10 results
Search Results
2. Could COVID expand the future of addiction research? Long‐term implications in the pandemic era.
- Author
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Englund, Amir, Sharman, Stephen, Tas, Basak, and Strang, John
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EXPERIMENTAL design , *DRUG addiction , *SAFETY , *BEHAVIORAL research , *CANNABIS (Genus) , *DRUG overdose , *VIRTUAL reality , *DEBATE , *VIDEOCONFERENCING , *GAMBLING , *DOSE-effect relationship in pharmacology , *COVID-19 pandemic , *COMPULSIVE behavior , *OPIOID abuse , *PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY , *HEROIN , *RESPIRATORY mechanics - Abstract
Background/Aims: The COVID‐19 pandemic has significantly impacted face‐to‐face research. This has propelled ideas and plans for more remote styles of research and provided new perspectives on conducting research. This paper aimed to identify challenges specific to conducting remote forms of experimental addiction research, although some of these challenges apply to all types of addiction research. Argument The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic has led to important lessons for future addiction research. Although remote research has been conducted for decades, little experimental research has been performed remotely. To do so require a new perspective on what research questions we can ask and could also enable preferential capture of those who may be more reluctant to engage in research based in clinical settings. There may, however, be crucial factors that will compromise this process. We illustrate our argument with three real‐world, ongoing case studies centred on gambling behaviour, opioid overdose, and cannabinoid psychopharmacology. We highlight the obstacles to overcome to enable more remote methods of study. Conclusions: The future of experimental research and, more generally, addiction research, will be shaped by the pandemic and may result in advantages, such as reaching different populations and conducting addiction research in more naturalistic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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3. Gambling in Singapore: an overview of history, research, treatment and policy.
- Author
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Winslow, Munidasa, Cheok, Christopher, and Subramaniam, Mythily
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GAMBLING laws , *PUBLIC administration , *GAMBLING , *RESEARCH , *GOVERNMENT policy , *DISEASE prevalence , *HISTORY , *PREVENTION - Abstract
Aims This paper describes the current situation regarding gambling in Singapore in relation to its historical and cultural context. Methods A computerized search was performed of two databases (PubMed and PsychINFO) and the reference lists from the papers searched manually to identify relevant studies. The findings were synthesized and their implications assessed. Results In addition to state lotteries and much informal gambling, Singapore has two large resort casinos, which rank third after Las Vegas and Macau in terms of gross revenues. The major ethnic subgroups in Singapore have different cultural connections to gambling, including the active involvement of the Chinese and religious prohibition among the Malay. A range of secondary prevention and treatment services has been developed to attempt to minimize potential negative impacts. Overall, the prevalence of pathological gambling and problem gambling has decreased in recent years: an estimated 0.2% are classified as probable pathological gamblers compared with 1.4% in 2011, 1.2% in 2008 and 2.1% in 2005. Conclusions Singapore has experienced a reduction in problem gambling prevalence which may reflect the influence of multiple initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
- Full Text
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4. Griffith Edwards, the Addiction Research Unit and research on the criminal justice system.
- Author
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Farrell, Michael, Marsden, John, and Strang, John
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ADDICTIONS , *CRIMINAL justice system , *SUBSTANCE abuse , *ALCOHOLISM treatment , *HIV infection risk factors , *SUBSTANCE abuse treatment , *RESEARCH , *ALCOHOLISM , *PEOPLE with alcoholism , *COMMUNITY health services , *CONTINUUM of care , *CRIMINOLOGY , *HEALTH facilities , *HOMELESS persons , *PRISONERS , *GOVERNMENT policy , *LEADERS , *RESEARCH personnel , *SOCIETIES - Abstract
Background This paper reviews the early work of Griffith Edwards and his colleagues on alcohol in the criminal justice system and outlines the direction of research in this area in the Addiction Research Unit in the 1960s and 1970s. The paper outlines the link between that work and work undertaken in the more recent past in this area. Methods The key papers of the authors are reviewed and the impact of this work on policy and practice is discussed. Conclusions There is a rich seam of work on deprived and incarcerated populations that has been under way at the Addiction Research Unit and subsequently the National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London. Griffith Edwards initiated this work that explores the risks and problems experienced by people moving between the health and criminal justice system, and demonstrated the need for better care and continuity across this system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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- View/download PDF
5. Is Alcoholics Anonymous religious, spiritual, neither? Findings from 25 years of mechanisms of behavior change research.
- Author
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Kelly, John F.
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TWELVE-step programs , *BEHAVIOR modification , *SPIRITUALITY , *SUPPORT groups for substance abusers , *REHABILITATION of people with alcoholism , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *THERAPEUTICS , *RELIGION , *ALCOHOL-induced disorders , *AFFECT (Psychology) , *COGNITION , *COMPULSIVE behavior , *CONVALESCENCE , *RESEARCH , *SOCIAL networks , *THEORY , *AFFINITY groups - Abstract
Background Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is a world-wide recovery mutual-help organization that continues to arouse controversy. In large part, concerns persist because of AA's ostensibly quasi-religious/spiritual orientation and emphasis. In 1990 the United States' Institute of Medicine called for more studies on AA's effectiveness and its mechanisms of behavior change (MOBC) stimulating a flurry of federally funded research. This paper reviews the religious/spiritual origins of AA and its program and contrasts its theory with findings from this latest research. Method Literature review, summary and synthesis of studies examining AA's MOBC. Results While AA's original main text ('the Big Book', 1939) purports that recovery is achieved through quasi-religious/spiritual means ('spiritual awakening'), findings from studies on MOBC suggest this may be true only for a minority of participants with high addiction severity. AA's beneficial effects seem to be carried predominantly by social, cognitive and affective mechanisms. These mechanisms are more aligned with the experiences reported by AA's own larger and more diverse membership as detailed in its later social, cognitive and behaviorally oriented publications (e.g. Living Sober, 1975) written when AA membership numbered more than a million men and women. Conclusions Alcoholics Anonymous appears to be an effective clinical and public health ally that aids addiction recovery through its ability to mobilize therapeutic mechanisms similar to those mobilized in formal treatment, but is able to do this for free over the long term in the communities in which people live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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6. Development of the SBIRT checklist for observation in real-time (SCORe).
- Author
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Vendetti, Janice A., McRee, Bonnie G., and Del Boca, Frances K.
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SUBSTANCE abuse treatment , *SUBSTANCE abuse diagnosis , *CLINICS , *EXPERIMENTAL design , *HOSPITAL wards , *HOSPITAL emergency services , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *MEDICAL personnel , *MEDICAL protocols , *MEDICAL referrals , *MEDICAL screening , *SCIENTIFIC observation , *PERSONNEL management , *PROBABILITY theory , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH funding , *STATISTICS , *VIDEO recording , *EVIDENCE-based medicine , *DATA analysis , *RESEARCH methodology evaluation , *TREATMENT duration , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *ONE-way analysis of variance ,RESEARCH evaluation - Abstract
Background and aims Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) programs have been implemented widely in medical settings, with little attention focused on how well providers adhere to evidence-based service delivery in everyday practice. The purposes of this paper were to: (1) introduce a flexible, relatively simple methodology, the SBIRT Checklist for Observation in Real-time (SCORe), to assess adherence to evidence-based practice and provide preliminary evidence supporting its criterion validity; and (2) illustrate the feasibility and potential utility of the SCORe by analyzing observations of providers within four large-scale SBIRT programs in the United States. Methods Eighteen potential adherence judges were trained to recognize SBIRT service elements presented in realistic taped portrayals constructed to serve as criterion coding standards. Across the four SBIRT programs, 76 providers were observed performing 388 services in three types of medical settings; emergency departments ( n = 10), hospital out-patient/ambulatory clinics ( n = 16) and hospital in-patient settings ( n = 5). Results Across two exercises, trainees identified 81% of screening and 75% of brief intervention (BI) elements correctly; for the six FRAMES components (Feedback, Responsibility, Advice, Menu of options, Empathy, Self-efficacy), agreement ranged from 69% to 91%. Across programs, 56% of screening, 54% of brief intervention (BI) (81% of FRAMES) and 53% of referral to treatment elements were observed. Programs differed significantly in adherence [screening, P = 0.024; BI, P < 0.001; FRAMES, P < 0.001; referral to treatment (RT), P < 0.001]; medical setting differences were minimal. Conclusions The Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment Checklist for Observation in Real-time provides a flexible method for assessing adherence to evidence-based Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment service protocols. Preliminary evidence supports the criterion validity, feasibility and potential utility of the Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment Checklist for Observation in Real-time protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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7. The public health consequences of e‐cigarettes: a review by the National Academies of Sciences. A call for more research, a need for regulatory action.
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Prochaska, Judith J.
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ELECTRONIC cigarettes , *PUBLIC health , *GOVERNMENT regulation , *RESEARCH , *HARM reduction , *EX-smokers , *TOBACCO use among youth , *PUBLIC health administration - Abstract
An editorial is presented which addresses the author's views about the public health aspects of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), and it mentions the National Academies of Sciences' review of research papers on electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), as well as the need for additional research and government regulatory action in the U.S. According to the article, ENDS may be harm-reducing for smokers who are seeking to quit and harm-creating for ex-smokers and young people.
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- 2019
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8. Reverse engineering a 'responsible drinking' campaign to assess strategic intent.
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Pettigrew, Simone, Biagioni, Nicole, Daube, Mike, Stafford, Julia, Jones, Sandra C., and Chikritzhs, Tanya
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ADVERTISING , *ATTITUDE (Psychology) , *ALCOHOL drinking , *INTROSPECTION , *SENSORY perception , *RESEARCH , *STATISTICAL sampling , *SOCIAL norms , *VIDEO recording , *QUALITATIVE research , *THEMATIC analysis , *SOCIAL media , *DATA analysis software , *MEDICAL coding - Abstract
Background and aims The alcohol industry produces 'responsible drinking' advertising campaigns. There is concern that these may promote drinking while persuading governments and the general public that the industry is acting responsibly. This paper examined young people's thoughts and feelings in response to one of these campaigns in Australia. Design A qualitative analysis of introspection data provided by young drinkers after exposure to a responsible drinking advertisement produced by DrinkWise called 'How to Drink Properly'. Setting Perth, Western Australia. Participants Forty-eight 18-21-year-old drinkers. Measurements The qualitative data were imported into NVivo10 and coded according to the various stages of advertising effects frameworks. A thematic analysis approach was used to identify patterns in the data relating to (i) perceptions of the source and purpose of the advertisement and (ii) any resulting attitudinal or behavioural outcomes. Findings Despite the sample comprising mainly high-risk drinkers, participants were generally unable to relate to the heavy drinkers depicted in the DrinkWise advertisement. This disassociation resulted in a perceived lack of need to modify their own drinking behaviours. Instead, the study participants found the advertisement to be entertaining and supportive of existing social norms relating to heavy drinking among members of this age group. Conclusions The 'How to Drink Properly' advertisement by Drinkwise in Australia may reinforce existing drinking attitudes and behaviours among young drinkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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9. Clear principles are needed for integrity in gambling research.
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Livingstone, Charles and Adams, Peter J.
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GAMBLING , *GAMBLING laws , *CONFLICT of interests , *ECONOMICS , *CONFERENCES & conventions , *ENDOWMENT of research , *INDUSTRIES , *PROFESSIONAL peer review , *PRIORITY (Philosophy) , *RESEARCH , *ADULT education workshops , *DISCLOSURE ,RESEARCH evaluation - Abstract
Commercial gambling is expanding rapidly across the globe. However, the field of gambling research has not kept pace with this expansion, and continues to focus on prevalence studies and individuated treatment regimes, with little attention to the political, economic or technological underpinnings of commercial gambling. The implications of this lack of sophistication in the research agenda are that society is ill-equipped to understand the nature and underlying causes of gambling harms, and how these might best be avoided, minimized or ameliorated. Around the world, various levels of government benefit from gambling revenue, with consequences for the independent regulation of gambling. Further, there is considerable industry influence on the research agenda, often involving similar techniques to those employed previously by the tobacco and alcohol industries to engage researchers. This influence is compounded by a failure of many gambling researchers and journals to adopt traditional academic safeguards, such as the disclosure of conflicts of interest, and by many arguing for a 'partnership model' with industry to advance the research agenda. This paper identifies five basic principles to restore reasonable standards of integrity in gambling studies: (1) research should not be funded by the proceeds of gambling; (2) research priorities should not be influenced by the beneficiaries of gambling; (3) conferences and other research fora should not be influenced by industry; (4) funding sources should be disclosed in journals and at conferences; and (5) meaningful access to gambling products and environments must be part of licensing. We also propose a range of actions to promote greater transparency and independence in the gambling research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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10. Building the connections between science, practice and policy: Griffith Edwards and the UK National Addiction Centre.
- Author
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Babor, Thomas, Strang, John, and West, Robert
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ADDICTIONS , *RESEARCH , *CONFERENCES & conventions , *SUBSTANCE abuse , *SERIAL publications , *LEADERS , *RESEARCH personnel , *SOCIETIES - Abstract
An introduction is presented noting that the special supplement issue focuses on the contributions of British addictions researcher Griffith Edwards, with the articles in the issue adapted from papers given at a January 2013 conference at the Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, England.
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- 2015
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