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Recovery of stroke-related aphasia can be affected by language therapy in the early and chronic stage. Objectively monitoring therapy-induced neuroplasticity is possible by several measurement techniques including electro- and magneto-encephalography. The obtained event-related potentials (ERPs) and fields (ERFs) provide insights into the neural basis of intact or deficient language processing with milliseconds precision. In this literature review, we highlight the sensitivity of ERPs and ERFs to logopedic interventions by providing an overview of therapy-induced changes in the amplitude, latency and topography of early and mid-to-late components.

Auditory phoneme discrimination (APD) is supported by both auditory and motor regions through a sensorimotor interface embedded in a fronto-temporo-parietal cortical network. However, the specific spatiotemporal organization of this network during APD with respect to different types of phonemic contrasts is still unclear. Here, we use source reconstruction, applied to event-related potentials in a group of 47 participants, to uncover a potential spatiotemporal differentiation in these brain regions during a passive and active APD task with respect to place of articulation (PoA), voicing and manner of articulation (MoA). Results demonstrate that in an early stage (50-110 ms), auditory, motor and sensorimotor regions elicit more activation during the passive and active APD task with MoA and active APD task with voicing compared to PoA. In a later stage (130-175 ms), the same auditory and motor regions elicit more activation during the APD task with PoA compared to MoA and voicing, yet only in the active condition, implying important timing differences. Degree of attention influences a frontal network during the APD task with PoA, whereas auditory regions are more affected during the APD task with MoA and voicing. Based on these findings, it can be carefully suggested that APD is supported by the integration of early activation of auditory-acoustic properties in superior temporal regions, more perpetuated for MoA and voicing, and later auditory-to-motor integration in sensorimotor areas, more perpetuated for PoA.

While the influence of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) on the comprehension of pragmatic language in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been the focus of studies, its impact on production, however, has yet to be elucidated. (1) Investigating the inf luence of DBS STN on pragmatic language production in spontaneous speech by comparing different stimulation conditions and (2) evaluating the effect of asymmetric dopaminergic denervation. This paper included 18 patients with advanced idiopathic PD with STN DBS. [Ten PD patients with predominantly left hemispheric dopamine denervation (PD-left) and eight PD patients with predominantly right-hemispheric dopamine denervation (PD-right).] The pragmatic components 'communicative functions' and 'conversational skills' were evaluated by analysing the spontaneous language production in four stimulation conditions. STN stimulation did not appear to influence the pragmatic production skills. Only when asymmetric dopamine depletion was taken into account the parameter 'giving an explanation' interaction was detectable. STN DBS appears to have some influence on the production of pragmatic language depending on asymmetric dopaminergic denervation. Suggestions are made for further research of pragmatic production in Parkinson's disease.

Morality is a complex and versatile concept that necessitates the integrated activity of multiple interacting networks in the brain. Numerous cortical and subcortical areas, many of which are implicated in either emotional and cognitive control or Theory of Mind, are involved in the processing of moral behaviour. Different methods have been used to investigate various aspects of morality, which has lead to confusing and sometimes opposing results. Emotional, cognitive and personality changes have long been recognized in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, suggesting a potential impact on moral aspects of behaviour in daily living situations. Alterations in social cognition have been described in all stages of PD but these are rather directly related to PD pathology and not to dopaminergic or DBS treatment. There are no convincing data supporting the hypothesis that dopaminergic treatment or deep brain stimulation of the STN per se interfere with morality in PD patients, although subgroups of patients may display socially unacceptable behaviour. Research in social cognition in PD patients is a fascinating topic that needs further attention in view of the impact on quality of life for PD patients and their caregivers.

Progressive supranuclear palsy is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which no specific treatment is known at present. In this report we treated a small group of clinically diagnosed patients with rapid-rate repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex for five days. This resulted in modest and transient improvements, especially of the axial symptomatology. Side-effects were not reported.

The effect of speech rate on overall intelligibility in Parkinson's Disease (PD) is still a matter of debate. A comparison of the results of previous studies on speech rate in PD is hampered by methodological differences. In this study, we evaluated the effects of levodopa on speech rate and on its variability in a standardized reading task. Twenty-five patients were studied before and after levodopa administration while reading a standardized text. In accordance with previous studies, no significant improvement of speech rate was found. Rather an increased variability of speech rate in the on-medication state could be demonstrated. It is possible that this increased variability may be the consequence of respiratory deficits due to levodopa-induced dyskinesia or an increase of dysfluencies. However, the effects of defective auditory feedback and disturbed executive function cannot be ruled out.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of levodopa on measures of strength and endurance of tongue muscle contraction in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Ten patients with idiopathic PD were included. All patients were studied in practically defined on- and off-phases. They were asked to perform isometric tongue protrusions, which were registered by means of a calibrated tocograph. Results of on- and off-conditions were compared using non-parametric tests. Maximum force and contraction duration did not differ significantly between both conditions, but the integrated measurement of both (area under curve) was significantly larger in the on-state. The force decay slope was significantly lower in the on-state. No correlations were found with disease severity, disease stage or age. These findings fit the known pathophysiological effects on patterns of isometric muscle contraction in PD. It remains to be demonstrated if the effects of levodopa on tongue strength and endurance correlate with alterations in speech intelligibility, articulation and respiration.