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Seed vitality and vigour are the two most common parameters related to seed quality. It is crucial to have reliable methods and tests for seed quality and seed vigour testing. The standard germination test can be used to predict field emergence, but laboratory seed testing conditions are often in conflict with field conditions. Validated tests for vigour evaluation in legumes are the conductivity test, the accelerated ageing test and the tetrazolium test. Also, other types of vigour tests have been used to solve different problems in the seed sector. The modern approach, the computerised image analysis of legume seeds and sprouts, based on interactive and traditional methods, is a promising alternative for vigour determination., Vitalnost semena i vigor su dva najčešća parametra u vezi sa kvalitetom semena. Veoma je važno imati pouzdane metode i testove za ispitivanje kvaliteta i vigora semena. Standardni test klijavosti se može koristiti za predviđanje nicanja u polju, ali uslovi u kojima se nalazi seme tokom ispitivanja često su u suprotnosti sa uslovima na polju. Validovani testovi za procenu vigora leguminoza su test provodljivosti, test ubrzanog starenja i tetrazolijum test. U proučavanju životne sposobnosti semena leguminoza, zavisno od problema koji bi trebalo rešiti, koriste se i drugi vigor testovi. Savremeni pristup, zasnovan na interaktivnim i tradicionalnim metodama mašinskog učenja, omogućava pouzdanu ocenu semena i ponika leguminoza i predstavlja dobru alternativu za objektivno određivanje vigora.

This study aimed to estimate genetic variability among four pea cultivars and determine seed physiological quality and initial growth of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) under drought stress. Seeds of the pea cultivars were subjected to water stress induced by polyethylene glycol PEG 6000 at three stress levels (0; -0.15; -0.49, and -1.03 MPa). The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions, in a completely randomized design with four replications, to estimate germination energy, germination, abnormal seedlings, fresh and dry shoot and root biomass, and drought tolerance index. Drought stress significantly affected germination and the other traits, with the stress effects being proportional to the stress level applied. Findings point to the fact that the osmotic potential of -0.49 MPa might be the germination sensitivity threshold for pea cultivars. The pea cultivar C1 was the most tolerant, having the highest germination, fresh and dry shoot and root biomass, and DTI under severe drought stress. Further research on the assessment of physiological and biochemical responses to drought stress is needed to confirm the findings of the present study., Cilj ove studije bio je da proceni genetsku varijabilnost četiri sorte graška i utvrdi fiziološki kvalitet semena i početni rast povrtarskog graška (Pisum sativum L.) u uslovima stresa suše. Seme sorti graška podvrgnuto je deficitu vode izazvanom polietilen-glikolom 6000 na tri nivoa stresa (0; -0,15; -0,49 i -1,03 MRa). Eksperiment je izveden u laboratorijskim uslovima, u potpuno slučajnom dizajnu sa četiri ponavljanja. Procenjena je energija klijanja, klijavost semena, atipični izdanci, sveža i suva biomasa nadzemnog dela izdanaka i korena i indeks tolerancije na sušu. Stres suše značajno je uticao na klijavost i druge osobine, a efekti stresa su bili proporcionalni izazvanom nivou stresa. Rezultati ukazuju na činjenicu da bi osmotski potencijal od -0,49 MRa mogao biti prag osetljivosti na klijavost sorti graška. Sorta graška C1 pokazala se kao najtolerantnija, imala je najveću klijavost, svežu i suvu biomasu korena i izdanaka i indeks tolerantnosti pod jakim stresom suše. Dalja istraživanja na temu procene fizioloških i biohemijskih odgovora na stres suše potrebna su da bi se potvrdili nalazi ove studije.

In the 2018–19 growing season, a total of 51 leaves of eggplant plants grown under field conditions were collected randomly from nine private gardens at four different localities in the Province of Vojvodina. Eggplants with nearly 40% of plants showing bright yellow to white mosaic or mottling of leaves were found throughout the inspected fields (gardens). The collected samples were analyzed for the presence of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and potato virus Y (PVY) using commercial double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA kits. Serological analysis of eggplant samples revealed the presence of AMV in 80.39% collected samples. None of the analyzed samples was positive for CMV and PVY. The virus was successfully mechanically transmitted to test plants including Nicotiana benthamiana, Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, as well as eggplant seedlings, confirming the infectious nature of the disease. The presence of AMV in eggplants was further verified by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing, using the primers CP AMV1 and CP AMV2 that amplify part of the coat protein (CP) gene. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Serbian AMV isolates grouped into a separate well-supported group together with AMV isolates from Italy, Croatia and previously characterized isolates from Serbia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AMV infection of eggplant in Serbia., Tokom 2018. i 2019. godine, prikupljen je 51 uzorak biljaka plavog patlidžana iz devet useva sa četiri različita lokaliteta gajenja ove biljne vrste u Vojvodini. Tokom pregleda, na blizu 40% biljaka plavog patlidžana mogli su se uočiti simptomi u vidu žućkastobeličastih pega raspoređenih po čitavoj površini liske. Prikupljeni uzorci analizirani su na prisustvo virusa mozaika lucerke (alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV), virusa mozaika krastavca (cucumber mosaic virus, CMV) i Y virusa krompira (potato virus Y, PVY) korišćenjem komercijalno dostupnih kitova za DAS-ELISA test. Serološkim analizama utvrđeno je prisustvo AMV u 80,39% prikupljenih uzoraka. Prisustvo CMV i PVY nije dokazano ni u jednom od testiranih uzoraka. Virus je uspešno prenet mehaničkim inokulacijama test biljaka Nicotiana benthamiana, Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, kao i na klijance plavog patlidžana, čime je potvrđena infe ktivna priroda oboljenja. Prisustvo AMV u biljkama plavog patlidžana je dalje potvrđeno primenom RT-PCR metode (reverzna transkripcija praćena lančanom reakcijom polimeraze) i sekvencioniranjem odabranih izolata korišćenjem specifičnih prajmera CP AMV1 i CP AMV2, koji omogućavaju umnožavanje gena za protein omotača. Filogenetska analiza pokazala je grupisanje srpskih AMV izolata u jasno odvojenu grupu zajedno sa AMV izolatima iz Italije, Hrvatske i prethodno okarakterisanim izolatima iz Srbije. Prema našim saznanjima, ovo je prvi izveštaj o prisustvu virusa mozaika lucerke na plavom patlidžanu u Srbiji.

Drought is one of the most important factors limiting the successful production of cultivated plants. One of the most sensitive stage to the water deficit in plants is seed germination. There are various methods of pre-sowing treatments that aim to reduce the negative impact of drought stress and improve seed germination. One of them is priming seeds. The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of priming seeds in solutions - KNO3 (1%), ascorbic acid - AsA (100 mgl-1) and potassium chloride KCl (1%) on the reduction of the negative effect of drought stress. The effect of drought stress was simulated using different concentrations of PEG 6000 (0 (control), -0.30, -0.51, -0.80 MPa). The results of the research showed that with the increase of water deficiency, the effect of priming seeds is greater. At the water potential of the solution of -0.30 MPa, germination energy and seed germination increased on average by 6.77% and 5.08%, while at the water potential of the solution of -0.80 MPa, the increase was 19.28% and 16.75%, respectively. Also, priming seeds significantly reduced the intensity of lipid peroxidation and the content of free proline. From all the above, it can be concluded that priming of seeds is a method that can serve to improve the germination of soybean seeds in conditions of drought stress., Suša je jedan od najvažnijih faktora koji ograničava uspešnu proizvodnju kulturnih biljaka. Jedna od najosetljivijih faza na nedostatak vode kod biljaka je klijanje semena. Postoje razne metode odnosno predsetveni tretmani koj imaju cilj da smanje negativan uticaj nedostatka vode i poboljšaju klijanje semena. Jedan od njih je potapanje semena. Cilj ovog eksperimenta bio je da se ispita uticaj potapanja semena u rastvore - KNO3 (1%), askorbinsku kiselinu - AsA (100mgl-1) i kalijum hlorid KCl (1%) na smanjenje negativnog uticaja suše. Dejstvo suše simulirano je primenom različitih koncentracija PEG-a 6000 (0 (kontrola), -0,30, -0,51, -0,80 MPa). Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je sa povećanjem nedostatka vode efekat potapanja semena veći. Pri vodnom potencijalu rastvora od -0,30 MPa enerija klijanja i klijavost semena povećani su, u proseku, za 6,77% odnosno 5,08% dok je pri vodnom potencijalu rastvora od - 0,80 MPa povećanje iznosilo 19,28% odnosno 16,75%. Takođe, potapanje semena značajno je smanjilo intenzitet lipidne peroksiacije i sadržaj slobodnog prolina. Iz svega navedenog može se zaključiti da je potapanje semena metod koji može da poboljša klijanje semena soje u uslovima suše.

A two-year investigation (2009-2010) of the presence and distribution of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) viruses in Serbia revealed that viruses occur each year in open-field production. Disease incidence, as estimated by the number of symptomatic plants in the field, highly varied depending on the year and sampling locality. Disease incidence ranged from 20% to 60%. Four viruses: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), of which PVY was predominant, were detected by serological testing of pepper samples collected from many localities in Serbia. Molecular detection of PVY was performed based on amplification of a 975 bp fragment in all tested samples, using the specific primers PVYc/PVYd that amplify the gene for P1 protein. The RT-PCR products derived from the four isolates (PL-28-09, PL-15-09, PL-3-10, PL-108-10) of PVY were sequenced (KC288142, KC288143, KC288144, and KC288144, respectively) and compared with the PVY sequences available in GenBank. Sequence analysis, conducted with MEGA5 software, revealed 99.8-100% nt identity among the four Serbian PVY isolates from pepper. The sequences of PVY isolates from Serbia share the highest nucleotide and amino acid identity with isolates from Slovenia, Croatia, Germany, and tobbaco isolate from Serbia. All of the four Serbian isolates were clustered in sub-group N-1 with other European isolates of necrotic strains., Dvogodišnjim poučavanjima (2009-2010) prisustva i rasprostranjenosti virusa u usevu paprike u Srbiji utvrđeno je da se virusi javljaju svake godine u proizvodnji paprike na otvorenom polju. Intenzitet zaraze bio je različit i kretao se od 20% do 60%, u zavisnosti od ispitivane godine i lokaliteta gajenja paprike. Serološkim testiranjem uzoraka paprike prikupljenih u više lokaliteta u Srbiji, tokom 2009 i 2010. godine detektovani su Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), pri čemu je PVY bio dominantan. Specifičnim prajmerima PVYc/PVYd uz upotrebu RT-PCR metode umnožen je deo genoma od oko 975 bp koji kodira P1 protein. Amplifikovani fragmenti su sekvencirani i prijavljeni u GenBank bazu podataka, gde su im dodeljeni pristupni brojevi PL-28-09 (KC288142), PL-15-09 (KC288143), PL-3-10 (KC288144), PL-108-10 (KC288144). Proračunom genetičke sličnosti sekvenci izolata dobijenih u ovom radu utvrđen je visok stepen nukleotidne sličnosti, koji se kretao od 99,8-100%. Ispitivane sekvence PVY izolata iz Srbije dele najveću nukleotidnu i aminokiselinsku sličnost sa izolatima iz Slovenije, Hrvatske, Nemačke i izolatom duvana iz Srbije. Svi ispitivani izolati sa paprike poreklom iz Srbije grupisani su u subklaster nekrotičnih izolata poreklom iz Evrope.