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Lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood (PB) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 26 children affected with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and from 13 controls with various neurological diseases without any immunological implication were examined for surface markers. SSPE patients were found to have significantly lower %s of E-rosette forming cells (RFC) (T lymphocytes) and of EA-RFC (TG lymphocytes, suppressor T cells) in both CSF and PB. No difference was found in EAC-RFC (B lymphocytes) either in CSF or PB. The low EA-RFC values can be explained by genetic factors, immune complexes or virus infection, and they could account for the hypersynthesis of oligoclonal immunoglobulins in the central nervous system. Longitudinal studies performed in 6 SSPE patients during isoprinosine therapy revealed a time-dependent decrement of the %s of E- and EA-RFC in CSF. It cannot be affirmed whether this is related to the disease or to the therapy.