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The aim of this study was to emphasize the importance of conservation of the Lipe sheep, as a local endangered type of Zackel breed, and to perform a comprehensive phenotypic characterization in order to ensure a better use and preservation of this genetic resource. In addition, we compared the results of a detailed morphometric characterization of the modern Lipe sheep carried out in the present study with the morphometric parameters of the native form of this breed described in 1935. The comparative analysis revealed the development dynamics of the local Lipe sheep in the traditional habitat, over a period of nearly one century. Throughout this period, different factors affecting Lipe sheep management, such as biogeografic, agro-economic, sociocultural and others, led to significant population erosion, and to the current status of the Lipe sheep as an endangered genetic resource. Although a slight increase has been registered in some body measurements, the major body indexes of the Lipe sheep, such as body format, body compactness, body massiveness, body proportion, pelvic, and head index, remained without significant fluctuations over the last century (p>0.05). Body length of the modern type still exceeds the height at withers, which was also recorded in the native Lipe sheep nearly 100 years ago. A prominent sexual dimorphism is still evident. Therefore, our comparative analysis showed no significant differences between the native and modern form of Lipe sheep in their body format and growth potential. The slight increases in absolute body measurements of the modern Lipe type we recorded could be linked to better housing conditions and improved quality of feed, without application of strategic selection measures over the last 100 years. The importance of conservation of this ovine resource is less economical, but mostly cultural, historical and heritage oriented, and still essential for the survival of the breed.

The aim of this study was to emphasize the importance of conservation of the Lipe sheep, as a local endangered type of Zackel breed, and to perform a comprehensive phenotypic characterization in order to ensure a better use and preservation of this genetic resource. In addition, we compared the results of a detailed morphometric characterization of the modern Lipe sheep carried out in the present study with the morphometric parameters of the native form of this breed described in 1935. The comparative analysis revealed the development dynamics of the local Lipe sheep in the traditional habitat, over a period of nearly one century. Throughout this period, different factors affecting Lipe sheep management, such as biogeografic, agro-economic, sociocultural and others, led to significant population erosion, and to the current status of the Lipe sheep as an endangered genetic resource. Although a slight increase has been registered in some body measurements, the major body indexes of the Lipe sheep, such as body format, body compactness, body massiveness, body proportion, pelvic, and head index, remained without significant fluctuations over the last century (p>0.05). Body length of the modern type still exceeds the height at withers, which was also recorded in the native Lipe sheep nearly 100 years ago. A prominent sexual dimorphism is still evident. Therefore, our comparative analysis showed no significant differences between the native and modern form of Lipe sheep in their body format and growth potential. The slight increases in absolute body measurements of the modern Lipe type we recorded could be linked to better housing conditions and improved quality of feed, without application of strategic selection measures over the last 100 years. The importance of conservation of this ovine resource is less economical, but mostly cultural, historical and heritage oriented, and still essential for the survival of the breed.

Valjevac pasture of Zasavica reservation with its area of 300 ha presents a significant area for grazing cattle. In order to evaluate its potential for livestock production, the botanical and chemical composition of hay in three different time periods was observed (spring, summer and autumn). The determined plants species confirmed the richness of Zasavica grasslands, as well as the presence of dry, moist and forest habitat plants. The analyzed plants mostly belong to the Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Plantaginaceae families. Chemical analysis determined that the protein content decreased (P lt 0.01) from April (17.22±0.40 %) to October (10.30±0.16 %), and cellulose content increased (P lt 0.01) (from 19.07±0.38 % in April to 21.65±0.41 % in October). The calculated energy density of hay samples ranged from 0.425 Starch Units (SU) in October, 0.443 SU in April to 0.448 SU in June. The Valjevac pasture with its numerous plant species is of great importance in upkeeping biodiversity and also presents a solid base for livestock production. The determined levels of manganese and copper point out to the need of copper supplementation especially during the late summer and autumn periods., Pašnjak Valjevac - prirodnog rezervata Zasavica koji se prostire na 300 ha predstavlja značajnu bazu za ispašu goveda. U cilju procene njegovog potencijala za stočarsku proizvodnju, izvršeno je određivanje botaničkog i hemijskog sastava sena tokom tri perioda godine (proleće, leto i jesen). Florističkom analizom potvrđeno je bogatstvo vrsta na pašnjaku rezervata Zasavica i tom prilikom je identifikovano prisustvo biljaka suvih, vlažnih i šumskih zajednica. Najveći broj biljaka pripadao je familijama Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae i Plantaginaceae. Hemijskom analizom je utvrđeno da je procenat proteina opadao (P lt 0,01) od aprila (17,22±0,40%) do oktobra (10,30±0,16%) meseca, dok je pri tom procenat celuloze rastao (P lt 0,01) (od 19,07±0,38% utvrđenih u aprilu do 21,65±0,41% u oktobru mesecu). Izračunato je da je energetska vrednost sena iznosila od 0,425 (skrobnih jedinica) SJ u oktobru, 0,443 SJ u aprilu i 0,448 SJ u junu mesecu. Pašnjak Valjevac u okviru prirodnog rezervata Zasavica poseduje veliki biodiverzitet vrsta kao i značajnu bazu za stočarsku proizvodnju. Utvrđeni nivo mangana i bakra ukazuje na potrebu dodavanja bakra, naročito tokom kasnog leta i jeseni.

Autochthonous Pramenka (Zackel) sheep has been recognized as an important element of regional agro-biodiversity, relevant to the tradition that encompasses the cultural heritage of Serbia. The recognition that locally adapted animal breeds gained genetic resistance and adaptability through evolution; modern sustainable farming practices are far more attuned to the need for preserving and utilizing Zackel sheep types. The risk factors leading to rapid and severe decline in Vlashko-Vitoroga Zackel sheep population have been described in the paper. The objective of the study was to obtain the data necessary for development of conservation and sustainable use strategies of Vlashko-Vitoroga Zackel sheep. Determination of the conservation value upon characteristics of the breed was performed, in aim to identify priorities in accordance with the criteria of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The positive and negative characteristics of the Vlashko-Vitoroga Zackel sheep, opportunities for utilization, as well as ambiental challenges that affect the breed were analyzed in the paper. The importance of this breed for maintenance of cultural tradition, landscape preservation and longterm rural development by in-situ conservation through utilization is also discussed in the paper., Pramenka, kao autohtona rasa ovaca, predstavlja važan element za regionalnu agro-biološku raznolikost, tradiciju i kulturnu baštinu Srbije. Saznanja da su lokalno prilagođene rase stekle genetičku otpornost kroz evoluciju, utiču da se principi moderne održive poljoprivredne proizvodnje sve više usmeravaju na potrebu za očuvanje i racionalno korišćenje sojeva pramenke. U radu su opisani faktori rizika koji su doveli do brzog i značajnog smanjenja populacije vlaško vitorogog soja pramenke. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita vrednost soja, kao osnov za razvoj strategije za očuvanje i održivo korišćenje vlaško vitorogog soja pramenke. Utvrđivanje podataka neophodnih za proces konzervacije izvršen je na osnovu karakteristika soja u skladu sa kriterijumima FAO-a. U radu su analizirane pozitivne i negativne karakteristike vlaško vitorogog soja, mogućnosti za korišćenje, kao i ambijentalni izazovi koji utiču na soj. Takođe je razmatran značaj ovog soja za očuvanje kulturne tradicije, zaštite prirodnih celina i dugoročni ruralni razvoj kroz program in situ konzervacije i racionalnog iskorišćavanja.

Autochthonous Pramenka (Zackel) sheep has been recognized as an important element of regional agro-biodiversity, relevant to the tradition that encompasses the cultural heritage of Serbia. The recognition that locally adapted animal breeds gained genetic resistance and adaptability through evolution; modern sustainable farming practices are far more attuned to the need for preserving and utilizing Zackel sheep types. The risk factors leading to rapid and severe decline in Vlashko-Vitoroga Zackel sheep population have been described in the paper. The objective of the study was to obtain the data necessary for development of conservation and sustainable use strategies of Vlashko-Vitoroga Zackel sheep. Determination of the conservation value upon characteristics of the breed was performed, in aim to identify priorities in accordance with the criteria of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The positive and negative characteristics of the Vlashko-Vitoroga Zackel sheep, opportunities for utilization, as well as ambiental challenges that affect the breed were analyzed in the paper. The importance of this breed for maintenance of cultural tradition, landscape preservation and longterm rural development by in-situ conservation through utilization is also discussed in the paper., Pramenka, kao autohtona rasa ovaca, predstavlja važan element za regionalnu agro-biološku raznolikost, tradiciju i kulturnu baštinu Srbije. Saznanja da su lokalno prilagođene rase stekle genetičku otpornost kroz evoluciju, utiču da se principi moderne održive poljoprivredne proizvodnje sve više usmeravaju na potrebu za očuvanje i racionalno korišćenje sojeva pramenke. U radu su opisani faktori rizika koji su doveli do brzog i značajnog smanjenja populacije vlaško vitorogog soja pramenke. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita vrednost soja, kao osnov za razvoj strategije za očuvanje i održivo korišćenje vlaško vitorogog soja pramenke. Utvrđivanje podataka neophodnih za proces konzervacije izvršen je na osnovu karakteristika soja u skladu sa kriterijumima FAO-a. U radu su analizirane pozitivne i negativne karakteristike vlaško vitorogog soja, mogućnosti za korišćenje, kao i ambijentalni izazovi koji utiču na soj. Takođe je razmatran značaj ovog soja za očuvanje kulturne tradicije, zaštite prirodnih celina i dugoročni ruralni razvoj kroz program in situ konzervacije i racionalnog iskorišćavanja.

Autochthonous Pramenka (Zackel) sheep has been recognized as an important element of regional agro-biodiversity, relevant to the tradition that encompasses the cultural heritage of Serbia. The recognition that locally adapted animal breeds gained genetic resistance and adaptability through evolution; modern sustainable farming practices are far more attuned to the need for preserving and utilizing Zackel sheep types. The risk factors leading to rapid and severe decline in Vlashko-Vitoroga Zackel sheep population have been described in the paper. The objective of the study was to obtain the data necessary for development of conservation and sustainable use strategies of Vlashko-Vitoroga Zackel sheep. Determination of the conservation value upon characteristics of the breed was performed, in aim to identify priorities in accordance with the criteria of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The positive and negative characteristics of the Vlashko-Vitoroga Zackel sheep, opportunities for utilization, as well as ambiental challenges that affect the breed were analyzed in the paper. The importance of this breed for maintenance of cultural tradition, landscape preservation and longterm rural development by in-situ conservation through utilization is also discussed in the paper., Pramenka, kao autohtona rasa ovaca, predstavlja važan element za regionalnu agro-biološku raznolikost, tradiciju i kulturnu baštinu Srbije. Saznanja da su lokalno prilagođene rase stekle genetičku otpornost kroz evoluciju, utiču da se principi moderne održive poljoprivredne proizvodnje sve više usmeravaju na potrebu za očuvanje i racionalno korišćenje sojeva pramenke. U radu su opisani faktori rizika koji su doveli do brzog i značajnog smanjenja populacije vlaško vitorogog soja pramenke. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita vrednost soja, kao osnov za razvoj strategije za očuvanje i održivo korišćenje vlaško vitorogog soja pramenke. Utvrđivanje podataka neophodnih za proces konzervacije izvršen je na osnovu karakteristika soja u skladu sa kriterijumima FAO-a. U radu su analizirane pozitivne i negativne karakteristike vlaško vitorogog soja, mogućnosti za korišćenje, kao i ambijentalni izazovi koji utiču na soj. Takođe je razmatran značaj ovog soja za očuvanje kulturne tradicije, zaštite prirodnih celina i dugoročni ruralni razvoj kroz program in situ konzervacije i racionalnog iskorišćavanja.

Valjevac pasture of Zasavica reservation with its area of 300 ha presents a significant area for grazing cattle. In order to evaluate its potential for livestock production, the botanical and chemical composition of hay in three different time periods was observed (spring, summer and autumn). The determined plants species confirmed the richness of Zasavica grasslands, as well as the presence of dry, moist and forest habitat plants. The analyzed plants mostly belong to the Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Plantaginaceae families. Chemical analysis determined that the protein content decreased (P lt 0.01) from April (17.22±0.40 %) to October (10.30±0.16 %), and cellulose content increased (P lt 0.01) (from 19.07±0.38 % in April to 21.65±0.41 % in October). The calculated energy density of hay samples ranged from 0.425 Starch Units (SU) in October, 0.443 SU in April to 0.448 SU in June. The Valjevac pasture with its numerous plant species is of great importance in upkeeping biodiversity and also presents a solid base for livestock production. The determined levels of manganese and copper point out to the need of copper supplementation especially during the late summer and autumn periods., Pašnjak Valjevac - prirodnog rezervata Zasavica koji se prostire na 300 ha predstavlja značajnu bazu za ispašu goveda. U cilju procene njegovog potencijala za stočarsku proizvodnju, izvršeno je određivanje botaničkog i hemijskog sastava sena tokom tri perioda godine (proleće, leto i jesen). Florističkom analizom potvrđeno je bogatstvo vrsta na pašnjaku rezervata Zasavica i tom prilikom je identifikovano prisustvo biljaka suvih, vlažnih i šumskih zajednica. Najveći broj biljaka pripadao je familijama Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae i Plantaginaceae. Hemijskom analizom je utvrđeno da je procenat proteina opadao (P lt 0,01) od aprila (17,22±0,40%) do oktobra (10,30±0,16%) meseca, dok je pri tom procenat celuloze rastao (P lt 0,01) (od 19,07±0,38% utvrđenih u aprilu do 21,65±0,41% u oktobru mesecu). Izračunato je da je energetska vrednost sena iznosila od 0,425 (skrobnih jedinica) SJ u oktobru, 0,443 SJ u aprilu i 0,448 SJ u junu mesecu. Pašnjak Valjevac u okviru prirodnog rezervata Zasavica poseduje veliki biodiverzitet vrsta kao i značajnu bazu za stočarsku proizvodnju. Utvrđeni nivo mangana i bakra ukazuje na potrebu dodavanja bakra, naročito tokom kasnog leta i jeseni.

Dietary concentrations of phytate are crucial for its anti-nutritive properties and its negative impact on P availability. The increase of dietary phytate level is shown to increase endogenous losses of amino acids and minerals in pigs. The partial availability of the P component of phytate to simple-stomached species attains importance as the world's rock phosphate reserves are not renewable, which could lead to a P supply crisis in the future. Supplementing phytase is becoming increasingly common as a method to improve the availability of P in plant ingredients containing high levels of phytate P. Fourty-eight pigs (Swedish Landrace boars × Dutch landrace sows) weaned at day 35 with an initial BW of 8.72±0.28 kg were used for a 40-day weaner performance study. The study was structured as a complete randomized design to evaluate the response of weaner pigs to four concentrations of microbial phytase produced by Aspergillus niger: (T1) basal diet; (T2) basal diet + 1000 FTU/kg; (T3) diet with decreased dicalcium phosphate + 1000 FTU/kg; and (T4) diet with no dicalcium phosphate + 1000 FTU/kg. Control group of piglets (T1) has achieved standard body mass while addition of phytase in meal increased body mass by 6.59% in T2 and 7.52% in T3. Phytase supplementation prevented decreased body weight gain diets where available phosphorous level was reduced by 50. The amount of consumed feed per day was not significantly different. Feed efficiency of T2 and T3 groups was by 3.23% better and of T4 for 11.29% lower compared to the control group of piglets (T1). Lower production results achieved by the use of low phosphorous diets can be avoided to a certain level by the use of microbial phytase. The use of phytase in pig diet significantly improved phosphorous availability, as well as of other mineral substances from the phytate complex., Zbog izraženih antinutritivnih svojstava fitata i negativnog uticaja na iskorišćavanje fosfora, njihova koncentracija u hrani je od velikog značaja. Poznato je da visoka koncentracija fitata u hrani povećava endogene gubitke amino kiselina i minerala kod svinja. Delimična dostupnost fosfora iz fitata kod monogastičnih životinja još više dobija na značaju usled činjenice da svetske rezerve mineralnog fosfora iz stena nisu obnovljive i da to može dovesti do krize u snabdevanju fosforom u budućnosti. Dodavanje fitaze postaje sve popularnije kao metod za povećanje dostupnosti fosfora u biljnim sirovinama koje sadrže visoku koncentraciju fosfora. Četrdeset osam prasadi (Švedski Landras nerast × Danski Landras krmača) zalučenih u starosti od 35 dana prosečne telesne mase 8,72±0,28 kg je uključeno u 40-to dnevni ogled ispitivanja proizvodnih rezultata. Ogled je dizajniran sa ciljem da se ispita uticaj dodatka tri koncentracije fitaze poreklom od Aspergillus niger i to: (T1) bazalni obrok; (T2) bazalni obrok+1000 FTU/kg; (T3) obrok sa smanjenom koncentracijom dikalcijum fosfata + 1000 FTU/kg; and (T4) obrok bez dodatog dikalcijum fosfata + 1000 FTU/kg. Kontrolna grupa prasadi (T1) je postigla uobičajenu telesnu masu, dok je dodatak fitaze u obrok povećavao telesnu masu za 6,59% u T2 i 7,52% u T3. Dodavanje fitaze je preveniralo smanjenje prirasta kod smeša gde je koncentracija fosfora bila niža za 50% od potreba. Količina konzumirane hrane se nije značajnije razlikovala među oglednim grupama. Konverzija hrane u grupama T2 i T3 je bila bolja za 3,23%, dok je u grupi T4 bila za 11,29% lošija u poređenju sa kontrolnom grupom (T1). Lošiji proizvodni rezultati pri korišćenju obroka sa niskim sadržajem fosfora se mogu izbeći upotrebom fitaze mikrobijalnog porekla. Korišćenje fiteze u hrani za svinje u tovu značajno poboljšava iskoristljivost fosfora i drugih mineralnih materija poreklom iz fitatnog kompleksa.

Dietary concentrations of phytate are crucial for its anti-nutritive properties and its negative impact on P availability. The increase of dietary phytate level is shown to increase endogenous losses of amino acids and minerals in pigs. The partial availability of the P component of phytate to simple-stomached species attains importance as the world's rock phosphate reserves are not renewable, which could lead to a P supply crisis in the future. Supplementing phytase is becoming increasingly common as a method to improve the availability of P in plant ingredients containing high levels of phytate P. Fourty-eight pigs (Swedish Landrace boars × Dutch landrace sows) weaned at day 35 with an initial BW of 8.72±0.28 kg were used for a 40-day weaner performance study. The study was structured as a complete randomized design to evaluate the response of weaner pigs to four concentrations of microbial phytase produced by Aspergillus niger: (T1) basal diet; (T2) basal diet + 1000 FTU/kg; (T3) diet with decreased dicalcium phosphate + 1000 FTU/kg; and (T4) diet with no dicalcium phosphate + 1000 FTU/kg. Control group of piglets (T1) has achieved standard body mass while addition of phytase in meal increased body mass by 6.59% in T2 and 7.52% in T3. Phytase supplementation prevented decreased body weight gain diets where available phosphorous level was reduced by 50. The amount of consumed feed per day was not significantly different. Feed efficiency of T2 and T3 groups was by 3.23% better and of T4 for 11.29% lower compared to the control group of piglets (T1). Lower production results achieved by the use of low phosphorous diets can be avoided to a certain level by the use of microbial phytase. The use of phytase in pig diet significantly improved phosphorous availability, as well as of other mineral substances from the phytate complex., Zbog izraženih antinutritivnih svojstava fitata i negativnog uticaja na iskorišćavanje fosfora, njihova koncentracija u hrani je od velikog značaja. Poznato je da visoka koncentracija fitata u hrani povećava endogene gubitke amino kiselina i minerala kod svinja. Delimična dostupnost fosfora iz fitata kod monogastičnih životinja još više dobija na značaju usled činjenice da svetske rezerve mineralnog fosfora iz stena nisu obnovljive i da to može dovesti do krize u snabdevanju fosforom u budućnosti. Dodavanje fitaze postaje sve popularnije kao metod za povećanje dostupnosti fosfora u biljnim sirovinama koje sadrže visoku koncentraciju fosfora. Četrdeset osam prasadi (Švedski Landras nerast × Danski Landras krmača) zalučenih u starosti od 35 dana prosečne telesne mase 8,72±0,28 kg je uključeno u 40-to dnevni ogled ispitivanja proizvodnih rezultata. Ogled je dizajniran sa ciljem da se ispita uticaj dodatka tri koncentracije fitaze poreklom od Aspergillus niger i to: (T1) bazalni obrok; (T2) bazalni obrok+1000 FTU/kg; (T3) obrok sa smanjenom koncentracijom dikalcijum fosfata + 1000 FTU/kg; and (T4) obrok bez dodatog dikalcijum fosfata + 1000 FTU/kg. Kontrolna grupa prasadi (T1) je postigla uobičajenu telesnu masu, dok je dodatak fitaze u obrok povećavao telesnu masu za 6,59% u T2 i 7,52% u T3. Dodavanje fitaze je preveniralo smanjenje prirasta kod smeša gde je koncentracija fosfora bila niža za 50% od potreba. Količina konzumirane hrane se nije značajnije razlikovala među oglednim grupama. Konverzija hrane u grupama T2 i T3 je bila bolja za 3,23%, dok je u grupi T4 bila za 11,29% lošija u poređenju sa kontrolnom grupom (T1). Lošiji proizvodni rezultati pri korišćenju obroka sa niskim sadržajem fosfora se mogu izbeći upotrebom fitaze mikrobijalnog porekla. Korišćenje fiteze u hrani za svinje u tovu značajno poboljšava iskoristljivost fosfora i drugih mineralnih materija poreklom iz fitatnog kompleksa.

Dietary concentrations of phytate are crucial for its anti-nutritive properties and its negative impact on P availability. The increase of dietary phytate level is shown to increase endogenous losses of amino acids and minerals in pigs. The partial availability of the P component of phytate to simple-stomached species attains importance as the world's rock phosphate reserves are not renewable, which could lead to a P supply crisis in the future. Supplementing phytase is becoming increasingly common as a method to improve the availability of P in plant ingredients containing high levels of phytate P. Fourty-eight pigs (Swedish Landrace boars × Dutch landrace sows) weaned at day 35 with an initial BW of 8.72±0.28 kg were used for a 40-day weaner performance study. The study was structured as a complete randomized design to evaluate the response of weaner pigs to four concentrations of microbial phytase produced by Aspergillus niger: (T1) basal diet; (T2) basal diet + 1000 FTU/kg; (T3) diet with decreased dicalcium phosphate + 1000 FTU/kg; and (T4) diet with no dicalcium phosphate + 1000 FTU/kg. Control group of piglets (T1) has achieved standard body mass while addition of phytase in meal increased body mass by 6.59% in T2 and 7.52% in T3. Phytase supplementation prevented decreased body weight gain diets where available phosphorous level was reduced by 50. The amount of consumed feed per day was not significantly different. Feed efficiency of T2 and T3 groups was by 3.23% better and of T4 for 11.29% lower compared to the control group of piglets (T1). Lower production results achieved by the use of low phosphorous diets can be avoided to a certain level by the use of microbial phytase. The use of phytase in pig diet significantly improved phosphorous availability, as well as of other mineral substances from the phytate complex., Zbog izraženih antinutritivnih svojstava fitata i negativnog uticaja na iskorišćavanje fosfora, njihova koncentracija u hrani je od velikog značaja. Poznato je da visoka koncentracija fitata u hrani povećava endogene gubitke amino kiselina i minerala kod svinja. Delimična dostupnost fosfora iz fitata kod monogastičnih životinja još više dobija na značaju usled činjenice da svetske rezerve mineralnog fosfora iz stena nisu obnovljive i da to može dovesti do krize u snabdevanju fosforom u budućnosti. Dodavanje fitaze postaje sve popularnije kao metod za povećanje dostupnosti fosfora u biljnim sirovinama koje sadrže visoku koncentraciju fosfora. Četrdeset osam prasadi (Švedski Landras nerast × Danski Landras krmača) zalučenih u starosti od 35 dana prosečne telesne mase 8,72±0,28 kg je uključeno u 40-to dnevni ogled ispitivanja proizvodnih rezultata. Ogled je dizajniran sa ciljem da se ispita uticaj dodatka tri koncentracije fitaze poreklom od Aspergillus niger i to: (T1) bazalni obrok; (T2) bazalni obrok+1000 FTU/kg; (T3) obrok sa smanjenom koncentracijom dikalcijum fosfata + 1000 FTU/kg; and (T4) obrok bez dodatog dikalcijum fosfata + 1000 FTU/kg. Kontrolna grupa prasadi (T1) je postigla uobičajenu telesnu masu, dok je dodatak fitaze u obrok povećavao telesnu masu za 6,59% u T2 i 7,52% u T3. Dodavanje fitaze je preveniralo smanjenje prirasta kod smeša gde je koncentracija fosfora bila niža za 50% od potreba. Količina konzumirane hrane se nije značajnije razlikovala među oglednim grupama. Konverzija hrane u grupama T2 i T3 je bila bolja za 3,23%, dok je u grupi T4 bila za 11,29% lošija u poređenju sa kontrolnom grupom (T1). Lošiji proizvodni rezultati pri korišćenju obroka sa niskim sadržajem fosfora se mogu izbeći upotrebom fitaze mikrobijalnog porekla. Korišćenje fiteze u hrani za svinje u tovu značajno poboljšava iskoristljivost fosfora i drugih mineralnih materija poreklom iz fitatnog kompleksa.

Dietary concentrations of phytate are crucial for its anti-nutritive properties and its negative impact on P availability. The increase of dietary phytate level is shown to increase endogenous losses of amino acids and minerals in pigs. The partial availability of the P component of phytate to simple-stomached species attains importance as the world's rock phosphate reserves are not renewable, which could lead to a P supply crisis in the future. Supplementing phytase is becoming increasingly common as a method to improve the availability of P in plant ingredients containing high levels of phytate P. Fourty-eight pigs (Swedish Landrace boars × Dutch landrace sows) weaned at day 35 with an initial BW of 8.72±0.28 kg were used for a 40-day weaner performance study. The study was structured as a complete randomized design to evaluate the response of weaner pigs to four concentrations of microbial phytase produced by Aspergillus niger: (T1) basal diet; (T2) basal diet + 1000 FTU/kg; (T3) diet with decreased dicalcium phosphate + 1000 FTU/kg; and (T4) diet with no dicalcium phosphate + 1000 FTU/kg. Control group of piglets (T1) has achieved standard body mass while addition of phytase in meal increased body mass by 6.59% in T2 and 7.52% in T3. Phytase supplementation prevented decreased body weight gain diets where available phosphorous level was reduced by 50. The amount of consumed feed per day was not significantly different. Feed efficiency of T2 and T3 groups was by 3.23% better and of T4 for 11.29% lower compared to the control group of piglets (T1). Lower production results achieved by the use of low phosphorous diets can be avoided to a certain level by the use of microbial phytase. The use of phytase in pig diet significantly improved phosphorous availability, as well as of other mineral substances from the phytate complex., Zbog izraženih antinutritivnih svojstava fitata i negativnog uticaja na iskorišćavanje fosfora, njihova koncentracija u hrani je od velikog značaja. Poznato je da visoka koncentracija fitata u hrani povećava endogene gubitke amino kiselina i minerala kod svinja. Delimična dostupnost fosfora iz fitata kod monogastičnih životinja još više dobija na značaju usled činjenice da svetske rezerve mineralnog fosfora iz stena nisu obnovljive i da to može dovesti do krize u snabdevanju fosforom u budućnosti. Dodavanje fitaze postaje sve popularnije kao metod za povećanje dostupnosti fosfora u biljnim sirovinama koje sadrže visoku koncentraciju fosfora. Četrdeset osam prasadi (Švedski Landras nerast × Danski Landras krmača) zalučenih u starosti od 35 dana prosečne telesne mase 8,72±0,28 kg je uključeno u 40-to dnevni ogled ispitivanja proizvodnih rezultata. Ogled je dizajniran sa ciljem da se ispita uticaj dodatka tri koncentracije fitaze poreklom od Aspergillus niger i to: (T1) bazalni obrok; (T2) bazalni obrok+1000 FTU/kg; (T3) obrok sa smanjenom koncentracijom dikalcijum fosfata + 1000 FTU/kg; and (T4) obrok bez dodatog dikalcijum fosfata + 1000 FTU/kg. Kontrolna grupa prasadi (T1) je postigla uobičajenu telesnu masu, dok je dodatak fitaze u obrok povećavao telesnu masu za 6,59% u T2 i 7,52% u T3. Dodavanje fitaze je preveniralo smanjenje prirasta kod smeša gde je koncentracija fosfora bila niža za 50% od potreba. Količina konzumirane hrane se nije značajnije razlikovala među oglednim grupama. Konverzija hrane u grupama T2 i T3 je bila bolja za 3,23%, dok je u grupi T4 bila za 11,29% lošija u poređenju sa kontrolnom grupom (T1). Lošiji proizvodni rezultati pri korišćenju obroka sa niskim sadržajem fosfora se mogu izbeći upotrebom fitaze mikrobijalnog porekla. Korišćenje fiteze u hrani za svinje u tovu značajno poboljšava iskoristljivost fosfora i drugih mineralnih materija poreklom iz fitatnog kompleksa.

As a result of the growing demand for organic products, especially organic milk, the livestock organic production has increased. In this paper botanical and chemical composition of forage for organic diary cow production in Fruška Gora region were analysed. In the mixed hay samples, species from the Poaceae family were classified, according to their nutritive value into the first class. Dominant presence of Dactilys glomerata L. and Poa pratensis was revealed. Lucerne hay was predominantly composed only by one leguminous species Medicago sativa L. Basic nutritive components of mixed and Lucerne hay: crude moisture, crude ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude cellulose, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) phosphorous (P), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) were determined. Determined levels of hazardous and noxious substances (mycotoxins, pesticides and heavy metals) in all hay samples were in the range according to regulations. Botanical analysis has confirmed the presence of plants with high yield and of high nutritive value. Chemical analyses of hay samples originating from Fruška Gora has pointed out that the level of crude proteins, cellulose, fats, macro and trace elements can completely satisfy the requirements of animals in organic farming and therefore can present a solid base for further development of organic dairy farming., Kao rezultat povećanja tržišnih potreba za organskim proizvodima, naročito za mlekom, došlo je do intenziviranja organskog stočarstva u Srbiji. U ovom radu je ispitivan botanički i hemijski sastav dve vrste sena iz regiona Fruške Gore koja se koriste u organskoj proizvodnji mleka. U uzorcima mešanog sena, prisutne vrste iz familije Poaceae su na osnovu hranljive vrednosti klasifikovane u prvu klasu livadsko-pašnjačkih trava. Utvrđeno je prisustvo Dactilys glomerata L. i Poa pratensis L. Seno lucerke je u najvećem delu bilo sastavljeno od jedne vrste, Medicago sativa L. Određivan je sadržaj osnovnih hranljivih materija u mešovitom senu i senu lucerke: sirova vlaga, pepeo, proteini, mast i celuloza. Pored njih određivan je i sadržaj Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Fe, Mn i Zn. Utvrđeni nivo štetnih materija (mikotoksini, pesticidi i teški metali) bio je u propisanim granicama. Botaničkom analizom je utvrđeno da su u uzorcima bile zastupljene biljke koje su zadovoljavajuć e hranljive vrednosti i daju velike prinose. Hemijskom analizom utvrđeni nivo proteina, celuloze, masti, makro i mikroelemenata može u potpunosti da zadovolji potrebe mlečnih krava u organskoj proizvodnji i predstavlja dobru osnovu za dalji razvoj organskog stočarstva.

As a result of the growing demand for organic products, especially organic milk, the livestock organic production has increased. In this paper botanical and chemical composition of forage for organic diary cow production in Fruška Gora region were analysed. In the mixed hay samples, species from the Poaceae family were classified, according to their nutritive value into the first class. Dominant presence of Dactilys glomerata L. and Poa pratensis was revealed. Lucerne hay was predominantly composed only by one leguminous species Medicago sativa L. Basic nutritive components of mixed and Lucerne hay: crude moisture, crude ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude cellulose, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) phosphorous (P), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) were determined. Determined levels of hazardous and noxious substances (mycotoxins, pesticides and heavy metals) in all hay samples were in the range according to regulations. Botanical analysis has confirmed the presence of plants with high yield and of high nutritive value. Chemical analyses of hay samples originating from Fruška Gora has pointed out that the level of crude proteins, cellulose, fats, macro and trace elements can completely satisfy the requirements of animals in organic farming and therefore can present a solid base for further development of organic dairy farming., Kao rezultat povećanja tržišnih potreba za organskim proizvodima, naročito za mlekom, došlo je do intenziviranja organskog stočarstva u Srbiji. U ovom radu je ispitivan botanički i hemijski sastav dve vrste sena iz regiona Fruške Gore koja se koriste u organskoj proizvodnji mleka. U uzorcima mešanog sena, prisutne vrste iz familije Poaceae su na osnovu hranljive vrednosti klasifikovane u prvu klasu livadsko-pašnjačkih trava. Utvrđeno je prisustvo Dactilys glomerata L. i Poa pratensis L. Seno lucerke je u najvećem delu bilo sastavljeno od jedne vrste, Medicago sativa L. Određivan je sadržaj osnovnih hranljivih materija u mešovitom senu i senu lucerke: sirova vlaga, pepeo, proteini, mast i celuloza. Pored njih određivan je i sadržaj Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Fe, Mn i Zn. Utvrđeni nivo štetnih materija (mikotoksini, pesticidi i teški metali) bio je u propisanim granicama. Botaničkom analizom je utvrđeno da su u uzorcima bile zastupljene biljke koje su zadovoljavajuć e hranljive vrednosti i daju velike prinose. Hemijskom analizom utvrđeni nivo proteina, celuloze, masti, makro i mikroelemenata može u potpunosti da zadovolji potrebe mlečnih krava u organskoj proizvodnji i predstavlja dobru osnovu za dalji razvoj organskog stočarstva.

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of broiler meal supplementation with different forms of selenium (as Na-selenite or selenized yeast) and different amounts of vitamin E on selenium and vitamin E status in broiler tissues. A total number of 240 broilers (Cobb 500) were divided in four experimental groups supplemented with Se and vitamin E for a period of 42 days: group SS+E20 - 0.3 mg/kg sodium selenite and 20 IU of vitamin E; group SY+E20 - 0.3 mg/kg selenized yeast and 20 IU of vitamin E; group SS+E100 - 0.3 mg/kg sodium selenite and 100 IU of vitamin E; group SY+E100 - 0.3 mg/kg selenized yeast and 100 IU of vitamin E. Blood plasma Se and MDA concentrations and Se dependent GSH-Px were determined on days 1, 21 and 42, where's content of Se and vitamin E in breast muscle and liver were measured on days 21 and 42 of the experiment. Highest blood plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were detected in groups SS+E20 and SS+E100. Supplementation with selenium enriched yeast did not result in a significant increase in plasma GSH-Px activity. Selenium and vitamin E concentrations in breast meat and liver were significantly higher in groups supplemented selenized yeast compared to those receiving Na-selenite. Selenium and vitamin E supplementation did not alter plasma MDA concentrations, but in tissues, selenized yeast provided a consistent, although not significant, reduction in MDA content. The increased dose of vitamin E supplemented in broiler meal was not justifiable on the basis of vitamin E tissue content and antioxidative effect., Cilj ovog eksperimenta je bio da se utvrde efekti dodatka različitih formi selena u obrok (natrijum selenit ili selenizirani kvasac) i različitih količina vitamina E na status selena i vitamina E u tkivima brojlera. Ukupan broj od 240 brojlera (Cobb 500) je bio podeljen na četiri eksperimentalne grupe kojima je dodavan selen i vitamin E u obrok u periodu od 42 dana: grupa SS+E20 - 0,3 mg/kg Na-selenita i 20 IJ vitamina E; grupa SY+E20 - 0.3 mg/kg seleniziranog kvasca i 20 IJ vitamina E; grupa SS+E100 - 0,3 mg/kg Na-selenita i 100 IJ vitamina E; grupa SY+E100- 0,3 mg/kg seleniziranog kvasca i 100 IJ vitamina E. Koncentracija selena u krvnoj plazmi i MDA kao i selen zavisne GSH-PX je određivana 1., 21. i 42., dok su sadržaj selena i vitamina E u grudnoj muskulaturi i jetri određivani 21. i 42. dana eksperimenta. Najviše vrednosti aktivnosti glutation peroksidaze u krvnoj plazmi su utvrđene u grupama SS+E20 i SS+E100. Dodatak seleniziranog kvasca nije rezultirao značajnim povećanjem aktivnosti GSH-Px u krvnoj plazmi. Koncentracija selena i vitamina E u grudnoj muskulaturi i jetri je bila značajno viša u grupama kojima je dodat selenizirani kvasac u poređenju sa grupama koje su dobijale Na-selenit. Dodatak selena i vitamina E nije uticao na koncentraciju MDA u krvnoj plazmi, ali je u tkivima, selenizirani kvasac doveo do uočljivog ali ne značajnog smanjenja sadržaja MDA. Povećana doza vitamina E u obroku brojlera od 100 IJ vitamina E nije bila opravdana na osnovu sadržaja vitamina E i antioksidativnog dejstva.

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of broiler meal supplementation with different forms of selenium (as Na-selenite or selenized yeast) and different amounts of vitamin E on selenium and vitamin E status in broiler tissues. A total number of 240 broilers (Cobb 500) were divided in four experimental groups supplemented with Se and vitamin E for a period of 42 days: group SS+E20 - 0.3 mg/kg sodium selenite and 20 IU of vitamin E; group SY+E20 - 0.3 mg/kg selenized yeast and 20 IU of vitamin E; group SS+E100 - 0.3 mg/kg sodium selenite and 100 IU of vitamin E; group SY+E100 - 0.3 mg/kg selenized yeast and 100 IU of vitamin E. Blood plasma Se and MDA concentrations and Se dependent GSH-Px were determined on days 1, 21 and 42, where's content of Se and vitamin E in breast muscle and liver were measured on days 21 and 42 of the experiment. Highest blood plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were detected in groups SS+E20 and SS+E100. Supplementation with selenium enriched yeast did not result in a significant increase in plasma GSH-Px activity. Selenium and vitamin E concentrations in breast meat and liver were significantly higher in groups supplemented selenized yeast compared to those receiving Na-selenite. Selenium and vitamin E supplementation did not alter plasma MDA concentrations, but in tissues, selenized yeast provided a consistent, although not significant, reduction in MDA content. The increased dose of vitamin E supplemented in broiler meal was not justifiable on the basis of vitamin E tissue content and antioxidative effect., Cilj ovog eksperimenta je bio da se utvrde efekti dodatka različitih formi selena u obrok (natrijum selenit ili selenizirani kvasac) i različitih količina vitamina E na status selena i vitamina E u tkivima brojlera. Ukupan broj od 240 brojlera (Cobb 500) je bio podeljen na četiri eksperimentalne grupe kojima je dodavan selen i vitamin E u obrok u periodu od 42 dana: grupa SS+E20 - 0,3 mg/kg Na-selenita i 20 IJ vitamina E; grupa SY+E20 - 0.3 mg/kg seleniziranog kvasca i 20 IJ vitamina E; grupa SS+E100 - 0,3 mg/kg Na-selenita i 100 IJ vitamina E; grupa SY+E100- 0,3 mg/kg seleniziranog kvasca i 100 IJ vitamina E. Koncentracija selena u krvnoj plazmi i MDA kao i selen zavisne GSH-PX je određivana 1., 21. i 42., dok su sadržaj selena i vitamina E u grudnoj muskulaturi i jetri određivani 21. i 42. dana eksperimenta. Najviše vrednosti aktivnosti glutation peroksidaze u krvnoj plazmi su utvrđene u grupama SS+E20 i SS+E100. Dodatak seleniziranog kvasca nije rezultirao značajnim povećanjem aktivnosti GSH-Px u krvnoj plazmi. Koncentracija selena i vitamina E u grudnoj muskulaturi i jetri je bila značajno viša u grupama kojima je dodat selenizirani kvasac u poređenju sa grupama koje su dobijale Na-selenit. Dodatak selena i vitamina E nije uticao na koncentraciju MDA u krvnoj plazmi, ali je u tkivima, selenizirani kvasac doveo do uočljivog ali ne značajnog smanjenja sadržaja MDA. Povećana doza vitamina E u obroku brojlera od 100 IJ vitamina E nije bila opravdana na osnovu sadržaja vitamina E i antioksidativnog dejstva.