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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.06.022 Byline: Marc E. Mooney (b), Shelly L. Sayre (a)(c), Patricia S. Hokanson (a)(c), Angela L. Stotts (a)(c), Joy M. Schmitz (a)(c) Keywords: Bupropion; Medication compliance; MEMS Abstract: This study was conducted to replicate and extend initial positive findings on the usefulness of a Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) to assess pill-taking behavior and enhance compliance with bupropion for smoking cessation. Participants (N =55) received MEMS bottles containing bupropion-SR (150 mg) to be taken twice daily for 7 weeks. For participants randomly assigned to the Enhanced Therapy group (n =27), weekly individual smoking cessation therapy sessions included an additional 10 min of MEMS feedback and compliance enhancement counseling using CBT techniques. The Usual Care group (n =28) received weekly individual smoking cessation sessions only. Compliance outcomes included total doses taken and number of doses taken within the prescribed time interval. Results indicated significantly higher compliance over time for the Enhanced Therapy group. Smoking abstinence rates did not differ between the two groups, although results from the pooled sample analysis showed a significant association between level of medication compliance and abstinence status at treatment weeks 3 and 6. Incorporating MEMS-based compliance interventions into smoking pharmacotherapy trials is recommended. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Texas, Houston Substance Abuse Research Center, United States (b) Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, United States (c) Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, United States

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.03.044 Byline: Ayesha Chawdhary (a)(b), Shelly L. Sayre (a)(b), Charles Green (a)(b), Joy M. Schmitz (a)(b), John Grabowski (a)(b), Marc E. Mooney (c) Keywords: Attrition; Cocaine; Impulsivity; Prognostic modeling Abstract: A substantial amount of attrition in cocaine dependence treatment studies occurs between the initial telephone contact and the first evaluative clinic visit. While decreasing the wait to first visit can significantly reduce pre-intake attrition (PIA), little is known about other factors that moderate delay tolerance for first clinic visit. The current report uses data from 833 subjects who completed a first-contact telephone interview prior to an intake evaluation visit for cocaine use treatment research. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to assess three successive models to predict PIA, with the most inclusive model testing interactions between delay interval and seven predictors: age, gender, treatment motivation, recency of cocaine, alcohol, and tobacco use, and self-reported depression. Consistent with previous reports, greater delay to first clinic visit predicted PIA. However, no evidence for the moderating role of the selected factors was found. Overall, the utility of the logistic models, built on basic demographic and psychiatric factors, was poor, as evaluated using receiver-operator characteristic curves. Alternative factors must be examined to identify predictors that will increase probability of initial enrolment in cocaine-dependence clinical trials. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston Substance Abuse Research Center, USA (b) Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, USA (c) Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.02.004 Byline: Adam M. Leventhal (a)(b), Joy M. Schmitz (b) Keywords: Expectancies; Developmental psychopathology; Risk factor; Substance abuse Abstract: While a variety of risk factors for substance abuse have been identified, the psychological mechanisms underlying the transmission of risk is unclear based on studies using traditional risk-outcome research designs. The present paper identifies drug use outcome expectancies as a common etiological mechanism involved in substance abuse risk. Existing literature findings are reviewed and integrated according to an interactional-transformational (IT) model of developmental psychopathology. This model identifies the preliminary (mediating) and secondary (moderating) role of drug expectancies as important operations involved in the development of substance use patterns. Advantages of the IT model over traditional trait-based or environmental models are discussed, along with implications for intervention and future research. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5022, USA (b) Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Relapse has gained prominence as theoretically sound approach for substance-abuse treatment. Several cocaine-dependent respondence were assessed to investigate the role of treatment modality in relapse prevention treatment and to compare the effectiveness of group versus individual therapy. The study reveals that although both individual and group treatments possess certain unique features that might enhance client's response to relapse prevention, group therapy proves to be less expensive than individual therapy.

Results of two preliminary studies examining the efficacy of the contingency management procedure (shaping) on decreasing cocaine use and increasing compliance with the prescribed medical regimen in two high-risk cocaine-dependent population, tuberculin-exposed patients and pregnant women, are described. Monetary reinforcers were effective in reducing cocaine consumption.

A within-subjects study of five cigarette smoking methadone maintenance patients revealed that monetary incentives had minimal effects in mitigating their carbon monoxide intake levels. This result has important implications in shaping contingency management procedures in smoking cessation programs.

A study of cocaine-dependent pregnant women reveals that those who received 'baseline' drug treatment were more successful in the cessation of cocaine when compared to those taking 'intensive' drug treatment. Pregnant women taking 'baseline' treatment enjoy a better success rate because of their decision to abstain from cocaine prior to starting treatment and due to their concern for the baby. Pregnant women taking 'intensive' treatment require more time to stop cocaine intake.

The study assessed the impact of motivational interviewing (MI) intervention on transtheoretical (TTM)-based mechanisms of change in low-income pregnant smokers. Repeated measures analyses indicate that relative to usual care (UC), pregnant smokers who received MI reported a greater increase in confidence to abstain from smoking, a decrease in temptation to smoke, and a decrease in level of depression.