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Diosgenin (DG), a well-known steroidal sapogenin, is abundantly found in the plants of the Dioscoreaceae family and exhibits diverse pharmacological properties. In our previous study, we demonstrated that DG supplementation protected Caenorhabditis elegans from high glucose-induced lipid deposition, oxidative damage, and lifespan reduction. Nevertheless, the precise biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of DG have not yet been described. In this context, the present study aims to elucidate how DG reduces molecular and cellular declines induced by high glucose, using the powerful genetics of the C. elegans model. Treatment with DG significantly (p < 0.01) prevented fat accumulation and extended lifespan under high-glucose conditions without affecting physiological functions. DG-induced lifespan extension was found to rely on longevity genes daf-2, daf-16, skn-1, glp-1, eat-2, let-363, and pha-4. Specifically, DG regulates lipophagy, the autophagy-mediated degradation of lipid droplets, in C. elegans, thereby inhibiting fat accumulation. Furthermore, DG treatment did not alter the triglyceride levels in the fat-6 and fat-7 single mutants and fat-6;fat-7 double mutants, indicating the significant role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase genes in mediating the reduction of fat deposition by DG. Our results provide new insight into the fat-reducing mechanisms of DG, which might develop into a multitarget drug for preventing obesity and associated health complications; however, preclinical studies are required to investigate the effect of DG on higher models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of new materials in the field of biofuel production has been represented as a step in the development of remarkable catalysts. The use of lipases in the production of biodiesel is often seen as a cost-limiting step, as the operating expenses in recovering such catalysts can lead to unfeasible market expectations. In this study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) particles were evaluated as a support to immobilize commercial lipase, following application in ethyl ester synthesis. First, hydroxyapatite was synthesized through the co-precipitation method at constant pH and selected as a support to be used in enzyme immobilization. The characterization of the biocatalyst support materials produced was carried out using DRX, BET, FTIR, TGA, and SEM analysis. The lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus was then immobilized in the matrices, and, subsequently, there was transesterification of the vegetable oil deodorization distillate (VODD). The biodiesel samples generated showed that they were within commercial standards, achieving ester conversion greater than 96.5%. Other properties such as density (0.87 g.cm−3) and viscosity (4.36 mm2.s−1) meet the specifications required by ASTM to be used as a biofuel. In the experiment planning technique, the results revealed an experimental trend and a defined behavior: a higher lipase loading in the immobilization and the use of temperatures in the range of 40–50 °C favor high conversions of ethyl esters. Thus, this confirms that the enzymatic chemical catalyst was able to form the main fatty acid esters even using a residual lipid raw material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digera muricata L., commonly known as Tartara, is an edible herb used as traditional medicine in many countries of Africa and Asia. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of a phytosterol-rich extract of D. muricata on 7-ketocholesterol-mediated atherosclerosis in macrophages. The extract was examined by phytochemical analyses, GC–MS, TLC, DPPH scavenging and hRBC membrane stabilization assays. Macrophage polarization was studied with experimental groups framed based on alamar blue cell viability and griess assays. Regulations of arginase enzyme activity, ROS generation, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell membrane integrity, pinocytosis, lipid uptake and peroxidation, as well as, intracellular calcium deposition were determined. In addition, expressions of atherogenic mediators were analysed using PCR, ELISA and immunocytochemistry techniques. Diverse phytochemicals with higher free radical scavenging activity and anti-inflammatory potential have been detected in the D. muricata. Co-treatment with D. muricata markedly reduced the atherogenic responses induced by 7KCh in the presence of LPS such as ROS, especially, NO and O2− along with lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, D. muricata significantly normalized mitochondrial membrane potential, cell membrane integrity, pinocytic activity, intracellular lipid accumulation and calcium deposition. These results provided us with the potentiality of D. muricata in ameliorating atherogenesis. Additionally, it decreased the expression of pro-atherogenic mediators (iNOS, COX-2, MMP9, IL-6, IL-1β, CD36, CD163 and TGFβ1) and increased anti-atherogenic mediators (MRC1 and PPARγ) with high cellular expressions of NF-κB and iNOS. Results showed the potential of sitosterol-rich D. muricata as a versatile biomedical therapeutic agent against abnormal macrophage polarization and its associated pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbopogon citratus (DC) stapf. (Gramineae) is a herb known worldwide as lemongrass. The oil obtained, i.e., lemongrass oil has emerged as one among the most relevant natural oils in the pharmaceutical industry owing to its extensive pharmacological and therapeutic benefits including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral and anticancer properties. However, its usage in novel formulations is constrained because of its instability and volatility. To address these concerns, the present study aims to formulate lemongrass-loaded SLN (LGSLN) using hot water titration technique. In the Smix, Tween 80 was selected as a surfactant component, while ethanol was taken as a co-surfactant. Different ratios of Smix (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1) were utilized to formulate LG-loaded SLN. The results indicated the fact that the LGSLN formulation (abbreviated as LGSLN1), containing lipid phase 10% w/w (i.e., LG 3.33% and SA 6.67%), Tween 80 (20% w/w), ethanol (20% w/w) and distilled water (50% w/w), revealed suitable nanometric size (142.3 ± 5.96 nm) with a high zeta potential value (− 29.12 ± 1.7 mV) and a high entrapment efficiency (77.02 ± 8.12%). A rapid drug release (71.65 ± 5.33%) was observed for LGSLN1 in a time span of 24 h. Additionally, the highest values for steady-state flux (Jss; 0.6133 ± 0.0361 mg/cm2/h), permeability coefficient (Kp; 0.4573 ± 0.0141 (cm/h) × 102) and enhancement ratio (Er; 13.50) was also conferred by LGSLN1. Based on in vitro study results, the developed SLN appeared as a potential carrier for enhanced topical administration of lemongrass oil. The observed results also indicated the fact that the phyto-cosmeceutical prospective of the nanolipidic carrier for topical administration of lemongrass oil utilizing pharmaceutically acceptable components can be explored further for widespread clinical applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC. is an aromatic annual herb that has traditionally been used to treat or protect against diabetes. Although it has infallible uses, its supply is limited due to its short lifespan. In this study, we aim to investigate the anti-diabetic potential of its micropropagated plants in type 2 diabetic mammalian (mouse) model and further expand the molecular mechanistic understanding of its activity. The water extract of the micropropagated plants was tested in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The extract effectively suppressed glucose levels prevented weight loss, and improved dyslipidemia in mice. Additionally, it improved liver injury as well as all investigated toxicity indicators, including serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and serum anti-inflammatory marker C-reactive protein. The intramolecular interaction study revealed that the innate polyphenolic constituents of this plant more profoundly inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase compared to the standard. The prolific bioactive compounds of the micropropagated plant could be attributed to these superior anti-diabetic effects, presumably via an elaborate inhibition of carbohydrate and lipid hydrolyzing enzymes. Thus, the obtained results provide solid experimental proof of the year-round utility of micropropagated plants as a standard source plant material of Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC. for drug research and therapeutic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wild-type Rhodosporidium toruloides strain Z11 which could utilize molasses to co-produce high amount of lipid and carotenoids was isolated and characterized. The genome of strain Z11 with a G + C content of 59.0% was estimated to be 22.6 Mb and contained 5290 encoded protein sequences. Among these annotated genes, the ATP citrate (pro-S)-lyase, two malic enzymes (MaeA and MaeB) and the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase play key roles for the production of lipids and carotenoids. In addition, a β-fructofuranosidase (SacA) was identified, which may contribute to the utilization of molasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total flavones of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch (GTF) are main components of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, which have anti-oxidation and lipid-lowering effects. However, its protective effects on the intestinal tissue of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are unknown. The aims of the study were to evaluate the protective effects of GTF on the intestinal tissue of tilapia after high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Tilapia (initial weight 30 ± 1 g) received diets containing four doses of GTF (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg diet) for 90 days. The intestinal tissues were collected to determine biochemical parameter, gene expression and protein level. The results showed that the HFD reduced antioxidant indexes and increased the fat level, lipid oxidation products in the intestinal tissue relative to the control. Adding GTF to the HFD resulted in an increase of antioxidant indexes, fat level and lipid oxidation products decreased after 60, 90 days. In the HFD group, mRNA level of fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) was increased at 60 day and then decreased at 90 day. The mRNA levels of fatty acid binding protein 1 (FABP1) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP 1c) were significantly increased at 60 or 90 day after HFD feeding. The mRNA levels of acetate coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCA) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and PPAR-α were decreased significantly at 30, 60 and/or 90 days after HFD feeding. Western blotting results also showed that nuclear factor (NF)-κβ C-Rel (NF-κβ C-Rel) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8) protein expression in intestinal tissue increased after consumption of the HFD. However, adding GTF to the HFD reversed the changes of genes related to fatty acid synthesis and metabolism, and the level of NF-κβ c-Rel and MAPK8 at different degrees. Overall, these results indicated that GTF promoted decomposition and metabolism of fatty acids in intestinal tissue, alleviated oxidative stress damage caused by the HFD, and had certain protective effects on the intestinal tissue of tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, research initiatives on renewable bioenergy or biofuels have been gaining momentum, not only due to fast depletion of finite reserves of fossil fuels but also because of the associated concerns for the environment and future energy security. In the last few decades, interest is growing concerning microalgae as the third-generation biofuel feedstock. The CO2 fixation ability and conversion of it into value-added compounds, devoid of challenging food and feed crops, make these photosynthetic microorganisms an optimistic producer of biofuel from an environmental point of view. Microalgal-derived fuels are currently being considered as clean, renewable, and promising sustainable biofuel. Therefore, most research targets to obtain strains with the highest lipid productivity and a high growth rate at the lowest cultivation costs. Different methods and strategies to attain higher biomass and lipid accumulation in microalgae have been extensively reported in the previous research, but there are fewer inclusive reports that summarize the conventional methods with the modern techniques for lipid enhancement and biodiesel production from microalgae. Therefore, the current review focuses on the latest techniques and advances in different cultivation conditions, the effect of different abiotic and heavy metal stress, and the role of nanoparticles (NPs) in the stimulation of lipid accumulation in microalgae. Techniques such as genetic engineering, where particular genes associated with lipid metabolism, are modified to boost lipid synthesis within the microalgae, the contribution of "Omics" in metabolic pathway studies. Further, the contribution of CRISPR/Cas9 system technique to the production of microalgae biofuel is also briefly described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to prepare valencene (sesquiterpene) containing invasomes for itraconazole (ITZ) transungual delivery using central composite design. The phospholipid (X1) and valencene (X2) were selected as an independent variables, while vesicles size (Y1), entrapment efficiency (Y2) and in vitro drug release (Y3) were chosen as dependent variables. The antifungal activity of optimized formulation was screened against Trichophyton rubrum, a common causative onychomycosis pathogen, by cup plate method. The optimized ITZ-loaded invasomes formulation presented vesicles size of 176.8 ± 6.03 nm, entrapment efficiency of 83.21 ± 4.11% and in vitro drug release of 75.22 ± 5.03%. The ITZ-loaded invasomes gel formulation showed good homogeneity, pH 6.5 ± 0.23, viscosity 7.33 ± 0.67 Pa s and drug content 94.13 ± 1.13%. The spreadability and extrudability of developed ITZ-loaded invasomes gel were found to be 7.85 ± 0.24 gcm/s and 162 ± 2.74 g, respectively. The ITZ-loaded invasomes gel presented 71.11 ± 3.65% cumulative permeation of drug via goat hooves. The in vitro antifungal activity depicted that the ITZ-loaded invasomes gel and marketed preparation were presented zone of inhibition of 21.42 mm and 10.64 mm against T. rubrum respectively. Hence the prepared ITZ-loaded invasomes formulation could therefore be a promising topical dosage to mitigate the indications and hasten the cure for onychomycosis than conventional available therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we isolated and selected oleaginous yeasts from rock field soils from two National Parks in Brazil (Caparaó and Serra dos Órgãos) with the potential to accumulate oil from xylose, the main pentose sugar found in lignocellulosic biomass. From the 126 isolates, two were selected based on their lipid contents. They were taxonomically identified as Papiliotrema laurentii (UFV-1 and UFV-2). Of the two, P. laurentii UFV-1 was selected as the best lipid producer. Under unoptimized conditions, lipid production by P. laurentii UFV-1 was higher in glucose than in xylose. To improve its lipid production from xylose, we applied response surface methodology (RSM) with a face-centered central composite design (CCF). We evaluated the effects of agitation rate, initial cell biomass (OD600), carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) and pH on lipid production. P. laurentii UFV-1 recorded the highest lipid content, 63.5% (w/w) of the cell dry mass, under the following conditions: C/N ratio = 100:1, pH value = 7.0, initial OD600 = 0.8 and agitation = 300 rpm. Under these optimized conditions, biomass, lipid titer and volumetric lipid productivity were 9.31 g/L, 5.90 g/L and 0.082 g/L.h, respectively. Additionally, we determined the fatty acid composition of P. laurentii UFV-1 as follows: C14:0 (0.5%), C16:0 (28.4–29.4%), C16:1 (0.2%), C18:0 (9.5–11%), C18:1 (58.6–60.5%), and C20:0 (0.7–0.8%). Based on this composition, the predicted properties of biodiesel showed that P. laurentii UFV-1 oil is suitable for use as feedstock in biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracting protein in its active form is critical for its functional characterization, and lipid removal is an essential step in the protein extraction process for further downstream applications. In the present study, we revisited the delipidation protocol and developed a rapid, solvent-free delipidation method using activated silica. The delipidated samples showed improved optical clarity and a significant reduction of endogenous lipids. The functional integrity of the lipases present in the delipidated sample was validated by in vitro enzyme assay using physiological substrate which includes neutral lipid as well as phospholipid. The accessibility of active site of the extracted enzymes was demonstrated by activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), a functional chemoproteomic approach. Detection of serine hydrolases using ABPP probe labeling was enhanced upon delipidation. Further, the total polyphenol content was significantly reduced, which helps to enhance the protein enrichment and small-molecule inhibitor screening by ABPP. Collectively, these results suggest that the present solvent-free delipidation approach is efficient and highly compatible with the functional characterization of the enzymes, particularly lipid hydrolases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the major constraints in wheat production and causes a huge loss at grain-filling stage. In this study we highlighted the response of different wheat genotypes under drought stress at the grain-filling stage. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate 72 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under two water regimes: irrigated and drought condition. Four wheat genotypes, two each of drought tolerant (IC36761A, IC128335) and drought-susceptible category (IC335732 and IC138852) were selected on the basis of agronomic traits and drought susceptibility index (DSI), to understand their morphological, biochemical and molecular basis of drought stress tolerance. Among agronomic traits, productive tillers followed by biomass had high percent reduction under drought stress, thus drought stress had a great impact. Antioxidant activity (AO), total phenolic and proline content were found to be significantly higher in IC128335 genotype. Differential expression pattern of transcription factors of ten genes revealed that transcription factor qTaWRKY2 followed by qTaDREB, qTaEXPB23 and qTaAPEX might be utilized for developing wheat varieties resistant to drought stress. Understanding the role of TFs would be helpful to decipher the molecular mechanism involved in drought stress. Identified genotypes (IC128335 and IC36761A) may be useful as parental material for future breeding program to generate new drought-tolerant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids are most adaptable molecules that acclimatize to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR). The precise molecular mechanism of this acclimatization achieved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) remains elusive. Although lipids of MTB have been characterized to some details, a comparable resource does not exist between drug sensitive (DS) and resistant (DR) strains of MTB. Here, by employing high-throughput mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approach, we attempted to analyze the differential lipidome profile of DS and DR MTB clinical isolates. We analyzed three major classes of lipids viz fatty acyls, glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids and their respective subclasses. Notably, we observed differential fatty acyls and glycerophospholipids as evident from increased mycolic acids phosphatidylinositol mannosides, phosphatidylinositol, cardiolipin and triacylglycerides abundance, respectively, which are crucial for MTB virulence and pathogenicity. Considering the fact that 30% of the MTB genome codes for lipid, this comprehensive lipidomic approach unravels extensive lipid alterations in DS and DR that will serve as a resource for identifying biomarkers aimed at disrupting the functions of MTB lipids responsible for MDR acquisition in MTB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, five Chlorella species ( Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella minutissima, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Chlorella sp.1 and Chlorella sp.2) were grown in various nutrient medium including BG-11, BBM, Fog's medium and MN medium for the evolution of biomass and lipid production potential. Among the tested medium, BG-11 was found most economical and efficient medium for all Chlorella species. To see the impact of organic carbon sources on lipid production potential, all microalgae species were also cultured in selected medium (BG-11) with different organic carbon sources like glucose, glycerol, sodium acetate, and sucrose under mixotrophic condition. The results showed that all Chlorella species performs better under mixotrophic condition, but Chlorella vulgaris achieved maximum lipid productivity (3.5 folds higher) in glycerol supplemented culture medium than control medium among all species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current RNA isolation methods have limitations in their ability to yield good quality and quantity of RNA from plants that have high content of phenols, polysaccharides and storage proteins. Existing methods also do not eliminate accompanying chromosomal DNA in RNA preparation that causes false positives in gene expression studies. Standard isolation technique was modified for rapid and quick extraction of RNA, and lentil tissue most appropriate to extract good quality RNA was determined. The concentration of the phenol blocker polyvinylpyrrolidone in the extraction buffer was determined, DNase I was added to eliminate chromosomal DNA and the timing of this step was optimized. RNA up to 568 μg of RNA from 1 g of tissue was isolated from four different tissues of lentil in less than half the time typically required by reported methods. The method avoids the use of toxic phenol-chloroform, hazardous guanidinium thiocyanate (GTC) and laborious CsCl ultracentrifugation. Absorbance A260/A280 ratio of 1.9 and A260/A230 ratio of 2.7 reveal RNA to be of high purity. Modified method yielded RNA that was free from contaminants and suitable for RT-PCR and cDNA library construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-stage cultivation method involving the initial growth in optimized conditions for biomass production followed by those for lipid production in oleaginous brackish diatom Navicula phyllepta MACC8 resulted in a proportional increase of lipid concentration along with biomass production. The diatom was further subjected to stress conditions by altering the nutrient components such as nitrate, phosphate, silicate, and temperature. Silicon deprivation resulted in the highest lipid percentage of 28.78% of weight at the end of the 18th day of the second stage. A significant increase in lipid content was observed on the complete removal of the nutrients silicon and urea one at a time, while the biomass showed a considerable reduction. The application of multiple nutrient stress conditions had a profound influence on the increased rate of lipid production. A combination of phosphate deprivation, silicate limitation and temperature reduction resulted in a significant increase in lipid percentage of 32.13% at the cost of reduced biomass (1.1 g L−1), whereas phosphate deprivation, urea limitation, and temperature reduction resulted in lipid percentage of 27.58% with a biomass of 1.44 g L−1 at the end of the second stage. Further, the results were supported by Nile red staining, FTIR, fatty acid profile and oxidative stress marker analyses. The changes in biochemical composition and oxidative stress parameters within the various stress conditions demonstrated the profound influence of the selected stress factors on the biodiesel productivity of the diatom, besides its stress tolerance. A two-phase culturing system, with multifactor stress application, especially nitrogen limitation along with phosphate starvation and temperature stress, would be the suitable method for gaining maximum biomass productivity and lipid content in diatom Navicula phyllepta MACC8 towards biofuel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meat quality of ducks is closely related to the intramuscular fat (IMF) content. This study explored the candidate regulatory genes of IMF formation and lipid deposition in Chaohu ducks. The IMF of breast muscle in 100 ducks was determined and statistically analysed by normal distribution test. Duck liver samples with high IMF (CH, n = 3) and low IMF (CL, n = 3) were selected for transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The IMF was in accordance with normal distribution (T = 0.001, P = 0.999). The IMF from two tails of the normal distribution was significantly different with 2.9983% ± 0.3296% in the CH group and 1.1960% ± 0.1481% in the CL group (P < 0.0001). RNA-Seq revealed 147 differentially expressed genes, including 78 up-regulated and 69 down-regulated genes in both groups. Validation by qRT-PCR was in agreement with RNA-Seq (R2 = 0.838). Gene ontology analysis revealed that organophosphate catabolism, oxidation–reduction process, cellular lipid catabolism, lipid transport, lipid localisation, lipid biosynthesis and cellular lipid catabolism were involved in lipid metabolism. Meanwhile, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis suggested that steroid hormone biosynthesis, ovarian steroidogenesis, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis and linoleic acid metabolism were involved in lipid deposition, wherein the genes COMT, NT5E, PDE4D, PLA2G4F, A-FABP, ADRA2A, HSD17B2, PPP1R3C, PPP1R3B and NR0B2 were involved in lipid deposition. This study provided insights into the molecular mechanism for regulating lipid metabolism and identified candidate genes for selecting markers to control IMF formation in Chaohu ducks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass and lipid yield under nutrient depleted and supplemented conditions of N and Mg in two freshwater isolates, Chlorella sp. NC-MKM and Scenedesmus acutus NC-M2 from Meghalaya were investigated for biodiesel production. Both the strains, Chlorella sp. NC-MKM and Scenedesmus acutus NC-M2 are oleaginous in nature having lipid content of 40.2 ± 1.4 and 37.3 ± 2.6% DCW, respectively. The significant increase (92.8%) in lipid content was found in N-depleted condition while an increase (46.65%) in biomass yield was observed under Mg-supplemented condition in Chlorella sp. NC-MKM. Studying the interactive effects of nutrient depletion and supplementation, combination of N-depleted and Mg-supplemented condition was selected for further investigation to check enhanced lipid yield in Chlorella sp. NC-MKM. The results showed a significant increase in biomass yield, lipid yield and lipid content (30, 66.8, and 28.66%, respectively). Under this condition, accumulation of neutral lipid was also enhanced (47.17% M2 gated cells) compared to control (21.37% M2 gated cells). Further, FAMEs revealed that the relative percentage of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids increased (66.16%) in Chlorella sp. NC-MKM compared to control that improves biodiesel properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain high-cell-density cultures of Schizochytrium sp. FJU-512 for DHA production, two stages of fermentation strategy were used and carbon/nitrogen ratio, DO and temperature were controlled at different levels. The final dry cell weight, total lipid production and DHA yield in 15 l bioreactor reached 103.9, 37.2 and 16.0 g/l, respectively. For the further study of microbial growth and DHA production dynamics, we established a set of kinetic models for the fed-batch production of DHA by Schizochytrium sp. FJU-512 in 15 and 100 l fermenters and a compensatory parameter n was integrated into the model in order to find the optimal mathematical equations. A modified Logistic model was proposed to fit the cell growth data and the following kinetic parameters were obtained: µm = 0.0525/h, Xm = 100 g/l and n = 4.1717 for the 15 l bioreactor, as well as µm = 0.0382/h, Xm = 107.4371 g/l and n = 10 for the 100 l bioreactor. The Luedeking-Piret equations were utilized to model DHA production, yielding values of α = 0.0648 g/g and β = 0.0014 g/g/h for the 15 l bioreactor, while the values of α and β obtained for the 100 l fermentation were 0.0209 g/g and 0.0030 g/g/h. The predicted results compared with experimental data showed that the established models had a good fitting precision and were able to exactly depict the dynamic features of the DHA production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]