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Background: Lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma is an extremely rare malignant neoplasm, with few descriptions in the literature. Therefore, its etiology and treatment are not well understood. The present study aims to report the case of an equine histologically diagnosed with lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma in the lower eyelid region and third eyelid treated by surgical excision and intralesional chemotherapy. Case: A 17-year-old male mixed-breed equine weighing 300 kg was treated in the large animal clinic and surgery sector of the Federal University of Santa Catarina in the city of Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The equine revealed an alert and docile temperament without considerable physiological changes in the physical examination. In the evaluation of the right eye, a tumor mass was observed in the region of the lacrimal gland adhered to the third eyelid and lower eyelid, with a light red ulcerated appearance approximately 7 cm in diameter. Therefore, the surgical excision of the adhered tumor mass was performed, with the subsequent intralesional application of 2 mL of Vincristine Sulfate. In the histopathological evaluation following the surgical excision of the tumor mass, yellowish-white fragments of irregular nodules were observed measuring from 3.5×2.0×1.7 cm to 2.0×0.5×0.3 cm, in addition to microscopy focus clusters of weakly basophilic neoplastic glandular cells, some with a randomly arranged lacy aspect, forming disorganized acinar structures and others showed marking islands of the cells organized in a palisade shape by vascular delicate stroma. The neoplastic cells presented anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, prominent nucleoli sometimes binucleated and with basophilic intracytoplasmic secretory material, delimited by scarce connective tissue. In some areas, there were small foci of infiltrated lymphocytes and plasmocytes and areas of necrosis. The mass was surrounded by connective tissue, where red blood vessels were found outside the vessels (hemorrhage), and mitoses were observed 2 per field at high magnification (40x). After the surgical procedure, it was not possible to follow up and reassess of the patient, so there is no clarification on the possibility of tumor recurrence. Discussion: The case reported is uncommon, being only the second report of adenocarcinoma in the equine lacrimal gland. Therefore, there are few descriptions in the literature about its defined etiology and the best treatment method, although, surgical excision is the method of choice because it is a tumor of high recurrence and invasiveness. In this case, we opted for the exeresis of the tumor mass and later application of chemotherapy, a treatment that was relatively effective, to avoid recurrence and the failure of the technique. In these cases, monitoring the animal after the procedure is recommended, evaluating whether there was tumor recurrence, although this was not possible in the present possible. The third eyelid, lacrimal, and zygomatic salivary glands may be sources of intraorbital neoplasms. These neoplastic processes may have similar histological and behavioral characteristics, and their differentiation is, therefore, problematic. These structures may be differentiated based on the anatomical location, however, clinical appearance and symptoms are identical in most cases. Adenocarcinoma in the equine lacrimal gland is a neoplasm considered rare, so it is important to emphasize an accurate diagnosis through histopathological analyses to differentiate it from other frequent orbital neoplasms in horses, allowing more information about this tumor and establishing different treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enostosis like lesions are characterized by areas of intramedullary sclerosis affecting the long bones and their presence in any cases may be not associated with lameness. It has a migratory characteristic and, therefore there is the occurrence of lameness at different sites from the initial lesion. Its etiology is speculative and has been attributed to intraosseous increased pressure, of Havers’ canals compression, stimulation of unmyelinated fibers and circulating platelet aggregates. Diagnosis is made through nuclear scintigraphy and associated with radiographic examination. This paper aims to report a clinical case on the use of scintigraphy for the reference diagnosis of enostosis-type injury and treatment through surgical bone decompression. Case: A 2-year-old thoroughbred mare, weighing 483 kg, with a history of acute lameness of the left pelvic limb associated with the no previous signs of trauma and no noteworthy changes in radiographic and ultrasound images, was referred to the Horse Center Veterinary Clinic. In the examination of the locomotor system, the animal presented a 2/5 degree lameness in a straight line, with accentuated exacerbation of the same after flexion of the left femoro-tibio-patellar joint. In addition, presented a reduction in the caudal phase of the stride and croup asymmetry associated with mild myopenia. The findings of the scintigraphic exam characterized by intense focal area of hyperconcentration of medullary radiopharmaceutical in the proximal third of the right third metatarsal, and multiple areas of hyperconcentration in the aspect proximal to the distal third of the left tibia. In the radiographic images, multifocal radiopaque regions that coincided with the areas of radiopharmaceutical hyperconcentration were observed. The initial treatment was based on rest, use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and acetylsalicylic acid. In the 60 days’ later evaluation of the first exam, the patient returned to the clinic presenting 4/5 degree lameness and with an unsatisfactory evolution. Therefore, surgical bone decompression was performed on the left radius through intramedullary perforations with a 3.5 mm drill in the lesion sites. Approximately 30 days after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the clinic complaining of acute 2/5 degree lameness of the left pelvic limb. The patient was removed from his race career and destined for amateur jumping events where he is currently doing the same without presenting a clinical complaint of persistent lameness. Discussion: The presence of focal areas of radiopharmaceutical hyperconcentration in several bones of a limb, not just in the same lame limb, makes it even more difficult to understand this pathology. The intensity of radiopharmaceutical uptake evident in scintigraphy exams is related to the degree of lameness. Severe lameness is associated with intense radiopharmaceutical concentration indicating an acute stage of the disease, as well as a decrease in radiopharmaceutical concentration in follow-up exams, demonstrating an improvement in the degree of lameness. In the present clinical case described, there was a decrease in the radiopharmaceutical concentration in the right radius, but in the left radius, the limb in which spinal cord decompression was performed, it was still possible to observe radiopharmaceutical hyperconcentration. This was possibly due to an inflammatory bone process caused by surgical decompression. The literature suggests a favorable prognosis for the return to athletic function, with clinical resolution after following a period of rest and administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The patient in the described clinical case returned to sports activities with a reduced athletic performance requirement, replacing running events with basic and amateur jumping events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to its ocular microflora, the equine species is predisposed to develop mycotic ulcers which, when not properly treated, can lead to the formation of a stromal abscess. A stromal abscess occurs through the introduction of microorganisms into the corneal stroma. During re-epithelialization, the foreign body is encapsulated, thus creating a barrier that protects bacteria or fungi from treatment with antimicrobial medication. This framework can end up resulting in blindness due to chronic iridocyclitis, putting the animal’s vision at risk. The current work aims to report a case of corrective surgery for stromal abscess in a mare with the administration of intraoperative intrastromal fluconazole, in order to corroborate the effectiveness of the technique. Case: A 9-year-old mare was evaluated, with the complaint that her right eye was closed and “yellowish” and that she had already been treated with intramuscular injectable anti-inflammatory drugs based on flunexin meglumine (Banamine® - 50 mg) for 15 days, referring to a possible ulcer in the right eye. Ophthalmic screening resulted in a negative direct reflex and no threat response in the right eye. Examination of the conjunctiva showed congestion and chemosis. Examination of the cornea of the right eye was negative for Fluorescein and Green Lissamine tests, and opacity and corneal neovascularization were noted. The final diagnosis was a corneal abscess of probable fungal origin secondary to a keratomycosis. After the consultation, complementary blood and biochemical tests were performed, which showed normal results for the species in question, and treatment was started with eye drops based on atropine 1% (Fagra® - 20 mL), ciprofloxacin antimicrobial eye drops (Ciprovet Colirio® - 5 mL), and antifungal eye drops based on ketoconazole 1% (manipulated), in addition to an intramuscular injectable anti-inflammatory based on flunexin meglumine (Banamine® - 50 mg - 1.1 mg/kg SID) and an intramuscular injectable analgesic based on sodium dipyrone (Febrax® - 0.5 g - 15 mL/animal SID) until the day of surgery, which was booked for 3 days later. The surgical intervention was then instituted by the technique of anterior lamellar keratectomy followed by intrastromal hydration with fluconazole and the forming of a bipedicled flap, in order to remove the necrotic tissue and antigenic stimulation factors, while the conjunctival flap aimed to improve blood supply and protect the injured area, thus favoring local healing. For better postoperative quality for the animal, continuation of the same treatment as prior to surgery was prescribed for a period of 15 days. The return of the animal for the removal of the flap was scheduled for 45 days after surgery, however, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a delay of 135 days. When the animal returned the flap was still stable. A second surgery was instituted for the removal of the flap, during which it was possible to affirm that the cornea had recovered total integrity and partial transparency with only a leukoma in the previous location of the abscess. Discussion: The technique of anterior lamellar keratectomy together with the use of a conjunctiva flap for the treatment of stromal abscess in horses is a known technique that is used routinely, although some cases report the formation of a second infection in the same space. However, there are few reports on the use of intrastromal hydration with antifungal medication adjuvant to the surgical technique, which, as shown in this report, proved to be effective since even with the issue of a delay in removing the conjunctival flap, the eye remained whole and there was no second infection. The use of this technique can therefore be indicated for the treatment of stromal abscess in horses, given the safety that the application of intrastromal antifungal provides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Equine gastrointestinal colic cases represent one of the diseases with higher morbidity and mortality. Short and long term survivals are commonly correlated with the colic causes, being considered 50 % the survival rate of horses referred to surgery because of small intestine strangulative causes. The jejuno-caecostomy technique is recommended in cases of ileum necrosis or ischemia that indicates ileum removal. The survival rate after this procedure is low, being even lower than others common terminal-terminal enteroanastomoses. This study reports a case of jejuno-caecostomy followed by tiflopexy and tiflostomy performed in a colic horse. Case: A 12-year-old mare, mangalarga breed, with a history of acute abdomen during 18 h was referred to the FZEA- USP equine hospital. According to the owner, the animal suffered previous episodes of colic that had been solved without treatment. On this occasion, the owner, without veterinary advice, had administered 10 mL of flunixin meglumine, but the animal did not show improvement. During the examination, the patient presented tachycardia, tachypnea, toxemic mucosa, a large amount of enterogastric reflux, and it was possible to observe distended small intestine during rectal palpation. The horse was referred to surgery; it was possible to identify necrosis of the ileum and 30 cm of the aboral segment of the jejunum, caused by strangulation due to a pedunculated lipoma localized in the medial band of the caecum. Latero-lateral jejuno-caecostomy was performed between the medial and dorsal bands of the caecum, using polyglactin 910, n° 2.0, potassium penicillin 30.000 lU / kg, every 6 h, gentamicin 6.6 mg / kg, every 24 h, flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg / kg, every 12 h and maintenance fluid therapy were performed post operatively. The animal had ileus and severe enterogastric reflux for five days postoperatively, showing severe signs of endotoxemia, and parenteral hydration seemed to be not enough. So it was decided to hydrate the animal through the caecum. It was performed a tiflostomy and the implantation of a Foley catheter, nº 24, followed by tiflopexy. During this procedure, it was possible to diagnostic, via intra-abdominal palpation, a significant type I cecal impaction. Immediately after the procedure, the animal presented no more enterogastric reflux and started to defecate pasty manure. Two days after the procedure, the animal died. During necropsy, the anastomoses region showed a great healing process, without folds or stenosis and the functional test of the region was performed, showing no leakage, ensuring the success of the anastomosis technique; the tiflopexy was adequate, and the other intestinal segments presented normal. Discussion: In this report it was possible to observe several postoperative complications such as enterogastric reflux, type I caecum impaction, ileus, and endotoxemia, which was determinant for the death of the animal. Probably the cecal impaction was responsible for the enterogastric reflux and ileus, contributing with the endotoxemia and hydro electrolytic imbalance. These facts evidenced the necessity of faster and more efficient actions in future cases with similar complications, such as the accomplishment of a tiflostomy more precociously avoiding the impaction of caecum and minimizing the electrolytic imbalances of the patients. It was concluded that the delay in the patient referral, followed by the advanced hydro electrolytic imbalance and endotoxemia were the main factors responsible for the treatment failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sodium monensin is a molecule of the group of ionophores antibiotics (IAs) of the polyether carboxylic type produced from the fermentation of Streptomyces cinnamonensis. Cases of IA poisoning in animals usually occur accidentally. Fatal poisoning in horses, a non-target species and with particular sensitivity usually occurs by the consumption of these products from the toxic dose of 2-3 mg/kg. This report aims to describe the epidemiological and clinical-pathological aspects of an outbreak of ionophore antibiotic poisoning in horses due to the consumption of mineral supplementation indicated for ruminants based on sugarcane molasses. Case: Two horses were necropsied. During necropsy, fragments of various organs were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The information obtained from the animal trainer was that 19 horses received approximately 25 kg of low moisture mixture based on sugarcane molasses, enriched with macro and micro minerals, vitamins and additives containing 1000 mg of monensin/kg in the trough. One day after receiving the product, five horses began to develop ataxia, reluctance to move, difficulty of accompanying the herd and arising. Out of the five, three died after three days of evolution, one after six days (equine 1) and another after 15 days (equine 2) [morbidity 26.31%]. At necropsy, diffuse pallor was observed in the gluteus medius, quadriceps femoris, semimembranosus, biceps brachii and deep pectoral muscles. Microscopically the muscle fibers were tumefied with hypereosinophilic sarcoplasm of homogeneous appearance and with loss of striations, pynotic or absent nuclei (necrosis). Multifocal areas of fibers with sarcoplasmic fragmentation were observed, with clusters of irregular eosinophilic debris, flake (floct necrosis) or granule multifocal infiltrate, predominantly of macrophages, plasma cells and eosinophils with occasional multinucleated giant cells. In the heart there was focally a extensive area of necrosis and a discrete eosinophil infiltrate. Discussion: The diagnosis of ionophore antibiotic intoxication in horses was established by epidemiological and clinical-pathological aspects. In the horses affected in this outbreak, the intoxication was due to the ingestion of sugarcane molasses containing proportions of monensin, which is not indicated for equines, becoming an unusual source for this animal species. The clinical signs reported in the intoxication under study are mostly locomotors and are directly linked to poor distribution of sodium, potassium and calcium ions in muscle cells, leading to ionic disorders that modify the muscle neurotransmission by deregulating contraction and altering movement. Usually, death of horses poisoned with IAs is related to heart failure due to degenerative cardiomyopathy. However, due to the subtlety of the histological lesions in the heart, we believe that the cause of death may also be related to a possible respiratory failure owing to a degenerative myopathy of the diaphragmatic muscle. The anatomopathological changes found in the skeletal muscles of equine intoxicated with molasses are similar to those described in this species by other authors. Compounds based on sugarcane molasses formulated for cattle containing monensin should be considered as a potential source of poisoning for horses and as a cause of degenerative myopathy, which may be an alert for caring about the handling and feeding of these animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tendon injuries are common in horses and are commonly associated with lameness and athletic career disruption. Adhesions formed between the tendons and the surrounding tissues compromise the sliding and movement of the structures, compromising their functionality. Therefore, the control of adhesion formation is critical to restore the structural integrity of the tendon, as well as its biomechanical function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the biosynthetic cellulose membrane implanted in foals with surgically induced tendinitis of the superficial digital flexor. Materials, Methods & Results: Six healthy foals were used, which underwent tendinitis induction in the superficial digital flexor of the right and left forelimbs. The lesions was induced by local ischemia by crushing the tendon with hemostatic forceps. The biosynthetic cellulose membrane was implanted only in the right forelimb, involving the superficial digital flexor tendon in the region of the ischemia and the left forelimb was used as control. After surgery, both forelimb were immobilized with synthetic plaster cast for 15 days. Ultrasonography was performed in six foals immediately before (M0), at 15° (M1) at and 30° (M2) day, and three were evaluate at 45° (M3) and 60° (M4) day after surgery. Incisional biopsies were performed in three animals on the 30° day and in three animals on the 60° day after surgery. Histopathological examination involved the analysis of tissue disorganization, presence and type of inflammatory infiltrate and neovascularization, according to the score of 0 to 3. Ultrasonography allowed visualization of the membrane, which was characterized as a continuous hyperechoic line at the edges of the tendon at 15 days (M1). In addition, at 30 and 45 days after surgery, interruption of the hyperechoic line and reduction of echogenicity were observed, and no echogenic lines were observed at 60 days after surgery. During the biopsies, the fragments obtained from the treated limb were presented with easily detachable layers and separate layers of tissue during histological cutting and the slides preparations. There was no significant difference in relation to the histopathological scores between the treated and control member. The inflammatory infiltrate was predominantly of mononuclear cells and fibroblasts, with identification of giant cell in a foal at 30 days. Neovascularization was observed in all limbs, treated and controls at 30 days and in two treated limbs and three control at 60 days. It was possible to identify the synthetic cellulose membrane by histopathology in only two limbs treated at 30 days and in no limb at 60 days. Discussion: The degree of tendonitis induced in the present study was considered mild according to ultrasonographic analysis at 15 days after surgery. This fact limited the evaluation of the biosynthetic cellulose membrane in the prevention of adhesions, since they were not observed in both groups. However, the ability of the membrane to minimize adhesion formation can be suggest by the macroscopically observed individualization of the tissue layers during histological sections and slides preparation. Ultrasonographic analysis allowed the visualization of the membrane, as well as its positioning and the absorption process. Therefore, ultrasonography can be used in post-implantation monitoring of the membrane. The comparison of the histopathological scores demonstrates the biocompatibility of the biosynthetic cellulose membrane when implanted in foals submitted to surgically induced tendinitis, since there was no difference when compared to treated and control limbs. Therefore, it can be used safely in the treatment of tendon injuries in horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ailments that affect guttural pouches (GPs) include congenital malformations, tumors, and, especially, infections. Clinical signs of disorders of the GPs are not always specific, and include nasal secretion, epistaxis, and enlargement of regional lymph nodes. Deficient diagnosis and treatment tend to limit life expectancy. Some cases can lead to terminal exsanguination due to progression of the disorder if not diagnosed or if treatment fails. Unusual presentations may occur, and these cases require knowledge for prompt action and determination of the prognosis. The objective of this work is to report one of these unusual cases: epistaxis caused by rupture of the GP by a pharyngeal abscess. Case: A 6-year-old mare was presented for examination exhibiting purulent nasal secretion that had been ongoing for approximately 45 days (which had been treated as strangles for 7 days) and intermittent epistaxis for the past 20 days. When the mare was taken to the Veterinary Hospital, it also exhibited dysphagia with purulent nasal secretion mixed with the ingested food, a body condition score of 3/9, wheezing, mild ataxia, anemia (2.8 million RBCs/mm3; hematocrit = 14%), leukopenia (4,600 WBCs/mm3), and hyperfibrinogenemia (600 mg/dL). Upper airway endoscopy revealed presence of blood in the anterior third of the trachea, a blood clot in the left GP, and absence of bacterial of fungal plaques. Analysis of the bloody material collected from the GP showed presence of cocci bacteria and neutrophils. The treatment initially implemented was antibiotic therapy with enrofloxacin. Epistaxis worsened on the day following admission. Blood transfusion was carried out, but this procedure was not effective as profuse acute hemorrhage took place and led to death of the patient 48 h after admission. At necropsy, the left GP was laden with blood clots and serous/bloody content, and exhibited a circular/cylindrical lesion in its retropharyngeal portion. Next to this lesion, between the two GPs, there was a cavity containing blood clots and dense caseous material. Microscopically, coccoid bacterial colonies and degenerated neutrophils immersed in fibrinoid necrotic material were observed. Discussion: Dysphagia, mild ataxia, and epistaxis led to the initial suspicion of involvement of the GP secondary to fungal infection, which is the clinical picture most frequently associated with these clinical signs. Additionally, physical evaluation and complementary exams indicated that the animal also exhibited pneumonia, which suggested possible persistence of strangles in the form of bastard strangles. Endoscopic examination, which should have provided a better idea of the cause of the condition, was not very effective owing to the great amount of blood present in the GP. Therefore, we opted for antibiotic therapy with observation of the evolution of the clinical picture. Unfortunately, the case rapidly progressed to intense nasal bleeding and death of the patient. The cause of epistaxis could be determined only at necropsy: rupture of blood vessels of the left GP wall owing to a pharyngeal abscess located between the two GPs. Reports describing the development of an abscess between the GPs accompanied by lesion of the GP wall and nearby innervation have not been found in the literature. Finding data on some types of conditions can be challenging, and scarcity of reports on disorders of the GPs characterizes a deficit of data, even in specialized centers. Therefore, the case described here presents one more possibility to be considered in cases of epistaxis, especially when associated with a history of strangles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aspergillus spp. are dimorphic fungus widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, dust and decaying vegetation. Clinical signs of aspergillosis in horses including rhinitis, pneumonia, guttural pouch mycosis, keratomycosis, endometritis, abortions and systemic involvement. In addition, horses with a history of enterocolitis may be predisposed to pulmonary or systemic mycotic infection. However, reports about systemic aspergillosis in horses are restricted to infections by A. fumigatus and A. niger. There have been no reports of systemic infection caused by A. flavus in horses or in other domestic species. Thus, the objective of this work was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of systemic infection by Aspergillus flavus in a mare. Case: A 3-year-old pregnant mare of the Manga Larga, had signs of colic two days prior to admission after grazing in a landfill area to which it had free access. The owner observed remains of plastic bags in the stool. Clinically, there was dehydration, apathy, ocular mucosal congestion, oral cyanosis, reluctance to move, diarrhea, fever, drooling and tachypnea. Due to its clinical condition, the animal was referred to the surgical center for exploratory laparotomy, where compaction in the colon and cecum was verified. Enterotomy and enterolith removal were performed in the small colon region. The mare died after eight days of hospitalization, and necropsy was performed. Macroscopically disseminated lesions were observed in the small colon, stomach, kidneys, lungs, heart and brain. Fragments of tissues from organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities, as well as from the central nervous system, were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, and subsequently routinely processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and special histochemical stains to visualize the infectious agent and its morphological characteristics. Samples of lung lesions were submitted to microbiological culture for isolation. Fragments of fungal colonies were conserved in mineral oil for molecular analysis. Histologically, lesions showed acute, necrosuppurative colitis, gastritis, pneumonia, myocarditis, nephritis and meningoencephalitis, associated with vasculitis, thrombosis, infarction and intralesional hyphae that were morphologically compatible with Aspergillus spp. The species A. flavus was identified based on isolation and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Discussion: A diagnosis of systemic aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus flavus was determined by the microscopic examination of lesions associated with characteristic intralesional fungal hyphae and the isolation and identification of the fungal DNA by PCR. A pre-existing disease associated with debilitating factors, including the period of pregnancy, postpartum stress, internment, surgery and the intensive use of antimicrobials and corticosteroids, probably contributed to immunosuppression that favored the proliferation of the infectious agent. Grazing for a long period of time in a place with abundant decomposing organic matter, which is favorable to the proliferation of fungi of the genus Aspergillus, may have been a determining factor leading to the infection in the present case as the animal was likely exposed to an excessive number of spores. It is believed that the fungal microorganisms already present in the gastrointestinal tract invaded the surgery-induced lesions present in the mucosa of the small colon and later disseminated to various organs, including heart, lungs, stomach, kidneys and brain. Aspergillus flavus can cause enteric infection and hematogenous dissemination in horses, triggering lesions in the heart, lungs, stomach, kidneys and brain, which are characteristic of the systemic form of aspergillosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intersexuality is considered an alteration in the animal development that opposes the characteristics determined by the genetic sex, resulting in an individual with characteristic features of both sexes. The objective of this work is to report a case of male pseudohermaphroditism of a Criollo breed horse referred to the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias (HCV) of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brazil. We gather information on the intersexuality diagnostics highlighting cytogenetics as an additional tool to diagnosis. Case: A Criollo breed horse was attended at the HCV with the main complaint of morphological anomaly of the external genitalia. The animal presented female external features, characterized by mammal glands and female genitalia. The horse also showed a rudimentary penis-like structure, caudally oriented shrouded by a cutaneous crease similar to a vulva and presented male behavior. The external genitalia was examined but the vaginoscope could not be inserted since the crease ended in a sac, with no openings. Rectal palpation and transrectal ultrasound could not reveal the presence of female gonads. Urethral ultrasound revealed the pelvic urethra and the openings of the male accessory glands. The equine was subjected to hormonal challenge with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). First sample presented a testosterone concentration of 20 ng/dL; second sample, on the other hand, presented a testosterone concentration of 60 ng/dL after the stimulus. The Polimerase Chain Reaction technique revealed absence of gene SRY (sex determiningregion Y). The cytogenetic study was conducted with the lymphocytes obtained from peripherical venous blood. From this, we could verify that the patient was genetically male with karyotype 64 XY. Necropsy showed presence of prepuce and rudimentary penis at the anatomical site of the vulva without scrotum. In the pelvic cavity, a structure similar to a uterine body was observed, with the horns ending at the ovaries anatomical sites, where a structure similar to testicles was found with underdeveloped seminiferous tubules lacking production of spermatozoa and rudimentary epididymis with epididymal ducts coated with primitive stereocilia. Discussion: True hermaphroditism is defined by the presence of ovarian and testicular tissues in the same individual, as separate gonads or combined, as ovotestis. On the other hand, the pseudo-hermaphrodite is an individual with only one gonad, and external genitalia and secondary characteristics of the opposite sex. Urethral endoscopy allowed the visualization of the pelvic urethra and the male sexual glands openings. Following stimulation with hCG, testosterone level increased in 40 ng/dL, evidencing the presence of testicular tissue. Sexual differentiation is determined by the presence or absence of the Y chromosome and by the expression of gene SRY. The animal studied here had karyotype 64 XY and lacked gene SRY, characterizing a condition where testicular differentiation occurred in the absence of gene SRY. It is possible to conclude that clinical evaluation, complementary exams and hormonal analysis allowed the identification of intersexuality. However, only molecular, cytogenetic and histological analyses allowed the definitive diagnosis of male pseudohermaphrodite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Schiff-Sherrington syndrome is characterized by extensor hypertonicity of the forelimbs and flaccid hindlimbs as a result from the interruption of the ascending inhibitory effect on motor neurons of forelimbs. The main cause is trauma to the spinal cord in thoracolumbar segment and is considered a common condition in companion animals, but rarely reported in large animals. The present study aimed to report the clinical-pathological and laboratorial findings of a horse with Schiff-Sherington syndrome. Case: A 9-year-old mare weighing 330 kg was referred for clinical evaluation after a 36 h evolution of an acute onset of inability to stand. During physical examination the horse was on lateral recumbency and presented normal mental status, spasticity of the forelimbs, flaccid paralysis of the hind limbs, and superficial sensitivity decreased from the 13th thoracic vertebra, reaching the perianal region and hindlimbs. Hematological and biochemical abnormalities included mild neutrophilic leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia and increased activity of aspartate aminotransferase. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed yellowish coloration (xanthochromia), turbidity (+1), increased density, hypoproteinemia and erythrophagocytosis. Microbiological culture of CSF was negative. Necropsy revealed muscle hematomas and complete fracture of the 10th and 11th thoracic vertebrae with spinal cord compression. Cross section of the thoracic spinal cord presented severe hemorrhage and cavitations areas in the gray matter. Microscopically, vacuolization of the white matter (status spongiosus) with numerous axonal spheroids was present. In the gray matter, the presence of moderate amount of neurons with eosinophilic cytoplasm, nucleus and retracted picnotic (necrosis), discrete perineuronal edema, and moderate foci of hemorrhage was observed. Discussion: The definitive diagnosis of thoracic vertebral fracture with spinal cord compression and myelomalacia was conducted by the association of epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and pathological findings. Schiff-Sherington syndrome can occur due to serious injuries in the thoracolumbar region with spinal cord compression, resulting in lower motor neuron paralysis in the hind limbs (flaccid paralysis) and upper motor neuron paralysis in the forelimbs (spasticity). In horses, the thoracic segment is the most affected in cases of vertebral fractures. CSF analysis presented as a crucial tool for diagnosis, because it allowed the observation of xanthochromia and erythrophagocytosis. And it also allowed the exclusion of other causes of acute spinal cord impairment, such as rabies, viral myeloencephalitis, protozoal mieloencefalopathy and trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma evansi. CSF analysis is an important ancillary method, associated with the epidemiological and clinical findings, in the diagnosis of central nervous system diseases in horses. In large animals with suspected fracture and spinal cord compression, CSF analysis can help in the definitive diagnosis, especially when performing radiographic examination is impossible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A abordagem laparoscópica evidencia vantagens na comparação às convencionais pelos menores: trauma tecidual, risco de contaminação e remoção ovariana com menor tensão e dor associadas. Entre as técnicas para obliteração de pedículos ovarianos, a eletrocirurgia bipolar é uma das mais utilizadas em pequenos animais, porém apresenta limitações em grandes animais, em razão do tamanho e características das pinças comercialmente disponíveis, na maioria adaptadas da medicina. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar uma pinça de apreensão bipolar tipo Maryland de 10mm de diâmetro (Ø) e 42 cm de comprimento, na realização de ovariectomias experimentais em éguas. Foram realizadas seis ovariectomias (3 dir e 3 esq) em seis éguas. A sedação foi realizada com cloridrato de detomidina, acrescida de bloqueio da região paralombar com cloridrato de lidocaína 2%. Foram introduzidos dois canais de trabalho no flanco correspondente ao procedimento, com trocartes modelo EndoTIPTM de 11mm Ø, sendo o primeiro para passagem da ótica de 10mm Ø e o segundo para o rodízio dos intrumentos videocirúrgicos. Não foi necessária a insuflação da cavidade abdominal (pneumoperitônio). Foi realizado bloqueio anestésico (40 ml de lidocaína 2%) no pedículo ovariano por meio de um dispositivo montado a partir de uma seringa de 1ml adaptada à extremidade distal da haste de um aspirador laparoscópico de 5mm de Ø. As manobras de coagulação e secção do pedículo ovariano foram realizadas, respectivamente, com o uso da pinça bipolar citada e tesoura de Metzembaum, de forma progressiva ao longo da extensão do mesmo em todas as éguas. Ao final os ovários foram removidos pela ampliação da incisão do segundo portal. A utilização da pinça bipolar mostrou-se extremamente eficiente para a eletrocoagulação do pedículo ovariano em todos os animais, sem a ocorrência de nenhuma complicação trans ou pós-operatória. O tempo médio cirúrgico foi de 117 minutos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The equine placenta is the organ where gas and nutrients are exchanged between the mare and the fetus and, as such presents two main functions: protection and regulation of the fetal environment. Maternal or placental disorders can lead to fetal or neonatal impairment, fetal death, development of abnormalities, dystocia, or to the delivery of premature or dysmature foals. The aim of this work is to report the placental findings, the clinical evaluation and the therapeutic measures adopted during the clinical monitoring of a foal birth from a mare with placentitis. Case: The patient is a Thoroughbred mare, 18 years-old, from a farm in the south region of Brazil. The mare was submitted to colic surgery 90 days prior to delivery. The gestational length was 365 days and the mare did not present any symptoms of placentitis during pregnancy. At delivery both the amniotic fluid and the foal showed meconium staining, suggesting passage of intrauterine meconium. The time lapsed from birth to the observation of postural and behavioral reflexes was: eight min to the adoption of sternal recumbency; 35 min to begin sucking reflexes, and 110 min to stand. After the observation of the sucking reflexes, the foal received 250 mL of colostrum with a bottle. The foal weight at birth was 50 kg. Yellow/brownish stains covering on the allantoic surface to its full extent were identified during the macroscopic evaluation of the placenta in addition to laceration areas in the region corresponding to the uterine bifurcation. The thickening of the amnion was observed, with marked edema. Placentitis was confirmed post-foaling through histologic evaluation. The foal was submitted to clinical evaluation and hematological and biochemical analyzes at birth (0 h) and at 6, 12, and 24 h of life. Allopurinol (40 mg/kg) was administered after 6 h of birth, with the aim of avoiding the development of clinical signs due to birth hypoxia. Signs of sepsis and respiratory involvement have not been identified. A splint support was used due to the identification of a bilateral laxity of the flexor tendon group with hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint. The foal was kept in movement restriction for approximately one month. Two months after the foal's release to the pasture, ruptures in both sesamoid ligaments was identified by radiological examination. This foal was not destined for training and was kept for breeding. Discussion: The foal was diagnosed with dysmaturity based on the observations of flexural deformities, delayed neuromuscular reflexes and behavioral signs, intrauterine meconium passage and hematological and biochemical findings. The histopathological evaluation of the placenta was useful for the identification of the placental impairment that was not observed during pregnancy. The use of neuroprotective and antioxidant medications such as Allopurinol may prevent the development of clinical signs due to birth hypoxia. Factors such as postnatal growth and the prognosis for the growth potential are not easy to predict. Despite the unfavorable prognosis for competition, the foal's lesions were not incompatible with the animal's life, that was maintained for breeding given its high livestock value. Based on the above one can conclude that the delivery monitoring and the follow-up of the foal allows an early diagnosis of dysmaturity and the determination of absence of sepsis, guiding the therapeutic approach and management measures that can lead to the survival of the foal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The equine industry is growing in Brazil, specially the Crioulo breed, thus resulting in more investments and more diagnoses in clinical and reproductive diseases. Orchitis is related to subfertility, as a result of infectious agents, autoimmune diseases and traumatic injuries. After a traumatic injury, metabolic and vascular changes may occur, including testicular pathologies associated with blood flow changes. Reproductive tract injuries in stallions may result in impotentia coeundi and generandi, therefore requiring periodic monitoring and evaluation. This study aimed to report a case of hematoma in pampiniform plexus and orchitis in a Crioulo stallion, with differential diagnoses. Case: An equine, male, Crioulo horse, 6 years-old, was attended during reproductive season due to an increase in scrotal volume. During clinical evaluation all parameters were within reference values. During reproductive clinical evaluation it was observed enlarged, edema, heat and pain in the scrotum and testicules bilaterally. The testicle and spermatic cord presented discrete rotation, approximately 45°. In the dorsal board of right testicle, in the spermatic cord, it was noticed a structure firm to palpation, anecoic and avascularized at ultrasound exam. Blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes for hematologic evaluation. Seminal samples were collected with an artificial vagina an estrus mare. In EcoDoppler exam it was observed anechoic liquid in vaginal tunic, compatible with transudate, and an anechoic structure with irregular edges, avascularized, 2.7 cm width and 1.3 cm height. Hematologic analyses were all within reference limits. Seminal analyses were above acceptable limits proposed for stallions. The diagnosis was hematoma in the spermatic in association with orchids. Initial treatment was based on flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg/kg IV, dexametasone 0.01 mg/kg IV for 3 days and cold bath for 20 min. After 7 days, inflammatory local signs have declined. After 15 days, the stallion showed again edema in the scrotum and was treated with pentoxifylline 6 mg/kg PO for 30 days, dexamethasone 0.05 mg/kg IV for 3 days and cold bath. After 45 days the stallion was submitted to clinical evaluation with no inflammatory signs in the reproductive tract. After 83 days, the stallion had no swelling in the scrotum and testicular parenchyma had homogeneous echogenicity. Discussion: In stallions, an increase in scrotum volume with acute progress has several etiologies and differential diagnosis include: varicocele, inguinal hernia, neoplasm, inflammatory processes and spermatic cord torsion. In Crioulo breed, spermatic cord rotation is observed frequently by veterinary in the field, however there are few scientific reports. The partial or complete blood flow obstruction results in hemorrhagic and ischemic alterations in distal twisting structures, which may favor the occurrence of testicular degeneration and local hematomas. Ultrasound examination with Doppler was essential for morphological characterization of the lesion and performing differential diagnosis of neoplasia, varicocele, inguinal hernia. The diagnosis was based was based on clinical, hematologic, seminal and ultrasonography evaluation, which confirmed the presence of a hematoma in the pampiniform plexus and testicular inflammation. The treatment aimed to reduce inflammatory signs and stimulate blood flow. The stallion was regularly assessed and responded to therapy approach, with a favorable prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several techniques have been used for the treatment of fractures in large animals, once these animals are frequently subject to trauma that interrupts bone continuity, especially in long bones. The choice for the technique depends on the configuration of the fracture, damage to the adjacent tissue, and presence or absence of bone exposure. The success of the modified Thomas splint, associated to synthetic casting has been reported in several studies. However, there still are restrictions to the use of this technique. Thus, the objective of the present study is to report the use of immobilization by the modified Thomas splint, coupled with synthetic casting, for the treatment of fractures in long bones of bovine and equine animals. Cases: The five animals were treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Paranaense, being four bovines and one equine, all presenting fractures in long bones, resulting from accidental trauma. The equine, weighting 300 kg, presented fracture in the third metacarpal bone, previously submitted to immobilization through external fixation type II. Three bovines, weighting 50, 200, and 500 kg, presented fractures in the metacarpals, with the smallest presenting exposed fracture, another bovine, weighting 300 kg, presented fractures in the radius and ulna. The animals were examined and submitted to sedation and anesthesia for manual reduction of the fracture and immobilization. For such, the animals were placed in lateral decubitus, and the hurt member was covered in tubular mesh and bandage for synthetic casting. Afterwards it was placed a steel frame molded according to the limb anatomy, from the hoof to the elbow of the animal, in a way which the frame itself prevented the animal to touch the ground. In one of the bovines it was necessary to extend the steel frame above the olecranon due to fracture extensiveness. Radiographies for assessment of the technique were produced every 15 days after the procedure, and have shown complete realignment and bone reconstruction sufficient for splint removal after a period that varied from 45 to 75 days. Discussion: Immobilization was easily performed in all cases reported, being a procedure applicable in field situations. The use of synthetic casting for the fracture immobilization in equines and bovines, coupled with several other techniques for internal or external fixation, provides light weight, resistance and water resistance to the system. In this study it was observed in all cases the adequate stability in the fracture line, support and unimpeded locomotion, as well as perfect consolidation of the fractures in animals of a broad spectrum of body weights. No claudication was observed, with exception for case 1, which, due to the size of the bone callus, a very mild claudication persisted. In this case the animal could not be used for sports anymore, but was kept for breeding. Case 4, despite the severeness and height of the fracture, had complete recovery, and could return to sportive activities, being a rodeo bull. All the other animals had normal zootechnical performance and were kept in their respective herds. These results were accomplished without the common complications related to the use of plates, screws, and pins, that cause migrations, osteolysis, and osteitis. The use of modified Thomas splint coupled with synthetic casting presents itself as an effective technique for the immobilization of long bone fractures in large animals, promoting an easily applicable and low cost treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cutaneous lesions by Pythium insidiosum infection are commonly observed in horses, especially in those living at flooded environments. Equine pythiosis is characterized by the development of tumoral masses that are frequently located at distal limbs, ventral abdômen, thorax, breast and face. The lesions are usually granulomatous, serosanguineous and ulcerated, most often destroyed by self-mutilation due to the intense pruritus. The proposed treatment includes surgical excision followed by antifungal drugs administration, which can be done systemically or topically. Amphotericin B and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in association has been successfully used for cutaneous pythiosis topical treatment due to the DMSO property to carry any substance through plasmatic membranes. Case: The present report concerns a 12-year-old mixed breed gelding presenting with self-mutilation of a tumoral mass located at the left flank. The owners reported that the horse had initially presented a small wound that had evolved to a 20-cm in diameter mass in 4 weeks. Tissue samples were collected, processed and stained by the Gomori's methenamine silver (GMS) method. The histopathological analysis revealed Pythium insidiosum hyphae in a granulomatous tissue, especially located at peripheral region, where kunkers were present. Surgical excision of the mass followed by cauterization was indicated as initial treatment, and due to financial reasons, the owners elected only the topical antifungal therapy to control the fungus infection after surgery. Flunixin meglumine was also administrated for fi ve days aiming the control of pain and inflammation. The wound was cleaned with povidone-iodine solution and rinsed with a solution containing 50 mg of amphotericin B in 10 mL of sterile water and 10 mL of DMSO. This procedure was carried out twice a day. The wound healed fast due to an excellent centripetal epithelialization, and the horse was discharged after 64 days showing only 5% of the initial wound area. The owner reported by telephone the complete healing and hair growth 10 days after discharge. Discussion: Despite the atypical location of the tumoral lesion described at the present report, the history and clinical manifestations, especially the intense pruritus, showed similarity with other characteristic reports of equine cutaneous pythiosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by the histopathological examination showing hyphae structures, as described to be evidences of the presence of Pythium insidiosum in the tissue. The surgical procedure was the first step to provide remission of clinical signs, and one day after surgery the pruritus desapeared. After excision of the granulomatous tissue and cauterization, daily topical administration of amphotericin B associated with DMSO was effective in destroying the infectious agent, as observed by the excellent epithelization. A pink granulation tissue grew up providing an ideal surface for epithelial migration and the healing process progressed quickly. Centripetal epithelialization reduced the wound area until 3% of the initial area in 64 days of treatment, when the remaining wound was found almost completely healed and covered with hair. At the present report, the horse presenting pythiosis was only topically treated. The recommended therapy using amphotericin B and DMSO solution was effective, economically viable and low risk, considering that the systemic antifungal therapy usually suggested is expensive and extremely nephrotoxic. The atypical location of the lesion on the left flank shows that the fungus can affect any anatomical region, since the conditions for its development were present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wry Nose (Campylorrhinus lateralis) is a congenital shortening and deviation of the maxillae, premaxillae, nasal bones, vomer, and nasal septum that affects mainly foals. Intrauterine positioning as an etiology of this deformity is highly unlikely. Clinically, varying degree of premaxillar deviation is noticeable upon inspection of the foal's head. The deviation usually results in malocclusion, with no contact between the incisors of the mandible and maxilla. Some foals experience breathing difficulties or have increased respiratory sounds. This condition will not self-correct, and a decision should be made to treat the foal using reconstructive techniques or to euthanize it to prevent it from suffering. The objective of this work was to describe a case of wry nose in an adult male equine. Case: A 4-year-old, 300 kg, male SRD equine was submitted for necropsy. There was no history of respiratory problems and trouble with mastication or prehension of food. Three days before death the horse showed clinical sings characterized by no ingestion of food and water, changing behavior and locomotion, weakness, and not respond to calls, seemingly oblivious to the environment evolving into permanent recumbency and death after about 24 h of the decline. The horse was treated by a veterinarian who suspected of leucoencephalomalacea. The animal died 24 h after her condition worsened. Macroscopically, the main lesion observed was in the nose. The nasal septum was deviated to the left with the sigmoid appearance and a dorsal hump on the right side of the nasal bone. The radiographs of dorsoventral view of the jaws showing premaxillae deviated approximately 90 degrees to the left. The left premaxillae was shorter than the right premaxilla, thus creating a lesser and greater curvature of the premaxilla. Macroscopic and Microscopic lesions in the brain were not observed discarding the possibility of leucoencephalomalacea and other neurological diseases of infectious origin. Discussion: Wry nose is a relatively rare disease and have being reported in foals. In our study, it was not possible to determine the cause of this abnormality, but a computed tomography study has been associated this deformity with an underdeveloped pregnant uterus during the second half of pregnancy witch the narrow tip of the uterine horns provides only limited space for the developing cranial half of the fetus. Although the disease have been reported in young animals in which the surgical procedure in moderate to severe cases it is recommended, in the present case, the equine was four years old indicating that there is a possibility of the animal to reach adulthood, but with their commitment to quality of life. Several diseases, such as cystic degeneration, malformation of normal tissue, abscesses, fractures and neoplasms may cause thickening, malformation or deviation of the nasal septum in horse producing similar clinical sings. In the present case, the macroscopic lesions and radiography exam were useful to determinate the exact site, extent and nature of the involvement of the lesion. Despite the owner to report a clinical picture indicative of neurological disease, histological analysis of the brain ruled out this possibility. These findings indicate that wry nose disease should be kept in mind when investigating causes of deviation of the nasal septum in equines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Equines have some specific characteristics in comparison to other domestic species, such as low fertility index and low prolificity. Additionally, they also have a reproductive cycle that starts at approximately three years of age, gestation period of 11 months, only one animal per gestation and abortions or reabsorptions are common occurrences. In equines, embryonic losses occur mostly between the 27th and 33rd day of pregnancy. The death of the fetus may result in abortion or retention inside the uterus, with consequent mummification or maceration. In twin pregnancies, during the fetal period, the mummification or maceration of one of the fetuses is frequent. In single pregnancies, such alterations are rare and they may be associated with uterine torsions or malformation of the fetus. Fetal maceration is a septic process caused by viral or bacterial ascendant infections, producing emphysema and necrosis of the fetal tissue. The presence of microorganisms in the uterus is necessary for fetal maceration. They may be the cause of fetal death or be decomposing microorganisms that enter the uterus after the death of the fetus. Fetal disintegration causes endometritis and, the treatment includes removal of macerated parts, uterine lavage with physiological solution and antibiotics. In all species, the prognosis of severe cases of fetal maceration followed by endometritis is guarded, due to the possibility of involvement of other uterine layers and the subsequent development of septicemia and toxemia. The evolution of the condition may affect the reproductive ability of the animal. Case: A female pony was sent to Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFGRS). The animal had a purulent vulvar discharge. Transrectal palpation of the uterine cornua revealed liquid contents and palpable structures which, later, were identified as fetal skeletal remains. Periodic hysteroscopies were the auxiliary method in the diagnosis and visualization of the uterine environment, in order to realize the evolution of the disease. The treatment chosen consisted of uterine lavage with ringer lactate solution for the mechanical removal of the secretion, in addition to the manual removal of the bone fragments found in the vagina and administration of effervescent intrauterine tetracycline tablets. Discussion: Fetal maceration cases in single equine pregnancy are associated with uterine torsion or fetal development problems. In the present case, there was no colic history or other disorders associated with uterine torsion. However, the possibility of abnormal fetal development should not be ruled out, since the fetus came from the crossing of a pony with a Crioulo horse which, due to the differences in size, could predispose to malformations. Uterine lavage with ringer lactate is advocated as a method to have an effective mechanical antibacterial action. However, some authors recommend uterine lavage and local antimicrobial therapy by infusion as the preferred method in endometritis cases. According to this principle, the treatment was administrated and the animal of this case reacted satisfactorily, showing uterine retraction, absence of purulent secretion and cervical closure. In 15 days, it was discharged from hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]