absorption capacities varied from 9 to 20 times of their own weight. To investigate the water absorption capacity in relationship with the initial chemical dosage, we changed the input amount of urea and sodium hydroxide, which is the first study ever. The thermal conductivity of the 2 percents sample ranged from 0.029-0.032 W/mK. Besides, the material has a high potential to be used in diaper industry as it is biodegradable which is better than most super absorbent polymers.

Fluorocarbons were added into the mixture of modified starch and sodium alginate to get uniform coating solution, and the solution was then coated on the surface of transparent paper. The color as well as grease barrier property of paper at different coating weight were studied. The results showed that color under different coating weights were not significantly different from base paper. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) diagram showed the surface of paper became smoother and more homogeneous as the coating weight increased. The grease barrier property of coated papers were significantly improved compared with base paper according to Tappi-559 kit test. A highest grease rating number of 12 was obtained when the coating weight became 3.3 g/m2. The dynamic changes in contact angle studies revealed that the contact angle of the base paper was continuously decreased from 29.41 °minutes to 23.46 °within 20, the contact angles of coated papers were significantly increased, and reaching a steady state within 2min with the maximum rate of contact angle change was of merely 0.06 ° / min.

The use of agricultural wastes and natural materials in new technologies is a novel subject. Consequently, an attempt has been made to formulate a synthetic fluid using an organic water, Water Extract from Fermented Ground Maize (WEFGM) and compare its performance with water-based sample in turning operation using a mild steel as workpiece. Two samples of synthetic fluids were formulated from each of deionized WEFGM, ordinary WEFGM and deionized water as base-fluids at two composition (5 and 10%vol) levels of selected additives. The results of experimental analysis of heat transfer properties of these synthetic fluids exist, hence the need to ascertain the actual performance output. Temperature-Time Gradient (TTG) which is a rate of temperature drop (heat withdrawn) from the work zone was used as evaluation parameters. The result showed that deionized WEFGM is the most efficient of the entire samples at both compositions with an average TTG of 3.61 and 2.16 °C/min at 10 and 5% additive concentration respectively. At lower additive concentration which is more economically advantageous, the performance rating is deionized WEFGM>>WEFGM>>deionized Water. This implies that WEFGM is more effective than water as a base fluid for synthetic fluid in performance as it has been previously so reported in properties. Meanwhile, T-test statistical analysis (using IBM SPSS 23) shows that there is highly significant difference in TTG at each time of application of individual fluid (p0.05) implying that the fluids can all work as coolants and relatively have comparable performance output.

Proper waste management in Malaysia is needed for the organic wastes such as pineapple leaf and cassava peel where affects the increase the amount of solid waste dump into landfill. Thus, to overcome this problem agro waste material can be constructed in many production industries to commercialize the use of alternative fibre for the paper industry. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of fibrous in pineapple leaf and cassava peel by production of alternative fibre based on chemical properties and surface morphology characteristic. This study conducted for the chemical composition by analysed by TAPPI Test method, Chlorination method and Kuchner-Hoffner method. Every chemical components analyse; Cellulose (Kuchner-Hoofner), Holocellulose (Chlorination method), Hemicellulose (Chlorination method), Hemicellulose, Ash content (T211-om-93), Lignin content (T222-om-98) and Sodium Hydroxide soluble (T203-om-88). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe and determine the morphological characteristic of both crops. The result indicates that pineapple leaf more suitable for becoming an alternative fibre than cassava peels. Pineapple leaves have a high Holocellulose content (85.7%), cassava peels 66%, followed by Cellulose pineapple leaf (66.2%), cassava peels (37.9%). However, hemicellulose content in pineapple leaf (19.5%) less than cassava peels (37.0%). Lignin content of pineapple leaf is lower (4.2%) compared to cassava peels (7.52%) in this study. From SEM images, cassava peel contained abundance fibre such as hemicellulose and cellulose that is held by the lignin in it and Pineapple leaves give a condensed composition of fibre structure. The chemical compositions and morphology study of pineapple leaf and cassava indicate pineapple leaf have a high percentage to be used as an alternative pulp in paper making industry, promoting the green technology. However, cassava peels make some of properties that can also be through for the paper industry.

When processing in the manufacture for production of paperboard boxes, there arises amount of waste paper as material, which is subsequently sent for recycling. The paper passes through the first crushing device, which ensures small pieces so that they can be transported by pipeline to a pressing apparatus. Paper material in the molding machine is forced into the pits of suitable size due to the additional handling and transport. So both pipe as well as the molding machine may be so congested with material during the failure that the equipment requires unexpected additional cleaning. The sensor detects the level of waste material in pressing device, thereby avoiding congestion in a timely manner and prevents subsequent failure. The sensor uses the resonant frequency of the oscillating rod. The microprocessor controls and evaluates the response of the rod oscillations. Sensor performance was exposed to qualification tests when it shows ability to operate also in extreme conditions such as dirty and dusty surrounding with high humidity and temperature level. Sensor detects the vibration attenuation at the poles of the rod that is caused by touching different materials. Thus may indicate changing concentration level of a material and not just pieces of paper but for example, also sand or other suitable materials or height of fluid surface.

Dry rot fungus (Serpula lacrymans) is wood-decaying fungus. It grows frequently in our territory and it causes big damages on structures. Remediation of damaged structures is very difficult, sometimes impossible, therefore it is necessary to study preventive protection against dry rot fungus. PVA nanofibred fabrics with synthetic and natural biocidal additives were used for this experiment. Filter papers soaked in dopes with biocidal substances were other materials used for this experiment. Pieces of nanofiber fabrics and pieces of filter papers soaked in dopes were placed to Petri dishes with broth. Small cuts of dry rot fungus were placed around them. This experiment was performed in conditions, which promote the growth of dry rot fungus. Growth of dry rot fungus was studied.

This paper describes the method of treating wheat straw pulp black liquor with microwave radiation. The granular activated carbon and CuO are used as a catalyst.Effects of effective factors such as the total amount, ratio, microwave power, time on treating process are studied. The reaction mechanism is also researched. The results indicate that the oxidative decomposition process of lignin or organic pollutants is combined action of activated carbon and CuO absorption-degradation with microwave induced oxidization. This approach is easy to operate, quickly to treat, completely to react and no new pollutants. So it is used to treat black liquor of containing organic pollutes which is hardly degraded.

In order to optimize the regeneration conditions of cation exchange resin, the paper based on the actual data of production, the cation exchange resin regeneration condition was optimized by the process of mathematical modeling, which achieved good results. Research showed that reducing regeneration acid feeding time could effectively reduce the consumption. It could reduce the production cost and make enterprises obtain more economic benefits. Calculated and measured were agreed showed that the study and calculation on regeneration of cation bed were accord with actual production, and had practical value for ion regeneration process. Through least square fitting showed that the 80min was the best acid feeding time, acid consumption of unit volume of water was the lowest.

This paper aims to study the effect of using Oxidized White Liquor (OWL) on pulp brightness in peroxide bleaching. The proper setting of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the bleaching temperature, and the bleaching time was also studied. The Central Composite Design (CCD) was proposed to generate necessary experimental runs. Regression analysis was used to determine the relationship equation. Optimization helped determine that to obtain the targeted brightness of 83%, the ratio between the volume of OWL and sodium hydroxide should be 50:50. This ratio should be used with a concentration of hydrogen peroxide at 6.9 g/kg, a bleaching temperature of 90 oC and a bleaching time of 75 minutes.

Nowadays, over 95 % of fly ash is used as construction products in the Czech Republic. However, around 80 % of fly ash is used for renovation of open-pit quarries and areas affected by human activity. Production of artificial aggregate is the way to use over 90 % of energy by-products in the building material industry. It is necessary to find appropriate combination of parameters of input materials and conditions of production to get optimal properties of aggregate. The paper gives an account of the influence of parameters of fly ash and conditions of firing on the quality of ceramic body made from fly ash. Temperatures of 1050 °C, 1150 °C and 1200 °C were examined. The research focused on the structure of the ceramic body as well as its physico-mechanical parameters.

Both qualitative and quantitative effect of TiO2 suspension presence in cigarette filter have been analyzed in order to reduce harmful substances in cigarette smoke, optimizing the capability of TiO2 suspension as nano filter in cigarette filters and reviewing the analysis in order to obtain results with the best variation. Samples in the form of filter paper that has passed of the smoke with some variation treatment as it become ready to be tested and analyzed. Parameter such as concentration and volume variation of TiO2 suspension, and also the inputting method of TiO2 suspension into cigarette filter. Samples were characterized using FT-IR spectrophotometer and samples data absorbance obtained in each catchment area. The results showed that by reducing absorbance value percentage of each catchment area, with inputting method of TiO2 suspension through the cigarette filter tip and base, it appears that the most stable and lowest reduction present in C3 and H3, which is sample with 1.85 mol/liter concentration and 0.3 ml suspension volume. Both sample reduced particulate matters significantly after confirmed with X-Ray Fluorescence and SEM-EDS results, and was compared to sample filter without TiO2. Inputting method of TiO2 suspension through a base of cigarette butt is better and safer than through end of cigarette filter.

The manufacturing of furniture using rattan is becoming common nowadays, and creates high amount of waste that can be value-added into binderless particleboards (BPB). In order to determine the suitability of the rattan waste for production of BPB, characterization of rattan waste is executed and reported in this paper. The physical properties such as density and moisture content of the rattan waste, together with its morphological study and thermal analysis as well as lignin content are evaluated. It is observed that density and moisture content for rattan waste are in the range of 0.64g/cm3, and 11.3% respectively. On the other hand, the morphology of rattan stem showed that rattan waste has various diameters of vascular bundles along with wide metaxylem vessels as well as thin-walled fibres. Thermal analysis of rattan waste explicated that rattan waste went through endothermic process with peak melting point of 177.80 °C during heating. The greatest weight loss occurred at 257.03 °C. Rattan waste has high lignin content of 21.2% that obtained through Klason lignin test. These promising preliminary results show that the rattan waste is appropriate to be used as raw materials in producing BPB.

Graphene is a remarkable material with high electron mobility, good mechanical strength and almost transparent. In this paper, we review the available methods which are chemical vapour deposition, Hummers and electrochemical exfoliation method for the production of graphene. Among the extensive studies in the application of graphene, supercapacitor has gained much attention nowadays. Therefore, we also briefly review the application of graphene as electrodes for the supercapacitor devices.

This study aimed to analyze the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Cellulase enzyme was obtained fromAspergillusnigergrown on filter paper and the hydrolysis process was carried out in solid state. The kinetic reviewed here was the relationship between glucose production and cellulose mass reduction to optimize the parameters of Monod equation at various moisture levels.

This paper based on the characteristic of large scale、more Individual project、Operation difficulty in water conservancy and Hydropower Engineering,make a improvement of the original LEC method in order to get the purpose of reduce the risk coefficient. The results show that:the results of the improved LEC method in this paper is more simple and more accurate than the original improved LEC method. Accurate estimation of hazard levels not only can be appropriate to reduce the budget of production units in the construction safety,but also means that the increase of enterprise benefit and social benefit.

This document demonstrates how to affect the brightness of liquid package recycled pulp by hydrogen peroxide bleaching and FAS beaching. The optimum H2O2 bleaching process conditions: 8% H2O2, 4% NaOH, bleaching temperature 80 °C, bleaching time 1.5h. The best FAS bleaching conditions was FAS dosage of 0.5%, NaOH dosage of 0.25%, bleaching temperature at 80 °C, time for 30min. And bleaching had no adverse effect on the performance of bleached pulp fiber.

In this research, the laccase mediator system (LMS) was used to modify the unbleached triploid populus tomentosa alkaline hydrogen peroxide pulp (APMP). The changes of pulp brightness were measured and the effects of LMS on the subsequent hydrogen peroxide bleaching were also determined. Besides, the fiber morphology was analyzed by ESEM, and then the obvious changes of pulp have been recovered. In a word, the LMS has obvious effect on cellulose.

This paper made the detailed discourse for the study on using cellulase, hemicellulase hydrolysis of poplar fiber raw material to make glucose. The raw material used in this experiment is poplar, cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes are used. Hemicellulase is a complex system, xylose is regarded as the main chain for a lot of hemicellulose. The experiment used dry poplar as raw material, through the ball mill, ground poplar into wood powder. In the experiment, the optimal condition of enzyme hydrolysis of wood powder has been discussed based on reaction temperature, reaction time, enzyme concentration, and the pH value of reaction. Finally, under the optimal condition, use enzyme to hydrolyse wood powder, measure reducing sugar content by the DNS method, and calculate the rate of hydrolysis.

The Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a frequently used flocculant for high concentration suspensions removal in water treatment characterized by the generation of large and dense flocs. In this paper, by using the anionic PAM as flocculant, a full-scale experimental study was carried out on flocculating ferric flocs sludge with pelleting flocculation blanket process under scale of 19~38 m3/h. The investigation aimed to optimum the dosage of the PAM and evaluate the application of the PAM in ferric flocs sludge treatment. The experimental results indicated that the increasing of PAM dosage could improve both outlet turbidity and thicken sludge concentration obviously, under the raw wastes concentration of 285~1022 mg/L, the system could achieve ideal operation effect with PAM dosage of 0.3~2.7 mg/L and treatment unit surface loading of 19~38 m3/m2·H. The investigation results also proved that there exists an approximately linear relationship between optimal PAM dosage and raw sludge concentration, that is, the increasing of raw sludge concentration would require synchronously rising of the optimal dosage. While the relationship between maximum surface loading and raw sludge concentration appeared negatively linear dependence, the maximum surface loading would decreased linearly with the increasing of inlet sludge concentration.

In this paper, the use of biosorbents prepared from fruit wastes for removal of anionic dyes in wastewater was investigated. A versatile, scalable and configurable envelop protocol was developed for biosorbents screening and process scale-up evaluations. The results obtained show that enveloped systems did not alter equilibrium and kinetics profiles from those of the standard free sorbent-sorbate systems under the experimental conditions studied. Inherent non-ideal sorbent-sorbate interactions were likely contributor to the observed discriminating features of the linear isotherm fits of the enveloped systems. The results also showed that sorbent weight:sorbate volume ratio (S/L ratio) could be used to characterise the sorbent-sorbate system.

This paper presents a study on the different fire retardant treatment technologies influence on the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo particleboard. The results showed: the properties of bamboo particleboard would change with changing of fire retardant treatment technology; among them the treated technology of fire retardant spraying after resin blending had larger changed; compared with non-fire retardant bamboo particleboard, the density and moisture content (MC) and 2h thickness swell (2h TS) of fire retardant bamboo particleboard had a little improved, and their internal bond (IB) and modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) had slightly reduced.

This paper presents a comparative evaluation of three lignocellulosic residues (coffee husks, spent coffee grounds and pequi husks) as precursor materials in the production of activated carbons (ACs). Results indicate that the precursor material has a significant effect in both physical and chemical aspects of the adsorbent, with the AC based on spent coffee grounds being the most effective for phenol removal, with maximum adsorption capacity comparable to commercial ACs.

Nowadays the traditional dyeing wastewater treatments based on flocculation-biochemical technology become more difficult than before. The study in this paper aim was it to probe how adding rare earths (REs) into iron-carbon micro-electrolysis process to advance dyeing wastewater degradation. Firstly, the principle was discussed. Then the experimental methods were stated and it followed by exploring effect of iron powder size on the dye decolorization rate. Next were design of the micro electrolysis orthogonal experiments and discussion of influences of related factors on waste water treatment. The experimental results show that besides common iron powder particle size and the processing time, the factors that have great influence on dyeing wastewater treatment are Ce4+, pH, La3+ and iron/carbon ratio. The sequence of factors influence on wastewater micro-electrolysis treatment is Ce4+ > pH > La3+ > iron/carbon ratio. When pH is 6, COD removal rate arrives at maximum 89%, however when the pH is in the case of too high or too low, the effect of sewage degradation is not good.

In recent years, research has shown the advisability of seeking new types of biofuel. It has been shown that apart from one-component fuel, it is also advisable to use mixtures composed of basic raw materials. These mixtures may have a favourable effect upon the overall recovery of such fuels. This paper focuses upon options for the energy use of various mixtures of biomass waste. Biomass waste originates from primary agricultural production and countryside maintenance. This mainly consists of plant residues, i.e. straw and hay. Pellets were made using the given biomass. The pellets were prepared by mixing plant residues with spruce shavings as well as from pure materials, i.e. wheat straw, hay and sawdust. Individual types of biomass were mixed in various ratios: 50% wheat straw + 50% hay, 50% wheat straw + 50% sawdust, 50% hay + 50% sawdust, 33% wheat straw + 33% hay + 33% sawdust. The following basic parameters of the prepared samples were monitored: humidity, calorific value and ash content. These parameters influence the environmental as well as economic aspects of options for using these plant residues as fuel. It was discovered during the tests that the highest calorific value was achieved using a sample of biomass prepared by mixing 50% straw and 50% hay. The highest humidity was found in a sample of sawdust and the highest ash content in a sample prepared by mixing 50% straw and 50% hay.

In recent years, with the excellent mechanical properties, good thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity and optical properties, Graphene is widely used in many fields such as chemistry, physics and material science .The preparation of graphene have had a very big progress.This paper reviews the chemical preparation methods of graphene and the application of Graphene / Chitosan composite.Then we point out the outlook of the application of the composite materials graphene with other biological macromolecules which are similar with chitosan.

As the low economic value, many available chemical and physical properties of coarse tail coal-slime used to be ignored. In this paper, coarse tail coal-slime is used as the filer medium for the treatment of circulating water in coal preparation plants. Because coarse tail coal-slime has great adsorption performance, appropriate particle size composition and mechanical strength, it is used as filter medium for pressure feeding filtering equipment in this study, to probe the feasibility of the treatment of circulating water. The results show that with using coarse tail coal-slime as filter medium in pressure feeding filtering tank, the concentration of circulating water can be reduced to below 5 g/L, it will meet the requirements; the particle size and thickness of coarse tail coal-slime have great influence on the capacity and concentration. This method does not need settlement reagents, and it makes full use of coal preparation plant waste.

In the paper there is compared wood char layer of various tree parts (branches, trunk, roots) from pine, fir, spruce, larch. The samples were thermally loaded by the radiating source. The course of thermal degradation was evaluated by the char laye. The obtained results showed the influence of tree parts and wood species on calculated fire technical parameters. The values of char layer of wood from branches were the lowest. The char layer of trunk wood was the highest in case of spruce.

Composites with the chopped segments of lower part of rice straw (LRSS) as main constituent, poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as adhesive constituent and waste paper (WP) as enhancing constituent were prepared by hot-pressing method. WP showed good enhancing role and certain toughening effect. WP made tensile strength increase by 86% and strength at tensile break by 69%; when composites were prepared at 40% PVA content, 140°C for 10 min. The tensile stretch and stretch at maximum tensile force of WP enhanced composite were respectively 16.5% and 14.3%, while those were respectively 12.3% and 11.9% without WP. The tensile strength of the composites increased with increasing PVA content. From 20% PVA content to 50% PVA content, tensile strength increased by 42.8%. When PVA content was 50%, the composite reached its maximum strength of 8.71 MPa. The hardness of composites lay between 91 and 97.

A novel kind of environmentally friendly composite materials containing upper part of rice straw segments (URSS), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and waste paper (WP) were prepared by hot-pressing at 140°C for 10 min. The tensile strength, tensile elongation and hardness of composites were measured. Results showed that the tensile strength and the strength at tensile break of the composites first increased and then decreased with increasing PVA content. Tensile strength was higher than the strength at tensile break at different PVA contents, indicating that URSS/PVA/WP composite materials had certain toughness. Otherwise, URSS/PVA/WP composite materials had higher tensile strength than URSS/PVA composites. The tensile strengths of them were respectively 9.25 MPa and 3.9 MPa when prepared at PVA content of 40%. The hardness of composites lay between 90 and 96. Negligible difference exists in every composite.

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) contributes more than 50% of oil palm biomass wastes in Malaysia. This provides tremendous opportunities for value-added product generation from recycling and utilizing its latent capacity. In this work, the performance of physically-pretreated OPEFB fibers without any chemical treatment for Pb2+ removal from aqueous system was evaluated. Three different size ranges (1-5 cm, 0.5-2 mm and 0.005-0.02 mm) of raw sorbent, pH (4-10) and contact time (2-150 min) for Pb2+ batch adsorption were tested. The kinetic data were evaluated by the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion model. The experimental data were well described by the pseudo-second-order model with r2=0.997. Adsorption efficiency was size-dependent with about 38% sorption increase at 0.005-0.02 mm, and reached 94% efficiency, achieved 47.49 mg/g capacity with 500 ppm Pb2+ at pH 7.5, in 60 min. The eco-friendly, low cost sorbent can be applied as green, effective adsorbent in waste water remediation.

The effect of heat on the quality of spray dried Tongkat Ali extract was investigated at three different air inlet temperatures (100°C, 180°C and 2200C). Response surface methodology employing the Box-Behnken Design was employed to hunt for the optimum operating conditions at these temperatures. Good retentions of eurycomanone, total polysaccharides and glycosaponins were exhibited during the spray drying process. However, protein was found to be susceptible to thermal degradation during the spray drying process. Use of high air inlet temperatures (i.e. 1800C and 2200C) in spray drying led to greater process yield, lower moisture contents, produced non-sticky particles, and resulted in good powder size distribution of Tongkat Ali extract compared to spray drying at 1000C.

Oil contamination has caused more public anxiety than other waste or spilt materials into the marine environment. Oil sorbents of high sorption capacity, biodegradable, readily available and low cost, are important for protection of water environment, especially from oil spillage. This work deals with raw and modified corn silk, an agricultural waste, as a low cost sorbent for oil-products spill cleanup in the aquatic environment. Corn silk was modified using fatty acid (oleic acid) to improve its sorption capacity. The chemical functional groups of raw and modified corn silk were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Kinetic tests were conducted with a series of contact times. The kinetic studies showed good correlation coefficients for a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The oleic acid treated corn silk (OTCS) showed high degree of hydrophobicity and oil sorption capacity of approximately 10.7 and 11.90 g oil/g sorbent for Tapis and Arabian crude oil, respectively. Corn silk is a cheap waste material that can be treated to have an acceptable sorption capacity which can be used as an alternative to the commercial synthetic sorbents such as polypropylene.

Wastewater originated from domestic or industry use need to be treated before discharge it to the environment. Particle size is one of the parameter that determine efficient operation of wastewater treatment plant. The present work conducts a comparative study of non-imaging and imaging based particle size analysis tools to analyze the limitations and advantages of using such equipment. The study utilizes particle size analyzer (PSA) as non-imaging tool and light microscope as imaging tool to determine particle sizes in various waste water samples. For this analysis domestic wastewater influent and effluent are analyzed with both techniques. In addition, palm oil mill effluent (POME) has also been analyzed after Fenton process to compare the particle size using these tools. PSA shows most of the particles in the influent and effluent are in the size range of 100 to 700 μm, while microscopy shows additional information of aggregates structure in POME sample showing promising possibility of identifying complex structure of aggregates present in the sample.

Denim is one important clothing product recently in the market. However, the original solid blue colour is not attractive to the consumers and hence many manufacturers are trying to remove part of the blue colour from the denim fabric surface. This fading effect could impart fade-look or worn out effect in the final products which made it becomes popular to the consumers. There are different methods to achieve the colour fading effect in which enzyme washing is one of the simplest methods to be used in the industry. Although the enzyme washing is a good method for colour fading of denim, the process involves the use of chemical as well as temperature which may introduce certain degree of damage in denim fabric. Thus, this paper will investigate the effect of enzyme washing on the tensile property of denim fabric under different treatment duration.

The dyeing effects of atmospheric pressure impregnation method on thick Birch and Elm veneer under bleached and unbleached treatment were discussed in this paper, as well as the color changes and influencing factors analyzed by CIE(1976)L*a*b*color system. The results showed that it was feasible to dye the thick Birch veneer using red acid GR under unbleached treatment and both the color saturation and gloss met the requirements while disperse dyes were not suitable for the thick veneer because of the general results, poor penetration, and low uptake rate. The dyeing effect on Elm was not satisfactory so that it was not recommended as dyeing wood while its better material quality made it better for furniture.

A new kind of gypsum retarder was prepared from waste penicillin mycelium (WPM), a harmful solid waste from pharmaceutical factory. The results indicated that the optimum treatment conditions were pH value 11, temperature 80 °C and treatment time 1.5 h. Compared with sodium citrate and sodium polyphosphate, WPM retarder can effectively prolong the setting time of gypsum with less influence on mechanical strength. The crystal morphology microstructure of gypsum containing retarder was studied with SEM and the reason why the mechanical strength loss of gypsum were also explained in this paper.

The construction industry is responsible for high energy and raw materials consumption. Thus, it is important to minimize the high energy consumption by taking advantage of renewable energy sources and reusing industrial waste, decreasing the extraction of natural materials. The mortars with incorporation of phase change materials (PCM) have the ability to regulate the temperature inside buildings, contributing to the thermal comfort and reduction of the use of heating and cooling equipment, using only the energy supplied by the sun. The simultaneous incorporation of PCM and fly ash (FA) can reduce the energetic consumption and the amount of materials landfilled. However, the addition of these materials in mortars modifies its characteristics. The main purpose of this study was the production and characterization in the fresh and hardened state of mortars with incorporation of different contents of PCM and FA. The binders studied were aerial lime, hydraulic lime, gypsum and cement. The proportion of PCM studied was 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% of the mass of the sand. The content of fly ash added to the mortars was 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% of the mass of the binder. It was possible to observe that the incorporation of PCM and fly ash in mortars caused differences in properties such as workability, microstructure, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength and adhesion.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the ability ofMicrobacterium liquefaciensstrain MNSH2-PHGII-2, isolated from a Mexican silver mine, for removing Ni and V from spent catalyst at 80% (w/v) pulp density in a glass-column system at laboratory conditions. Firstly, microbial culture was adapted to spent catalyst at 0.1% (w/v) in liquid culture then, it was assayed by its ability to remove Ni and V from a spent catalyst in a glass-column system. Spent catalyst was packed at 80% (w/v) pulp density and inoculated at 20% (3x108CFU/ml); air was supplied at 80 ml/min and then incubated at 30°C during 14 days. Parameters such as microbial growth, pH, Ni and V residual concentrations, in catalyst, were determined at days 7 and 14. The result showed thatMicrobacterium liquefaciensstrain MNSH2-PHGII-2 in the glass-column system was able to remove 1007.4 mg/kg of Ni while V was removed at an extent of 5360.5 mg/kg. Microbial removal for other metals in catalyst was non-significant, that indicated the specificity ofMicrobacterium liquefaciensto remove Ni and V.

Ashes from lignite combustion for power generation contain strategic metals, metalloids and rare earth elements and may thus be a potential source of industrially demanded metals. The presented project focuses on the assessment and exploitation of this potential raw material. Lignite ash assessment showed that largest ash amounts for potential exploitation are available in the Lusatia district, Saxony. Mechanical ash pre-treatment in principle provided enriched fractions by different methods but still suffered from low yields of enriched fractions. Thermal ash processing showed multiple significant phase changes compared to original ash. Subsequent chemical leaching using HClaq resulted in high metal extraction. Alternatively, bioleaching was applied using acidophilic Fe (II) and S-oxidizing or Fe (III)-reducing microorganisms (MO) as well as heterotrophic MO. The results indicated likewise high and partly specific metal mobilizations. Industrial ash exploitation was accomplished by direct reaction with acids resulting in Al-Fe-solutions which potentially can be applied in water treatment.

This study focuses on the biodesulfurization of lignite specifically the reduction of organic sulfur, namely aliphatic mercaptans/thiolsviabioprocess methods. The process was conducted by using multistage artificial biotreatment (A-Bmt) andPseudoclavibactersp.SKC/XLW-1 strains as biocatalysts. The aims are to improve the recovery of clean coal by reducing the organic sulfur both in nodules and globular forms on the maceral surface during the stage of coal biooxidation prior to column bioflotation stage, in which it is still possible to achieve higher recovery of fine coal grains without sulphide mineral. The results shows that the A-Bmt method carried out through biooxidation stage followed by column bioflotation stage has better performance compared to the method without biooxidation stage. The results of this study show that the content of organic sulfur are lower by 25%.