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Osmotic energy, often referred to as "blue energy", is the energy generated from the mixing of solutions with different salt concentrations, offering a vast, renewable, and environmentally friendly energy resource. The efficacy of osmotic power production considerably relies on the performance of the transmembrane process, which depends on ionic conductivity and the capability to differentiate between positive and negative ions. Recent advancements have led to the development of membrane materials featuring precisely tailored ion transport nanochannels, enabling high-efficiency osmotic energy harvesting. In this review, ion diffusion in confined nanochannels and the rational design and optimization of membrane architecture are explored. Furthermore, structural optimization of the membrane to mitigate transport resistance and the concentration polarization effect for enhancing osmotic energy harvesting is highlighted. Finally, an outlook on the challenges that lie ahead is provided, and the potential applications of osmotic energy conversion are outlined. This review offers a comprehensive viewpoint on the evolving prospects of osmotic energy conversion., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

T-cell immunotherapy offers outstanding advantages in the treatment of various diseases, and with the selection of appropriate targets, efficient disease treatment can be achieved. T-cell immunotherapy has made great progress, but clinical results show that only a small proportion of patients can benefit from T-cell immunotherapy. The extensive mechanistic work outlines a blueprint for using T cells as a new option for immunotherapy, but also presents new challenges, including the balance between different fractions of T cells, the inherent T-cell suppression patterns in the disease microenvironment, the acquired loss of targets, and the decline of T-cell viability. The diversity, flexibility, and intelligence of nanomedicines give them great potential for enhancing T-cell immunotherapy. Here, how T-cell immunotherapy strategies can be adapted with different nanomaterials to enhance therapeutic efficacy is discussed. For two different pathological states, immunosuppression and immune activation, recent advances in nanomedicines for T-cell immunotherapy in diseases such as cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis, and diabetes are summarized. With a focus on T-cell immunotherapy, this review highlights the outstanding advantages of nanomedicines in disease treatment, and helps advance one's understanding of the use of nanotechnology to enhance T-cell immunotherapy., (© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Li-rich Mn-based (LRM) cathode materials, characterized by their high specific capacity (>250 mAh g - ¹) and cost-effectiveness, represent promising candidates for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, their commercial application is hindered by rapid capacity degradation and voltage fading, which can be attributed to transition metal migration, lattice oxygen release, and the toxicity of Mn ions to the anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Recently, the application of LRM cathode in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) has garnered significant interest, as this approach eliminates the liquid electrolyte, thereby suppressing transition metal crosstalk and solid-liquid interfacial side reactions. This review first examines the historical development, crystal structure, and mechanisms underlying the high capacity of LRM cathode materials. It then introduces the current challenges facing LRM cathode and the associated degradation mechanisms and proposes solutions to these issues. Additionally, it summarizes recent research on LRM materials in ASSBs and suggests strategies for improvement. Finally, the review discusses future research directions for LRM cathode materials, including optimized material design, bulk doping, surface coating, developing novel solid electrolytes, and interface engineering. This review aims to provide further insights and new perspectives on applying LRM cathode materials in ASSBs., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Introducing biological structures into materials design is expected to develop strong and tough structural materials. However, multiple interfaces are introduced simultaneously. They are always the weakest part of load transfer, becoming a critical vulnerability and failure-prone area. Here, it is the first found that the chiton achieves superior mechanical properties just by incorporating a unique sinusoidal interlocking interface into cross-lamellar architecture. These special interlocking interfaces make the chiton shell achieve damage delocalization and increase the resistance to crack initiation and propagation. Meanwhile, this "pre-engineered" path significantly increases the travel path of the cracks and balances the strength and toughness under quasi-static and impact loading. Inspired by this, a novel chiton-inspired composite is proposed. Through coupling the cross-lamellar structures and sinusoidal interlocking interfaces, its strength and toughness are increased by 88% and 107% under quasi-static loading, as well as by 17.8% and 52.4% under impact loading, respectively. These unusual interfaces make up the weak point of cross-lamellar structures and provide insights into the longer evolution of structural materials., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Integrating bioelectronic devices with hard tissues, such as bones and teeth, is essential for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. However, stable and durable adhesion in dynamic, moist environments remains challenging. Traditional bioadhesives often fail to maintain strong bonds, especially when interfacing with metal electrodes and hard tissues. This study introduces a self-reinforcing ionogel bioadhesive interface (IGBI) combining silk fibroin and calcium ions, designed to provide robust and conductive integration of bioelectronic devices with hard tissues. The IGBI exhibits strong adhesion (up to 186 J m -2 ) and undergoes mechanical self-reinforcement through a structural transition in silk fibroin under physiological conditions. In vivo experiments demonstrate the IGBI's effectiveness in repairing bone defects and reimplanting teeth, with the added capability of wireless, real-time monitoring of bone healing. This approach allows for continuous tracking of tissue regeneration without a second invasive surgery for device removal. The IGBI represents a significant advancement in bioelectronic integration, offering a durable and versatile solution for challenging environments. Such unique self-reinforcing properties make the IGBI a promising material for biomedical applications where traditional adhesives are insufficient., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Suppression of charge recombination caused by unfavorable grain boundaries (GBs) in polycrystalline thin films is essential for improving the optoelectronic performance of semiconductor devices. For emerging antimony selenide (Sb 2 Se 3 ) materials, the unique quasi-1D structure intensifies the dependence of GB properties on the grain size and orientation, which also increases the impact of defects related to grain structure on device performance. However, these characteristics pose significant challenges in the preparation of thin films. In this study, a novel annealing approach using ammonia-thiourea is developed mixed solution as the liquid medium (LM) to finely regulate the crystallization of Sb 2 Se 3 films, resulting in micron-sized large grains with enhanced [hk1] orientation and fewer defects. Mechanistic studies indicate that the intermediate phase formed at the GBs promotes the growth of large grains. Moreover, LM creates a closed and uniform environment for thin-film annealing, suppressing the volatilization of Se and reducing the types of deep-level defects. Consequently, the film delivers a device efficiency of 9.28%, the highest efficiency achieved for Sb 2 Se 3 solar cells fabricated via thermal evaporation. Hence, this study provides a facile and effective annealing method for controlling the crystallization of low-dimensional materials and offers valuable guidance for the development of chalcogenide materials., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Solid sodium metal batteries (SSMBs) offer an alternative promising power source for electrochemical energy storage due to their high energy density and high safety. However, the inherent sodium dendrite growth and poor mechanical properties of electrolytes seriously limit their application. Herein, a network structure composed of polyethylene oxide-based composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) is designed with liquid metal nanoparticles (LM) for SSMBs, in which LM can move in the solid electrolyte with the electric field driven. This effect can facilitate the inactivated sodium return to the metal sodium anode, and alloy with dendrites at the same time, which is beneficial for inhibiting the growth of dendrites. The symmetric cell with the CPE containing LM achieves good cyclic stability of more than 1800 and 800 h at 0.1 and 0.2 mA cm -2 , respectively. The energy density of the pouch battery can reach 230 Wh kg -1 . In sum, LM presents great potential to be employed as a performance reinforcement filler for CPEs, which paves the way for achieving high-performance SSMBs., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The development of sodium metal batteries has long been impeded by dendrite formation issues. State-of-the-art strategies, exemplified by sodiophilic hosting/seeding layers, have demonstrated great success in suppressing dendrite formation. However, addressing high-capacity applications (>10 mAh cm -2 ) remains a significant challenge. Herein, the study revisits the interlayer strategy by simply covering a carbon nanotube (CNT) film onto the surface of a sodium metal anode, unlocking its overlooked potential for ultrahigh capacity applications. In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals the interlayer's fast-ion-storage feature, enabling deposition at the interface without capacity limitations. Consequently, in symmetric cells, one-year long-term reversible cycling and a record-high capacity of 50 mAh cm -2 under 90% depth of discharge is achieved, representing a significant breakthrough for stabilizing Na anode. Furthermore, the full cell with a 50-µm thin metal anode and a high-loading Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 cathode (12 mg cm -2 ) delivers a stable capacity of 94 mAh g -1 for 270 cycles (94% capacity retention)., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Electrolyte additives are investigated to resolve dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution reaction, and corrosion of Zn metal. In particular, the electrostatic shielding cationic strategy is considered an effective method to regulate deposition morphology. However, it is very difficult for such a simple cationic modification to avoid competitive hydrogen evolution reactions, corrosion, and interfacial pH fluctuations. Herein, multifunctional additives of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) based on the synergistic design of cationic shielding and anionic chemistry for ultrastable Zn||I 2 full batteries are demonstrated. K cations, acting as electrostatic shielding cations, constructed the smooth deposition morphology. HP anions can enter the first solvation shell of Zn 2+ for the reduced activities of H 2 O, while they remain in the primary solvation shell and are finally involved in the formation of SEI, thus accelerating the charge transfer kinetics. Furthermore, by in situ monitoring the near-surface pH of the Zn electrode, the KHP additives can effectively inhibit the accumulation of OH - and the formation of by-products. Consequently, the symmetric cells achieve a high stripping-plating reversibility of over 4500 and 2600 h at 1.0 and 5 mA cm -2 , respectively. The Zn||I 2 full cells deliver an ultralong term stability of over 1400 cycles with a high-capacity retention of 78.5%., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Flexible electronics are integral in numerous domains such as wearables, healthcare, physiological monitoring, human-machine interface, and environmental sensing, owing to their inherent flexibility, stretchability, lightweight construction, and low profile. These systems seamlessly conform to curvilinear surfaces, including skin, organs, plants, robots, and marine species, facilitating optimal contact. This capability enables flexible electronic systems to enhance or even supplant the utilization of cumbersome instrumentation across a broad range of monitoring and actuation tasks. Consequently, significant progress has been realized in the development of flexible electronic systems. This study begins by examining the key components of standalone flexible electronic systems-sensors, front-end circuitry, data management, power management and actuators. The next section explores different integration strategies for flexible electronic systems as well as their recent advancements. Flexible hybrid electronics, which is currently the most widely used strategy, is first reviewed to assess their characteristics and applications. Subsequently, transformational electronics, which achieves compact and high-density system integration by leveraging heterogeneous integration of bare-die components, is highlighted as the next era of flexible electronic systems. Finally, the study concludes by suggesting future research directions and outlining critical considerations and challenges for developing and miniaturizing fully integrated standalone flexible electronic systems., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

A dodecahedral activated N-doped porous carbon scaffold is synthesized and used for the nanoconfinement of Mg(BH 4 ) 2 . The optimized mesoporous scaffold possesses an accumulated pore width of 2.65 nm, high specific surface area (3955.9 m 2  g -1 ), and large pore volume (2.15 cm 3  g -1 ), providing ample space for the confinement of Mg(BH 4 ) 2 particles and numerous surface active sites for interactions with the same. The confined Mg(BH 4 ) 2 system features a dehydrogenation onset temperature of 81.5 °C, an extremely high capacity of 10.2 wt% H 2 , and an almost single-step dehydrogenation profile. Moreover, the system exhibits superior capacity retention of 82.7% after 20 cycles at a moderate temperature of 250 °C. Precise activation control enables a transformation from microporous carbon materials to mesoporous ones, and hence the efficient nanoconfinement of Mg(BH 4 ) 2 and realization of one-step dehydrogenation. The evolution of borohydride intermediates is systematically revealed throughout the cycling process. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate defective N heteroatoms within the scaffold are vital in reducing the strength of B─H bonds, and the N-doped carbon can facilitate decomposition of the irreversible MgB 12 H 12 intermediate. This study opens up new avenues for designing robust carbon scaffolds doped with heteroatoms and analyzing intermediate evolution in nanoconfined Mg-based borohydride systems., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The development of superconducting materials has attracted significant attention not only for their improved performance, such as high transition temperature (T C ), but also for the exploration of their underlying physical mechanisms. Recently, considerable efforts have been focused on interfaces of materials, a distinct category capable of inducing superconductivity at non-superconducting material interfaces or augmenting the T C at the interface between a superconducting material and a non-superconducting material. Here, two distinct types of interfaces along with their unique characteristics are reviewed: interfacial superconductivity and interface-enhanced superconductivity, with a focus on the crucial factors and potential mechanisms responsible for enhancing superconducting performance. A series of materials systems is discussed, encompassing both historical developments and recent progress from the perspectives of technical innovations and the exploration of new material classes. The overarching goal is to illuminate pathways toward achieving high T C , expanding the potential of superconducting parameters across interfaces, and propelling superconductivity research toward practical, high-temperature applications., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Over the last decade, carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts (C-MFECs) have become important in electrocatalysis. This field is started thanks to the initial discovery that nitrogen atom doped carbon can function as a metal-free electrode in alkaline fuel cells. A wide variety of metal-free carbon nanomaterials, including 0D carbon dots, 1D carbon nanotubes, 2D graphene, and 3D porous carbons, has demonstrated high electrocatalytic performance across a variety of applications. These include clean energy generation and storage, green chemistry, and environmental remediation. The wide applicability of C-MFECs is facilitated by effective synthetic approaches, e.g., heteroatom doping, and physical/chemical modification. These methods enable the creation of catalysts with electrocatalytic properties useful for sustainable energy transformation and storage (e.g., fuel cells, Zn-air batteries, Li-O 2 batteries, dye-sensitized solar cells), green chemical production (e.g., H 2 O 2 , NH 3 , and urea), and environmental remediation (e.g., wastewater treatment, and CO 2 conversion). Furthermore, significant advances in the theoretical study of C-MFECs via advanced computational modeling and machine learning techniques have been achieved, revealing the charge transfer mechanism for rational design and development of highly efficient catalysts. This review offers a timely overview of recent progress in the development of C-MFECs, addressing material syntheses, theoretical advances, potential applications, challenges and future directions., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Since wearable technologies for telemedicine have emerged to tackle global health concerns, the demand for well-attested wearable healthcare devices with high user comfort also arises. Skin-wearables for health monitoring require mechanical flexibility and stretchability for not only high compatibility with the skin's dynamic nature but also a robust collection of fine health signals from within. Stretchable electrical interconnects, which determine the device's overall integrity, are one of the fundamental units being understated in wearable bioelectronics. In this review, a broad class of materials and engineering methodologies recently researched and developed are presented, and their respective attributes, limitations, and opportunities in designing stretchable interconnects for wearable bioelectronics are offered. Specifically, the electrical and mechanical characteristics of various materials (metals, polymers, carbons, and their composites) are highlighted, along with their compatibility with diverse geometric configurations. Detailed insights into fabrication techniques that are compatible with soft substrates are also provided. Importantly, successful examples of establishing reliable interfacial connections between soft and rigid elements using novel interconnects are reviewed. Lastly, some perspectives and prospects of remaining research challenges and potential pathways for practical utilization of interconnects in wearables are laid out., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The incorporation of functionalized nanofillers into polymers via photopolymerization approach has gained significant attention in recent years due to the unique properties of the resulting composite materials. Surface modification of nanofillers plays a crucial role in their compatibility and polymerization behavior within the polymer matrix during photopolymerization. This review focuses on the recent developments in surface modification of various nanofillers, enabling their integration into polymer systems through photopolymerization. The review discusses the key aspects of surface modification of nanofillers, including the selection of suitable surface modifiers, such as photoinitiators and polymerizable groups, as well as the optimization of modification conditions to achieve desired surface properties. The influence of surface modification on the interfacial interactions between nanofillers and the polymer matrix is also explored, as it directly impacts the final properties of the nanocomposites. Furthermore, the review highlights the applications of nanocomposites prepared by photopolymerization, such as sensors, gas separation membranes, purification systems, optical devices, and biomedical materials. By providing a comprehensive overview of the surface modification strategies and their impact on the photopolymerization process and the resulting nanocomposite properties, this review aims to inspire new research directions and innovative ideas in the development of high-performance polymer nanocomposites for diverse applications., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Layered iron/manganese-based oxides are a class of promising cathode materials for sustainable batteries due to their high energy densities and earth abundance. However, the stabilization of cationic and anionic redox reactions in these cathodes during cycling at high voltage remain elusive. Here, an electrochemically/thermally stable P2-Na 0.67 Fe 0.3 Mn 0.5 Mg 0.1 Ti 0.1 O 2 cathode material with zero critical elements is designed for sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) to realize a highly reversible capacity of ≈210 mAh g -1 at 20 mA g -1 and good cycling stability with a capacity retention of 74% after 300 cycles at 200 mA g -1 , even when operated with a high charge cut-off voltage of 4.5 V versus sodium metal. Combining a suite of cutting-edge characterizations and computational modeling, it is shown that Mg/Ti co-doping leads to stabilized surface/bulk structure at high voltage and high temperature, and more importantly, enhances cationic/anionic redox reaction reversibility over extended cycles with the suppression of other undesired oxygen activities. This work fundamentally deepens the failure mechanism of Fe/Mn-based layered cathodes and highlights the importance of dopant engineering to achieve high-energy and earth-abundant cathode material for sustainable and long-lasting NIBs., (© 2024 UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory and University of California, Operator of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and The Author(s). Advanced Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The precise manipulation of the microstructure (pore size, free volume distribution, and connectivity of the free-volume elements), thickness, and mechanical characteristics of membranes holds paramount significance in facilitating the effective utilization of self-standing membranes. In this contribution, the synthesis of two innovative ester-linked covalent-organic framework (COF) membranes is first reported, which are generated through the selection of plant-derived ellagic acid and quercetin phenolic monomers in conjunction with terephthaloyl chloride as a building block. The optimization of the microstructure of these two COF membranes is systematically achieved through the application of three different interfacial electric field systems: electric neutrality, positive electricity, and negative electricity. It is observed that the positively charged system facilitates a record increase in the rate of membrane formation, resulting in a denser membrane with a uniform pore size and enhanced flexibility. In addition, a correlation is identified wherein an increase in the alkyl chain length of the surfactants leads to a more uniform pore size and a decrease in the molecular weight cutoff of the COF membrane. The resulting COF membrane exhibits an unprecedented combination of high water permeance, superior sieving capability, robust mechanical strength, chemical robustness for promising membrane-based separation science and technology., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for lithium metal batteries have garnered considerable interests owing to their low cost, flexibility, lightweight, and favorable interfacial compatibility with battery electrodes. Their soft mechanical nature compared to solid inorganic electrolytes give them a large advantage to be used in low pressure solid-state lithium metal batteries, which can avoid the cost and weight of the pressure cages. However, the application of SPEs is hindered by their relatively low ionic conductivity. In addressing this limitation, enormous efforts are devoted to the experimental investigation and theoretical calculations/simulation of new polymer classes. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been shown to be effective in enhancing ion transport in SPEs. However, the mechanisms in enhancing Li + conductivity have rarely been systematically and comprehensively analyzed. Therefore, this review provides an in-depth summary of the mechanisms of MOF-enhanced Li + transport in MOF-based solid polymer electrolytes (MSPEs) in terms of polymer, MOF, MOF/polymer interface, and solid electrolyte interface aspects, respectively. Moreover, the understanding of Li + conduction mechanisms through employing advanced characterization tools, theoretical calculations, and simulations are also reviewed in this review. Finally, the main challenges in developing MSPEs are deeply analyzed and the corresponding future research directions are also proposed., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are developed rapidly in efficiency and stability in recent years, which can compete with silicon solar cells. However, an important obstacle to the commercialization of PSCs is the toxicity of lead ions (Pb 2+ ) from water-soluble perovskites. The entry of free Pb 2+ into organisms can cause severe harm to humans, such as blood lead poisoning, organ failure, etc. Therefore, this work reports a "lead isolation-capture" dual detoxification strategy with calcium disodium edetate (EDTA Na-Ca), which can inhibit lead leakage from PSCs under extreme conditions. More importantly, leaked lead exists in a nontoxic aggregation state chelated by EDTA. For the first time, in vivo experiments are conducted in mice to systematically prove that this material has a significant inhibitory effect on the toxicity of perovskites. In addition, this strategy can further enhance device performance, enabling the optimized devices to achieve an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.19%. This innovative strategy is a major breakthrough in the research on the prevention of lead toxicity in PSCs., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), in which lithium ions function as charge carriers, are considered the most competitive energy storage devices due to their high energy and power density. However, battery materials, especially with high capacity undergo side reactions and changes that result in capacity decay and safety issues. A deep understanding of the reactions that cause changes in the battery's internal components and the mechanisms of those reactions is needed to build safer and better batteries. This review focuses on the processes of battery failures, with voltage and temperature as the underlying factors. Voltage-induced failures result from anode interfacial reactions, current collector corrosion, cathode interfacial reactions, overcharge, and over-discharge, while temperature-induced failure mechanisms include SEI decomposition, separator damage, and interfacial reactions between electrodes and electrolytes. The review also presents protective strategies for controlling these reactions. As a result, the reader is offered a comprehensive overview of the safety features and failure mechanisms of various LIB components., (© 2024 The Authors. Advanced Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Linearly interlinked single atoms offer unprecedented physiochemical properties, but their synthesis for practical applications still poses significant challenges. Herein, linearly interlinked iron single-atom catalysts that are loaded onto interconnected carbon channels as cathodic sulfur hosts for room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries are presented. The interlinked iron single-atom exhibits unique metallic iron bonds that facilitate the transfer of electrons to the sulfur cathode, thereby accelerating the reaction kinetics. Additionally, the columnated and interlinked carbon channels ensure rapid Na + diffusion kinetics to support high-rate battery reactions. By combining the iron atomic chains and the topological carbon channels, the resulting sulfur cathodes demonstrate effective high-rate conversion performance while maintaining excellent stability. Remarkably, even after 5000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g -1 , the Na-S battery retains a capacity of 325 mAh g -1 . This work can open a new avenue in the design of catalysts and carbon ionic channels, paving the way to achieve sustainable and high-performance energy devices., (© 2024 The Authors. Advanced Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Red phosphorus (P) as an anode material of potassium-ion batteries possesses ultra-high theoretical specific capacity (1154 mAh g -1 ). However, owing to residual white P during the preparation and sluggish kinetics of K-P alloying limit its practical application. Seeking an efficient catalyst to address the above problems is crucial for the secure preparation of red P anode with high performance. Herein, through the analysis of the activation energies in white P polymerization, it is revealed that the highest occupied molecular orbital energy of I 2 (-7.40 eV) is in proximity to P 4 (-7.25 eV), and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy of I 2 molecule (-4.20 eV) is lower than that of other common non-metallic molecules (N 2 , S 8 , Se 8 , F 2 , Cl 2 , Br 2 ). The introduction of I 2 can thus promote the breaking of the P─P bond and accelerate the polymerization of white P molecules. Besides, the ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that I 2 can enhance the kinetics of P-K alloying. The as-obtained red P/C composites with I 2 deliver excellent cycling stability (358 mAh g -1 after 1200 cycles at 1 A g -1 ). This study establishes catalysis as a promising pathway to tackle the challenges of P anode for alkali metal ion batteries., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)