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Aims: The rate of all-cause mortality is twofold higher in type 2 diabetes than in the general population. Being able to identify patients with the highest risk from the very beginning of the disease would help tackle this burden., Methods: We tested whether ENFORCE, an established prediction model of all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes, performs well also in two independent samples of patients with early-stage disease prospectively followed up., Results: ENFORCE's survival C-statistic was 0.81 (95%CI: 0.72-0.89) and 0.78 (95%CI: 0.68-0.87) in both samples. Calibration was also good. Very similar results were obtained with RECODe, an alternative prediction model of all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes., Conclusions: In conclusion, our data show that two well-established prediction models of all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes can also be successfully applied in the early stage of the disease, thus becoming powerful tools for educated and timely prevention strategies for high-risk patients., (© 2021. Springer-Verlag Italia S.r.l., part of Springer Nature.)

Aims: Within the normoalbuminuric range, low albuminuria (LA, 10-29 mg/24 h) is associated with higher adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes than normal albuminuria (NA, <10 mg/24 h). This cross-sectional analysis of the cohort from the Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events (RIACE) Italian Multicentre Study was aimed at assessing the independent correlates of LA versus NA in patients with type 2 diabetes., Methods: This analysis involved 11,538 normoalbuminuric patients (73.2 % of the entire RIACE cohort): 6023 (52.2 %) with NA and 5515 (47.8 %) with LA. Binary logistic regression analysis with backward conditional variable selection was applied to assess the independent correlates of LA versus NA., Results: Compared with NA subjects, LA patients were more frequently males, older and with family history of hypertension, had longer diabetes duration, lower HDL cholesterol, and higher haemoglobin (Hb) A1c, triglycerides, and blood pressure (BP), use of anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-hypertensive drugs, and prevalence of metabolic syndrome, retinopathy, chronic kidney disease, any cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, and coronary and peripheral events. Men with LA were also more frequently current or former smokers and had higher body mass index, waist circumference, and non-HDL cholesterol. Independent correlates of LA were age (OR 1.018), family history of hypertension (OR 1.321), smoking status (former, OR 1.158; current, OR 1.237), HbA1c (OR 1.062), waist circumference (OR 1.050), triglycerides (OR 1.001), and diastolic BP (OR 1.014), together with use of anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-hypertensive agents., Conclusions: Several risk factors are associated with increased albuminuria within the normoalbuminuric range. As most of these factors are potentially modifiable, treating them aggressively might reduce the excess risk associated with LA., Trial Registration: NCT00715481; www.ClinicalTrials.gov .