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Outcome in PCNSL patients and its association with PD-L1+ leukocytes in the tumor microenvironment

Core needle biopsies for the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma - a great concern for research

A large proportion of women with lymph node negative breast cancer treated with systemic adjuvant treatment do not benefit from such therapy since the patient is already cured by local treatment. Several studies have suggested that proliferation markers are strong prognostic factors in early breast cancer. Cyclins are probably the most specific markers of cell proliferation. Previously high expression of cyclin E has been associated with breast cancer recurrence.In this study we investigate the prognostic value of cyclin E1 in node negative breast cancer patients. In a population-based cohort 186 women who died from breast cancer were defined as cases and 186 women alive at the corresponding time as controls. Inclusion criteria were tumour size ≤ 50 mm, no lymph node metastases and no adjuvant chemotherapy. The study was designed to detect an odds ratio of 2.5 with a power of 90% and significance level of 0.05. Cyclin E1 was determined with immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue microarray (TMA).High expression of cyclin E1 was significantly associated with breast cancer death, in both uni- and multivariate analyses with odds ratios (OR) 2.3 [univariate, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-3.6] and 2.1 (multivariate, 95% CI 1.2-3.5).Cyclin E1 is a strong prognostic factor for breast cancer death in a population-based and node negative patient cohort and can identify high-risk patients in this group.

To study the impact of inflammatory cells in a clinically well-defined cohort of women with node-negative breast cancer in a nested case-control study design.The cohort was comprised of 190 women who died from breast cancer and 190 women still alive at the date of death for the corresponding breast cancer patients were used as controls. The inclusion criteria included; a tumour size ≤ 50 mm, no lymph node metastases and no initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy. Immunohistochemical stainings for CD3, CD4, CD8, FoxP3, CD20, tryptase and CD68 were performed on TMA blocks, evaluated and correlated to each other and to age, tumour size, histological grade, ER, PgR, Ki67 and cyclin A.There was no difference regarding the amount or content of inflammatory cells in the cases compared to controls. T- and B-cells were highly correlated to each other but these cell types correlated to a lesser extent to macrophages and not at all to mast cells. A weak tendency of correlations between all the subsets of inflammatory cells and histological grade, Ki67 and cyclin A was observed, although a negative correlation was seen for mast cells.The amount or content of inflammatory cells in invasive breast cancer did not appear to influence death in node-negative breast cancer.