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Aims: To determine the incidence and covariates of hangover following a night of moderate alcohol consumption at a targeted breath alcohol level., Design: Data were combined from three randomized cross-over trials investigating the effects of heavy drinking on next-day performance. A total of 172 participants received either alcoholic beverage (mean=0.115 g% breath alcohol concentration) or placebo on one night and the other beverage a week later. The next day, participants completed a hangover scale., Participants: Participants were 54 professional merchant mariners attending a recertification course at Kalmar Maritime Academy (Kalmar, Sweden) and 118 university students or recent graduates recruited from greater Boston., Setting: One trial was conducted at Kalmar Maritime Academy (Sweden); the other two were conducted at the General Clinical Research Center at Boston Medical Center., Measurements: A nine-item scale assessed hangover., Findings: Hangover was reported by 76% of participants. Neither alcoholic beverage type nor participant characteristics was associated with incidence of hangover., Conclusions: Our findings on the propensity of hangover suggest that 25-30% of drinkers may be resistant to hangover.