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Conclusions: Most neoplasms of the parapharyngeal space are benign. The transcervical surgical approach is the preferred procedure in most cases. Intra-operative endoscopic exploration offers a new surgical management technique to reduce operative complications and post-operative recurrence rates. Objectives: To present the authors' experience in the treatment of primary parapharyngeal space tumors with emphasis on surgical approaches and employment of endoscopy to detect residual tumors through conventional approaches. Method: One hundred and sixty-seven patients treated surgically over a 10-year period were retrospectively reviewed. A comparison of the surgical approaches in a relevant case series was also conducted. Results: All of the patients underwent pre-operative imaging before surgery, and intra-operative endoscopic detection was selectively used for large, deep tumors. Complete resection of the tumor was used in 158 patients (95%), with a transcervical surgical approach applied in 144 cases (84%). Of 167 tumors, 150 (90%) were benign and 17 (10%) were malignant, with neurilemmoma/schwannoma as the most frequent pathology (42%). Surgical complications were reported in 26 patients (15%), most commonly unilateral paralysis of the vocal cords (6%). Two patients (1%) presented with recurrence, on average 2.5 years (range = 1–4 years) after initial excision, and the mean follow-up time was 3.8 years (range = 10 months–10 years). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusion: This study provides evidence that histamine induced MUC5AC mRNA expression through the activation of the core region of its promoter. It may also help in approaching new therapeutic strategies in airway mucins hypersecretory diseases. Objective: Mucin hypersecretion characterizes several respiratory diseases. Production of MUC5AC, a major gel forming mucin secreted by airway epithelia, can be induced by various inflammatory mediators. Histamine is associated with MUC5AC up-regulation during the early phase of allergic respiratory diseases. The goal of the present study was to identify whether histamine may induce MUC5AC gene expression both at mRNA and protein levels and to elucidate its mechanism. Methods: Guinea pigs were sensitized and challenged with dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) extract. Human lung mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line (NCI-H292) was used. The regulatory mechanism of MUC5AC by histamine and H1R was investigated using RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and MUC5AC promoter-driven luciferase reporter assay. Results: The MUC5AC expression levels were increased by histamine treatment in either nasal tissues of Der f challenged guinea pigs or NCI-H292 cells, whereas the MUC5AC protein over-production induced by histamine administration was significantly inhibited by H1R antagonist chlorpheniramine. It was found that histamine enhanced the activation of the proximal core region of the MUC5AC promoter, which was significantly blocked by chlorpheniramine, as indicated by luciferase reporter assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusion: This work demonstrated that juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNAs) express high levels of hormone receptors and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared with normal nasal mucosa. The interaction between hormone receptors and VEGF may be involved in the initiation and growth of JNA. Objectives: JNA is a rare benign tumor that occurs almost exclusively in male adolescents. Although generally regarded as a hormone-dependent tumor, this has not been proven in previous studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of hormone receptors in JNA and the relationship with clinical characteristics. Methods: Standard immunohistochemical microarray analysis was performed on 70 JNA samples and 10 turbinate tissue samples. Specific antibodies for androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), estrogen receptor-β (ER-β), progesterone receptor (PR), and VEGF were examined, and the relationships of receptor expression with age, tumor stage, and bleeding were evaluated. Results: Results showed that JNA expressed ER-α (92.9%), ER-β (91.4%), AR (65.7%), PR (12.8%), and VEGF (95.7%) at different levels. High level of VEGF was linked to elevated ER-α and ER-β. There was no significant relationship between hormonal receptors and age at diagnosis, tumor stage or bleeding. However, overexpression of ER-α was found to be an indicator of poor prognosis ( p = 0.031). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusion: The endoscopic extended medial maxillectomy approach for the management of lesions of the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossa provides excellent exposure and results with good hemostasis and low morbidity. This approach is a viable alternative to the open approaches to these areas. Objectives: To describe an endoscopic extended medial maxillectomy approach for the treatment of nonmalignant tumors in the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossa. Methods: From January 2004 to June 2007, five patients who had tumors in the pterygopalatine fossa and/or infratemporal fossa, and underwent surgical resection of the tumors with the endoscopic extended medial maxillectomy approach, were reviewed regarding demographics, preoperative images, tumor cell type, surgical techniques, and outcomes. Results: Five patients underwent the procedure mentioned above; three females and two males with a mean age of 38 and a range of 21-58 years. All patients had adequate exposure and total tumor resection with the endoscopic extended medial maxillectomy approach. None of the patients required an external approach for tumor extirpation. There were no major postoperative complications. No evidence of tumor recurrence was noted after follow-up for 12-78 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusion: Collagen deposition was increased in regenerative rabbit maxillary mucosa, and the elevated collagen deposition during wound healing was associated with increased interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, and decreased IL-10. Objectives: To observe the natural progression of wound healing in rabbit maxillary sinus mucosa and to detect the expression of relevant cytokines. Methods: A rabbit wound-healing model was established in the maxillary sinus. At different times after injury, the sizes of maxillary ostia were recorded, and histological changes in the sinus mucosa were examined by means of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson trichrome staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and collagen types I and III. Results: A large amount of immature spindled collagen deposition was observed in the basal lamina and lamina propria of regenerative mucosa. IL-6 was increased significantly in regenerative mucosa after injury, especially at 14 days post wounding when compared with normal mucosa. IL-8 was also increased significantly in regenerative mucosa; however, IL-10 was decreased significantly when compared with normal mucosa. IL-6 and IL-8 showed a significant correlation with the expression level of collagen type I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]