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Aim: Extensive ongoing research on probiotics and infant formulas raises a number of safety questions. One concern is the potential influence of d-lactic acid-containing preparations on the health of infants and children. The aim of this review was to summarise the available knowledge on the ingestion of d-lactic acid-producing bacteria, acidified infant formulas and fermented infant formulas as a potential cause of paediatric d-lactic acidosis.Methods: A Medline database search was performed in July 2017, with no restrictions on the language, article type or publication date. The 1715 search results were screened for clinical trials, review articles, case series and case reports of relevance to the topic.Results: We identified five randomised controlled trials from 2005 to 2017 covering 544 healthy infants and some case reports and experimental studies. No clinically relevant adverse effects of d-lactic acid-producing probiotics and fermented infant formulas were described in healthy children. However, a harmless, subclinical accumulation of d-lactate was theoretically possible. The only known cases of paediatric d-lactic acidosis occurred in patients with short bowel syndrome or, historically, in infants fed with acidified formulas.Conclusion: Our main finding was that probiotics and fermented formulas did not cause d-lactic acidosis in healthy children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study of A. A. Salas and colleagues on gastric residuals among infants. It mentions that the study of Salas and colleagues shows that gastric residuals could be a sign of NEC and may call for caution on refeeding. It discusses the results of the study that little amount of enteral nutrition should be given to infants.