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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.11.001 Byline: Alexandra Fickenscher, Douglas K. Novins, Janette Beals Keywords: Indian, North American; Adolescent; Substance abuse treatment centers; Motivation Abstract: This study assessed intrinsic and extrinsic motivation toward treatment among American Indian adolescents 13-18 years old admitted to a residential substance abuse treatment program and the relationship of these measures to treatment completion. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding motivation towards treatment and a diagnostic interview. Participant treatment records were also reviewed. Being an older adolescent (16-18 years old), having higher scores on a scale measuring treatment readiness and endorsing a single question regarding concern about legal problems were all associated with treatment completion. The relationship of an additional scale measuring desire for help with substance use problems was mediated by the measure of treatment readiness. This pilot study is the first to assess the relationship of motivation toward substance abuse treatment completion among American Indian adolescents and provides preliminary evidence of the applicability of these concepts to this treatment population. These concepts and their related therapeutic approaches warrant further study in this population. Author Affiliation: National Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Nighthorse Campbell Native Health Building, Mail Stop F800, P.O. Box 6508 Aurora, CO 80045-0508, U.S.A.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.006 Byline: Christina M. Mitchell, Janette Beals Keywords: American Indian; Alcohol use; Outcome expectancies; Growth mixture model Abstract: Adolescence is an important developmental period for understanding alcohol use. American Indian youth are a group for whom various preventive interventions focusing on alcohol use have been implemented but have not necessarily been widely successful, highlighting the need to further refine our approaches. In the work reported here, we followed 464 14- to 18-year-old American Indian youth annually for seven years. We examined the development of alcohol use and positive alcohol outcome expectancies in parallel, using growth mixture modeling to identify classes with different trajectories of alcohol use and expectancies. We found five classes; the largest (n =198) was made up of youth who experienced increases in both alcohol use and positive outcome expectancies. Initial levels of outcome expectancies were related to subsequent changes in alcohol use, while the reverse was not true, suggesting that interventions focusing on outcome expectancies are appropriate for a substantial number of youth. However, class heterogeneity in the relationships between the two processes pointed out that changes in expectancies may not always precede changes in alcohol use. Thus, intervention design implications are discussed for the class structures. Author Affiliation: American Indian and Alaska Native Programs, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Mail Stop F800, P.O. Box 6508, Aurora, CO 80045, United States