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Abstract During the Neotropical review of Celtis, a new species (Celtis atlantica) endemic and endangered to southeastern Brazil was discovered. A morphological description, a distribution map, conservation status, taxonomic notes, illustrations, and an identification key of the Celtis from the Southern Cone and Brazil are provided.

ABSTRACT The type of Elettaria brasiliensis was discovered at the herbarium in Pisa. The Italian naturalist Giuseppe Raddi collected this in Brazil in 1818 and published the name in 1828 and placed it in the genus, the type of which is green cardamom, E. cardamomum, native to Indian subcontinent. A close examination reveals that it belongs in the African-Neotropical genus Renealmia. As the epithet is already occupied, Raddi’s species will be a synonym of Renealmia chrysotricha and thus there is no taxonomic implication of the discovery. This species is endemic in the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil, where the seeds are used for medicinal and other purposes and referred to as Brazilian cardamom. We include a list of eight synonyms, two of which are new, an updated description including recent photographs taken in the wild, a distribution map and a preliminary Red List assessment following IUCN criteria. Lectotypes are designated for Elettaria brasiliensis and Renealmia reticulata and a neotype for Renealmia pycnostachys.

ABSTRACT A new species of Mahabalella B. Sutton & S. D. Patil was isolated from decaying leaves of an unidentified plant, during a survey in the Charles Darwin Ecological Refuge in Igarassu, Pernambuco, Brazil, in June 2018. The new species is morphologically distinguishable from the other Mahabalella species by the size of their conidia, conidiogenous cells and setae. In this study, the morphological descriptions, illustrations and cultural characteristics for Mahabalella pernambucana are provided, as well as a key to species of this genus. Total DNA from the isolate was extracted, and four genes were partially sequenced (nLSU, ITS cluster, TEF1 alpha, and beta tubulin). Based on the nLSU analysis, the phylogenetic position of the new species was determined within the Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota, as a sister genus to Neotracylla, in the Tracyllaceae family.

Restinga forests are commonly known to be plant communities rather poor in tree species. This study aimed to describe and explain the association between the floristic-structural similarities and the environmental conditions in three Swamp Restinga Forest communities in southern Brazil. In 13 plots of 100 m2 each, we sampled all individual trees (circumference at breast height >12 cm and height ≥3 m). We collected soil samples in each plot for chemical and textural analyses. Phytosociological parameters were calculated and different structural variables were compared between areas. The density of individuals did not differ between areas; however, the maximum height and abundance of species differed between the site with Histosols and the other two sites with Gleysols. Further, a canonical correspondence analysis based on a matrix of vegetation and that of environmental characteristics explained 31.5% of the total variation. The high floristic and environmental heterogeneity indicate that swamp-forests can shelter many species with low frequency. Most species were generalists that were not exclusive to this type of forest. Overall, our study showed that swamp-forests within the same region can show considerable differences in composition and structure and can include species-rich communities, mostly due to the presence of species with a broader distribution in the Atlantic Rainforest domain on sites with less stressful environmental conditions and without waterlogged conditions.

The abundance and distribution of resources for pollinators modulate the reproduction of plants. This study attempted to determine whether and how the fruiting success of Tibouchina trichopoda flowers varies due to plant size, number of flowers produced, distance between individuals and cardinal orientation of the flowers. From July 2009 to February 2010, we conducted monthly evaluations of 21 plants in an area of regenerating forest within the Atlantic Forest biome, located near the municipality of Antonina, in southern Brazil. Floral density was monitored weekly. During the study period, the species bloomed twice: once during the cool, dry season, showing an extended flowering period with scattered flowering individuals; and once during the hot, rainy season, showing a brief flowering period with a high density of flowering individuals. Plant size was not found to influence fruiting success. There was greater production of flowers and fruits during the brief flowering period. The extent of the floral display positively affected the fruiting success of the flowers, the effect being greater when the density of flowers was low and tending to stabilize at higher densities. The northern-facing portions of tree crowns produced more flowers and therefore had greater fruiting success than did the southern-facing portions. However, the proportion of fruits produced per flower was the same.

Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi is a small palm (approximately 2 m high when full-grown) endemic to the southern coast of Brazil. Local farmers use the fruit and pulp for various purposes, and this extractive activity complements their income. The objective of this study was to understand the relationships between local people and B. catarinensis in its natural environment. Ethnobotanical and ethnoecological data were collected through participant observation, participatory research tools and semi-structured interviews. The density of B. catarinensis was measured in two areas, each containing twelve 10 m × 20 m plots. Interviewees recognized different varieties of the palm, its phenological stages, as well as potential pollinators and seed dispersers. Eighteen different uses for the palm were registered and three different collection practices were observed, depending on the purpose for which the fruit was used. The mean density in the two areas studied ranged from 38.6 to 7.9 adults per plot. The rate of production (per hectare) can be as high as 927 kg of fruit and 190 kg of pulp. The local community can contribute to the conservation of this coastal ecosystem through extractive activities of some scale, with potential environmental, economic and socio-cultural sustainability.

A União Internacional para Conservação da Natureza (IUCN) desenvolveu um guia para avaliação do grau de ameaça das espécies em escala regional, que foi a base para a reavaliação do status de conservação das hepáticas no estado do Rio de Janeiro, após quatro anos da primeira análise. Dos 360 táxons ocorrentes no estado, 75 foram categorizados como ameaçados, sendo dois criticamente em perigo (CR), oito em perigo (EN) e 65 vulneráveis (VU). Além desses, quatro táxons foram categorizados como quase ameaçados (NT) e 12 com dados deficientes (DD). O elevado número de táxons ameaçados no estado (21% da flora) reflete a importância do grau de conhecimento da flora para realização de análises de conservação. Em relação à distribuição dos táxons ameaçados dentro do estado, percebe-se que a maioria ocorre no PARNA Itatiaia (51 espécies - 68%). As principais ameaças para a flora são a perda e degradação da Mata Atlântica. Recomenda-se então, reconhecimento da Mata Atlântica como área crítica para conservação; a proteção de habitats para assegurar a sobrevivência das espécies; e a formulação de programas multidisciplinares para promover a conservação.The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) developed a guide for assessment of species' threat level at a regional scale, which was the basis for the reassessment of liverwort conservation status in the state of Rio de Janeiro, four years after the first analysis. Of 360 taxa occurring in the state, 75 were categorized as threatened, two species were categorized as critically endangered (CR), eight endangered (EN) and 65 vulnerable (VU). Besides these, four species were categorized as almost threatened (NT), and 12 with poor data (DD). The high number of threatened taxa in the state (21% of the flora) reflects the importance of the level of knowledge for flora conservation analysis. In relation to the distribution of threatened taxa within the state, the majority occur in Itatiaia National Park (51 species - 68%). The main threats to the flora are loss and degradation of the Atlantic Rainforest. We recommend the recognition of the Atlantic Rainforest as a critical area for conservation; the protection of habitats to ensure the survival of species; and formulation of multidisciplinary programs to promote conservation.

Folhas mortas de Clusia melchiorii Gleason e C. nemorosa G. Mey. foram coletadas bimestralmente na Serra da Jibóia, Bahia, no período de outubro/2005 a junho/2006. As folhas foram lavadas em água corrente e mantidas em câmara-úmida durante 30 dias. As estruturas fúngicas foram coletadas e montadas em lâminas permanentes. São apresentadas descrições e ilustrações de sete novos registros de Hyphomycetes para o Estado da Bahia [Beltrania querna Harkn., Clonostachys compactiuscula (Sacc.) D. Hawksw. & W. Gams, Dictyosporium elegans Corda, Gyrothrix verticiclada (Goid.) S. Hughes & Piroz., Pseudobotrytis terrestris (Timonin) Subram., Sporendocladia bactrospora (W.B. Kendr.) M.J. Wingf. e Stachybotrys parvispora S. Hughes].Leaf litter from Clusia melchiorii Gleason and C. nemorosa G. Mey. was collected bimonthly at Serra da Jibóia, state of Bahia, from October/2005 to June/2006. The leaves were washed with tap water and maintained in a moist chamber for 30 days. The fungal structures were collected and mounted in permanent slides with PVL. Descriptions and illustrations of seven new records of Hyphomycetes from Bahia state are presented [Beltrania querna Harkn., Clonostachys compactiuscula (Sacc.) D. Hawksw. & W. Gams, Dictyosporium elegans Corda, Gyrothrix verticiclada (Goid.) S. Hughes & Piroz., Pseudobotrytis terrestris (Timonin) Subram., Sporendocladia bactrospora (W.B. Kendr.) M.J. Wingf. and Stachybotrys parvispora S. Hughes].

Para o estudo da diversidade de Chytridiales, coletas mensais de água e solo foram realizadas, de junho/2005 a junho/2006, no Parque Estadual da Serra da Cantareira, Estado de São Paulo. O isolamento destes fungos foi realizado por meio do método de iscagem múltipla de amostras de água e solo, em laboratório, com substratos celulósicos, quitinosos e queratinosos. Dezenove espécies foram identificadas, sendo quatro novas ocorrências para o Brasil, Cladochytrium setigerum Karling, Diplophlyctis intestina (Schenk) J. Schröt, Rhizophydium macroporosum Karling e Solutoparies pythii Whiffen ex W.H. Blackw. & Powell, e Septochytrium willoughbyi Dogma primeira citação para o Estado de São Paulo.A study of Chytridiales diversity was based on water and soil samples collected monthly from June/2005 to June/2006 in the Serra da Cantareira State Park, São Paulo State. The isolation of these fungi was carried out in the laboratory treating the water and soil samples by the multiple baiting technique with cellulosic, chitinous and keratinous substrates. Nineteen species were identified with four new citations for Brazil, Cladochytrium setigerum Karling, Diplophlyctis intestina (Schenk) J. Schröt, Rhizophydium macroporosum Karling and Solutoparies pythii Whiffen ex W.H. Blackw. & Powell. Septochytrium willoughbyi Dogma is recorded for the first time in São Paulo State.

Levantamento de fungos zoospóricos realizado em lagos artificiais do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI), situado na cidade de São Paulo, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, resultou no isolamento de 41 táxons, sendo 36 identificados em nível específico. Vinte e três táxons pertencem ao Reino Fungi, filo Chytridiomycota, ordens Chytridiales, Monoblepharidales e Spizellomicetales e, 18 ao Reino Straminipila, filo Oomycota, ordens Saprolegniales e Peronosporales. Dentre os fungos isolados, 14 são mencionados pela primeira vez para o PEFI: Aphanomyces helicoides von Minden, Catenochytridium kevorkianii Sparrow, Catenochytridium sp., Chytriomyces appendiculatus Karling, C. aureus Karling, C. hyalinus Karling, C. spinosus Fay, Diplophlyctis asteroidea Dogma, D. complicata (Willoughby) Dogma, Karlingia dubia Karling, Nowakowskiella hemisphaerospora Shanor, Saprolegnia australis Elliott, Septochytrium variabile Berdan e Truittella sp., os quais são descritos, comentados e ilustrados. O gênero Truitella é mencionado pela primeira vez para o Brasil.A survey of zoosporic fungi from artificial lakes of the Fontes do Ipiranga State Park, in the city of São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil, yielded the isolation of 41 taxa with 36 species. Twenty-three taxa belong to Chytridiales, Monoblepharidales and Spizellomycetales of the Phylum Chytridiomycota, Fungi Kingdom and 18 belong to Saprolegniales and Peronosporales, Phylum Oomycota, Straminipila Kingdom. Of these, 14 are first-time records for this State Park: Aphanomyces helicoides von Minden, Catenochytridium kevorkianii Sparrow, Catenochytridium sp., Chytriomyces appendiculatus Karling, C. aureus Karling, C. hyalinus Karling, C. spinosus Fay, Diplophlyctis asteroidea Dogma, D. complicata (Willoughby) Dogma, Karlingia dubia Karling, Nowakowskiella hemisphaerospora Shanor, Saprolegnia australis Elliott, Septochytrium variabile Berdan and Truittella sp., which are described, commented and illustrated. The last genus is reported for the first time for Brazil.

Buscou-se determinar o efeito da intensidade luminosa sobre as características morfológicas e reprodutivas de A.lindenii, em ambientes de restinga herbácea (alta luminosidade) e sub-bosque de restinga arbórea (baixa luminosidade), em Florianópolis, SC, onde os resultados indicam que a luminosidade pode influenciar no seu fenótipo, produção de néctar, fenologia e sucesso reprodutivo. As plantas esciófitas são maiores e apresentam um período de floração em torno de 120 dias, enquanto que as heliófitas são menores e florescem ao longo de todo o ano. A espécie apresenta atributos florais à ornitofilia, estando o volume (16,7 µL ± 4) e concentração (27,25%) do néctar produzido pelas flores dentro do esperado para espécies polinizadas por beija-flores. A freqüente visitação de Amazilia fimbriata, Thalurania glaucopis e Thalurania sp. (Trochilidae) confirma esta observação, porém abelhas e borboletas também foram consideradas potenciais polinizadores, sugerindo co-evolução de síndromes florais secundárias. Baseando-se nos resultados dos testes de polinizações manuais e no desenvolvimento dos tubos polínicos, pode-se concluir que a espécie não apresenta auto-incompatibilidade, formando frutos com sementes férteis, com germinação superior a 80%, oriundas tanto de fecundação cruzada quanto da autopolinização. A população heliófita apresentou elevadas taxas de partenocarpia (52, 95%) e mostrou ser um método seguro e eficaz de se avaliar a fertilização das flores, podendo-se assim, relacionar a sua freqüência e abundância à ausência ou ineficiência dos visitantes florais. Os frutos e sementes foram dispersos por pássaros das famílias Thraupidae e Pipridae e predados por lagartas da borboleta Tecla sp. (Lycaenidae).The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the luminosity on morphological and reproductive characteristics of A. lindenii, in environments of "restinga herbácea" (high luminosity) and on an understory of a "restinga arbórea" (low luminosity), in Florianópolis, SC, where the results indicate that the luminosity can influence the bromeliad's phenotype, nectar production, phenology and reproductive success. The shade tolerant plants are bigger and present a flowering period of around 120 days, while the heliophytic plants are smaller and blossom throughout all year. The species presents ornithophilous floral attributes, being the volume (16,7 µL ± 4) and concentration (27,25%) of the nectar produced by the flowers characteristic of a hummingbird pollinated flower. The frequent visitation of Amazilia fimbriata, Thalurania glaucopis and Thalurania sp. (Trochilidae) confirms this suggestion; however bees and butterflies can also be considered potential pollinators, suggesting co-evolution of secondary floral syndromes. Based on the results of manual pollination tests and on the development of the polinic tubes, can be concluded that the species does not present self-incompatibility, forming fruits with fertile seeds, with a germination rate higher than 80%, both in cross-pollination as well as in selfing tests. The heliophytic population presented a high rate of parthenocarpy (52, 95%) and showed to be a safe and efficient method to evaluate the fertilization of the flowers, being possible to relate the frequency and abundance of parthenocarpy to the absence or inefficiency of the pollinators. The fruits and seeds were dispersed by birds of the families Thraupidae and Pipridae and predated by larva of the butterfly Tecla sp. (Lycaenidae).

Treze táxons de Mucorales (Zygomycotina), distribuídos num total de 266 registros, foram isolados de folhas de Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Müll. Arg. colocadas em ambientes terrestre e aquático, e de amostras de solo e de água de riacho, coletadas mensalmente, de julho de 1988 a maio de 1990 na Reserva Biológica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba, no município de Santo André, SP. As espécies que apresentaram os maiores números de registro de ocorrência foram Mucor hiemalis Wehmer (78 registros), Mucor circinelloides van Tieghem f. janssenii (Ledner) Schipper (42 registros) e Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer (30 registros). Cinqüenta por cento dos Mucorales encontrados na região são constituídos por espécies que estão sendo citadas pela primeira vez para a Mata Atlântica: Mucor hiemalis Wehmer f. silvaticus (Hagem) Schipper, Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer, Rhizopus oligosporus Fischer, Rhizopus oryzae (Went. & Prinsen) Geerlings, Zygorhynchus japonicus Vuill. e Zygorhynchns macrocarpus Ling-Young.Thirteen taxa of Mucorales (Zygomycotina), distributed in 266 occurrences were isolated from leaves of Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Müll. Arg. disposed in the terrestrial and aquatic environment, and of soil and stream water samples, monthly taken from July of 1988 to May of 1990, in the "Reserva Biológica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba", in the municipality of Santo André, São Paulo State, Brazil. Mucor hiemalis Wehmer (78 records), Mucor circinelloides van Tieghem f. janssenii (Ledner) Schipper (42 records) and Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer (30 records) were the most frequent species. Fifty percent of the Mucorales found are formed by species that are mentioned for the first time in the Atlantic Rainforest: Mucor hiemalis Wehmer f. silvaticus (Hagem) Schipper, Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer, Rhizopus oligosporus Fischer, Rhizopus oryzae (Went. & Prinsen) Geerlings, Zygorhynchus japonicus Vuill. and Zygorhynchus macrocarpus Ling-Young.