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Aims: To measure the association between problem gambling severity and 19 different gambling activities among emerging adults (aged 16–26). Design: An online non‐probability longitudinal survey collecting data in two waves: wave 1, July/August 2019; wave 2, July/October 2020. Setting: Great Britain Participants: A total of 2080 young adults participating in both waves. Measurements Problem gambling scores were collected using the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). Binary variables recorded past year participation in 19 different gambling forms, ranging from lotteries to online casino and gambling‐like practices within digital games (e.g. loot box purchase, skin betting). Controls included socio‐demographic/economic characteristics, the Eysenck Impulsivity Scale and the number of gambling activities undertaken. Findings Zero inflated negative binomial model lacked evidence of an effect between past year participation in any individual activities and subsequent PGSI scores. However, negative binomial random effects models for current gamblers (n = 497) showed that skin betting (incidence‐rate ratio [IRR] = 2.32; 95% CI = 1.69–3.19), fixed odd betting terminals (IRR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.61–3.05), slot/fruit machines (IRR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.07–1.91), online betting on horse/dog races (IRR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.17–2.00) and online betting on non‐sports events (IRR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.11–1.89) were associated with increased PGSI scores. Online casino gambling had a significant interaction by wave; the impact of online casino betting in wave 2 on PGSI scores increased by a factor of 1.61. Conclusions: Past year participation of young adults (aged 16–26) in certain forms of gambling does not appear to be associated with future Problem Gambling Severity Index scores. Among young adults who are current gamblers, past year participation in certain land‐based (e.g. electronic gaming machines) and online forms (e.g. skin betting) of gambling appears to be strongly associated with elevated Problem Gambling Severity Index scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Given the decline in alcohol consumption and rise in technological use among young people, there is a need to investigate whether technology use might influence how young people drink. This study explores how social media use and changes in social media use over time could affect alcohol use among youths. Design The UK Household Longitudinal Study (Understanding Society). Setting: United Kingdom. Participants: Participants aged 10–15 (n = 4093) and 16–19 (n = 2689) from the youth and main survey interviewed in 2011–13, and followed‐up in 2014–16 (aged 10–15 n = 2588, aged 16–19 n = 1057). Measurements Self‐reported social media usage on an average day (no profile/non‐daily/less than an hour/1–3/4+ hours use), drinking frequency (never/one to three times/weekly) and binge drinking frequency (never/one to two/three/more than three times) in the past month. Covariates included sex, age, educational status, household income, urban/rural, number of friends and life satisfaction. Findings Among 10–15‐year‐olds, compared with those who used social media for less than an hour, those with no profile [odds ratio (OR) = 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.25–0.67] and non‐daily users (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.33–0.72) had a lower risk of drinking at least monthly, whereas those with 1–3 hours' use (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.14–1.81) and 4+ hours' use (OR = 2.08, 1.47–2.95) had a greater risk. Among participants aged 16–19, a lower risk of binge drinking three or more times per month was found for those with no profile [relative risk ratios (RRR) = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.17–0.48] and a higher risk for those with 4+ hours' use (RRR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.03–2.09). Longitudinally, among 10–15‐year‐olds, those who had increased their social media usage versus no change were more likely to have increased their drinking frequency (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.45–2.46). Some social media use at baseline (rather than none) was predictive of increased drink and binge drinking frequency over time among youths and young adults. Conclusions: Heavier social media use was associated with more frequent alcohol consumption among young people in the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Evidence on the effectiveness of electronic cigarettes (ECs) to facilitate abstinence from smoking is limited. The current study aimed to estimate the relative effectiveness of ECs and smoking cessation medication compared with using no help, accounting for frequency of use of ECs. Design Four consecutive wave‐to‐wave transitions (waves 1–2, 2–3, 3–4 or 4–5) of a longitudinal online survey collected between 2012 and 2017 were analysed. Time between waves ranged between 12 and 17 months. Cigarette smokers at the baseline wave who attempted to quit smoking between waves were included. Setting: United Kingdom Participants: A total of 1155 respondents (aged 18–81, 56.1% male, 64.6% in social grade C2DE, 93.8% white) provided 1580 pairs of observations for the primary analysis. Measurements Primary outcome: abstinence from smoking for at least 1 month at follow‐up; secondary outcome: at least 1 month's abstinence from smoking between baseline and follow‐up. The main predictor was stop smoking aid used (No help, nicotine replacement therapy only, smoking cessation medication only, disposable/cartridge EC, refill/modular EC, combination), adjusted for demographics. Findings: Primary Compared with using no help, the odds of abstinence were increased by daily use of disposable/cartridge ECs (OR = 3.31 (1.32, 8.26), P =.010) and daily use of refill/modular ECs (OR = 5.47 (2.70, 11.11), P <.001). Odds were reduced by non‐daily use of disposable/cartridge ECs (OR = 0.23 (0.08–0.63), P =.005), and by use of disposable/cartridge ECs to quit and no longer using at follow‐up (OR = 0.10 (0.16–0.62), P <.013). Secondary Results were similar to the primary outcome; however, odds of abstinence were also increased by use of smoking cessation medication (OR = 4.15 (1.79, 9.62), P =.001). Conclusions: When used daily, electronic cigarettes appear to facilitate abstinence from smoking when compared with using no help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]