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The article examines the issues of cognitive linguistics, which is considered a new branch of linguistics. Here, various scientists' approaches to the unity of language and thinking are widely analyzed. In general, speech expresses information that arises in human thinking, or the product of thinking is encoded through speech. A person is a social factor, the creator of the joint function of language and thinking, and the person's role in forming language as a sign system in the construction of communication is great. Cognitive linguistics studies the act of speech at the extralinguistic level. It also studies language from another aspect and linguistic phenomena in a broad framework and comprehensively to other branches of science. The emergence of cognitive linguistics makes it possible to approach the issue of language and speech from different perspectives. The listener understands what the speaker is saying in the process of communication. In the act of speech, the main goal is to comprehend the ideas expressed in speech, but the coding of information in the language is not limited to linguistic knowledge. Social and psychological factors also play an essential role here. Thus, communication between the speaker and the listener goes through mental processes; during communication, cognitive processes are always open to new information. In the article, observation and subjective assessment were used.

Language proficiency assessment is considered one of the most significant issues in the world. The paper investigates language acquisition and assessment and its adaptation to international standards with the application of ICT. Current international standards in the field of evaluation of language skills have been analysed. The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), used in Europe and more than 40 countries for language learning and assessment, has been extensively analysed. In the study, the IELTS and TOEFL exam systems designed according to this standard and widely used in many countries, as well as in our country, were investigated to assess the language proficiency of English language learners. The paper also highlights the current problems of studying and evaluating the Azerbaijani language. The role of the "National Curriculum" concept in teaching the Azerbaijani language has been investigated. The current state of the acquisition and assessment of the Azerbaijani language, its adaptation to modern requirements and the role of ICT in this field are shown. Various proposals were given to improve the methods for learning and assessing the Azerbaijani language based on international experience and the application of ICT.

There are two main methods of word formation: linear and non-linear. One of the non-linear methods of word formation is the lexical-semantic method. This method does not involve external forms. Instead, a new word is formed through an internal change in a word. This method focuses mainly on changing a word's meaning or semantics; therefore, it is also referred to as the semantic method. Some sources consider the transition from unambiguous and polysemous meanings or vice versa, as well as synonymy and homonymy, as part of the lexical-semantic word creation method. This method is called lexical-semantic because it is closely related to semantics and lexics and is based on changes in meaning. The central core of the lexical-semantic method in the modern English language revolves around changes in meaning. Various factors, including the expansion and narrowing of meanings, homonymization, the emergence of polysemy, and the deterioration and improvement of meanings, influence these changes in language meaning.The article thoroughly investigates the creation of words in English using the lexical-semantic method. The research primarily utilized descriptive and comparative approaches, and although the research was conducted synchronously, the diachronic aspect was also considered when appropriate.

In the last decade, the cognitive approach to the analysis of paremiological units has found both theoretical justification in the works of local and foreign scientists and its practical application in the scientific articles and dissertations of local linguists. When discussing the cognitive characteristics of paremiological units, the term concept should be mentioned first. Paremiological units reflect various concepts. Each concept collects a certain number of paremiological units around itself, which have also been examined in the article. The most common components of paremias as components of models - both significant and non-nominal, as well as metalinguistic formulas - are substitutes expressing action, result, and person. In this form, the model partially reflects what is repeated in the structure and semantics of proverbs on the one hand and its lexical content and generalised meaning on the other hand.Forming symbolic meaning in paremiological units can be considered an inferencing process. On its basis, knowledge based on cognitive structures is gathered. Paremiological units are often conceptualised as follows. The author considers the lexemes that interest him in one way or another as the main components of paremiological units. Then, paremiological units are grouped according to one or another conceptual feature. As a result, it is possible to talk about conceptualising paremiological units, the collection of such expressions around certain concepts.The article provides brief information about the cognitive characteristics of paremiological units to determine the most complete scheme of analysis of paremias in the cognitive aspect.

Our world is a modern globalised world, and communication is essential. Preserving civilisations and cultures has a dominant societal position in the contemporary era. In this regard, most of the communicative processes in the world refer to intercultural communication. That is why the interest of researchers in the issues of language and culture, intercultural communication, and linguoculturology is growing.It is known that stable associations reflect the characteristics of people's perception of the surrounding world and the natural world around them. The cognitive mechanisms in forming a stable combination are the people's history, traditions, lifestyle, the geographical world in which they are surrounded, and other factors. All these things we have listed affect people's thinking and are reflected in the language to express a kind of thinking. All these factors constitute a particular research object in linguistic and cultural studies.The interaction of language and culture is manifested in stable combinations. Linguistics reflects the cognitive thinking of this or that nation. It studies the language of the people's view of the world formed based on millennia of real-life experience. Linguistic factors can manifest themselves in stable combinations. Among linguistic units, the onomastic unit is the only language structure with a unitary component that is so closely related to culture. That is why the linguistic and cultural analysis of onomastic single-component stable compounds in both languages with different systems, like Azerbaijani and English, is of great interest.

This article explores the distinct discursive features prevalent in economic texts, focusing on the unique language patterns, rhetorical strategies, and communicative functions characterising this genre. The study identifies critical elements that differentiate economic discourse from other professional and academic writing forms by analysing various economic documents, including academic papers, financial reports, and policy briefs. These features include specialised terminology, quantitative data presentation, argumentative structures, metaphor, and analogy. The findings highlight how these characteristics effectively convey complex economic concepts, persuade diverse audiences, and facilitate informed decision-making. This analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the linguistic and rhetorical conventions in economic writing, offering valuable insights for economists, educators, and communicators.

Language facilitates communication and helps one to comprehend the culture of the people who speak it. Language and culture interactions are studied with the help of linguoculturology. As a branch of humanitarian science, linguoculturology examines the role of language in the formation of culture and the role of culture in the formation of language.At the heart of linguoculturology are concepts, the fundamental building blocks connecting national thought with a universal conceptual system. These concepts, reflections of the language's worldview, are instrumental in studying people's outlook. Each country's unique ideas, embedded in its language, offer a glimpse into its distinct cultural characteristics. As linguistic phenomena, concepts manifest in stable word combinations and phraseology, shaping our understanding of language and culture.Language units such as fixed word combinations, idioms, and proverbs are understood based on concepts. Idioms are formed due to the concerted activity of different tribes and generations and become an integral part of the national culture. To understand the content of the value concepts "good" and "bad" verbalized in idioms in English, it is essential to study the culture of those speakers. The study of idioms with the concepts of "good" and "bad" in English expresses the moral values of English culture. Idioms in English confirm the national authenticity of the mentality of the people at the linguistic level.

Onomastic units in the language are related to folklore and all spiritual values. Language is not part of a culture, but it accumulates cultural ideas throughout its history, the world and human concepts through linguistic means, in other words, in words, phrases, specific lexical layers, and sometimes even in grammar. Language serves as the material of cultural expression while being the meta-language of culture, which fixes the meanings, motives and interpretations of oral texts in verbal forms. Viewing language as a source of cultural codes, forms of expression of cultural tradition, study and reference for regeneration of ancient culture, along with folklore texts, ceremonies, and folk, would be more accurate.The ancient history and geography of the people live in the language. The names of ancient tribes, clans and peoples that existed in the homeland of the language speakers have been preserved in folklore examples and have survived to this day. Tribe, folk names - ethnonyms are onomastic units frequently in Karabakh folklore.Information about Azerbaijan's ancient and medieval ethnonyms can be found mainly in the works of ancient authors and Persian-language texts from the medieval period.The study of ethnonyms is also helpful from the historical point of view of the Azerbaijani language. The phonetic differences between the written forms of ethnonyms in the sources and their pronounced documents in our toponymy are significant.The article is based on examples collected and compiled from the book of 10 volumes, "Karabakh: folklore is also a History", published by the Institute of Folklore of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. The etymology of ethnonyms used in Karabakh folklore has been reviewed.

The article analyses the origin of international terms used in Azerbaijani. As in other world languages, international terms play a unique role in the terminological layer of Azerbaijani. International terms have appeared throughout history in the terminological system of many languages, including the Azerbaijani vocabulary. The legal process of moving terminological units from one language system to another continues. Research conducted on the terminological lexicon of the Azerbaijani language shows that international terms of various origins differ quantitatively. The vocabulary of the Azerbaijani included terms from Arabic (Arabic origin) and European languages (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and others). Until the years of independence, the intermediary role in the transfer of terms belonged to the Russian language. Among the terms that have passed into our language in modern times, borrowings from European languages predominate. In the article, hybrid terms created based on lexical units of different languages were simultaneously analyzed using examples. Here are statistical indicators of the origin of international terms in the Azerbaijani.

Borrowing is an evolving phenomenon within language involving the dynamic interaction between two languages: the borrowing language and the language from which elements are borrowed. The assimilation process is central to the borrowing language, presenting a multifaceted challenge. The primary concern arises from assimilation unfolding through distinct stages, each marked by notable phonetic and grammatical transformations in the lexical-terminological unit.This article addresses the complexities of assimilation, shedding light on its degrees, levels, and underlying principles. The main aim of this investigation is to delve into the intricate process of assimilation in language borrowing. The study elucidates the degrees, levels, and fundamental principles of assimilation by examining linguistic materials from diverse systems. By doing so, the research aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of how borrowed elements undergo phonetic and grammatical changes as they assimilate into the borrowing language. Ultimately, the investigation seeks to contribute valuable insights to the broader field of linguistic evolution and cross-cultural influences, thereby advancing our understanding of the dynamic interactions between languages. Drawing upon linguistic materials from diverse systems, the study endeavours to comprehensively understand the intricacies of assimilating borrowed elements. By exploring the nuances of this process, the research aims to contribute valuable insights to the broader discourse on linguistic evolution and cross-cultural influences.

This research aims to describe the utilization of Whiteboard.fi as a supporting tool in German language learning and the responses of 11th-grade students from IPA 5 class at SMAN 8 Malang during the academic year 2022/2023 when using Whiteboard.fi. The research employed a qualitative descriptive method, and data were collected through observation and questionnaire responses. The findings indicate that using Whiteboard.fi as a learning tool in German language classes creates an enjoyable learning experience. Both students and teachers actively engage in the learning process through feedback mechanisms. In their feedback, students expressed positive opinions and reported a lack of boredom during the lessons. The optimal utilization of Whiteboard.fi is achieved when accessed via a PC/laptop, as the more expansive display enhances the ease of note-taking during lessons.

Invective vocabulary has recently been of interest to linguists, so we paid attention to the semantic development of this layer of language. The article aims to investigate this layer and how this layer is formed. The formation of invective vocabulary occurs mainly with the help of the following lexico-semantic methods: the transition of ordinary language into invective due to the means of linguistic expressiveness. Of particular interest is the communicative aspect of the use of invectives. Even though that many words are quite often used as abuses not only in live communication but also in many texts, this possible meaning is not always recorded in dictionaries.

This study describes the formation of Indonesian words based on generative morphology theory. Data sourced from oral and written data. The data collection method used is the documentation and observation methods, while the data analysis method uses the distributional and matching methods. The results of data analysis are presented using informal methods. The results of this study indicate that the affixes that form verbs consist of {meN-], {-an}, {ber-}, {ter-}, {meN-kan}, and {meN-i}. The meaning of these affixes is 'activities concerned with'; 'process'; 'each other'; 'to be in a state'; 'own'; 'can be in'; 'already in'; 'causative'; 'resultative'; 'intensive; and 'continuative'. The noun-forming affixes consist of {se-}, {-in}, {-at}, {pen-an}, {ke-an}, and {per-an} affixes. The meaning conveyed by these affixes is 'equal'; 'The same'; 'in a state of'; 'plural (feminine) actors'; 'plural (masculine) actors'; 'method'; and 'hal'. Adjective-forming affixes consist of affixes {-i}, {-iah}, {-ah}, and {wi-}. The meaning generated by these affixes is 'related to'; 'frequency'; 'tool'; and the 'perpetrator'. In terms of morphological typology, in general, Indonesian word formation is a mixed-type language because at the level of affixation and reduplication, Indonesian words are of the agglutination type and at the level of compounding, it behaves as an incorporation type language and tends to collect several lexical morphemes and combine them be a single word. The process of forming Indonesian words in terms of generative morphology consists of components: 1) a list of morphemes that contains free basic morphemes, bound basic morphemes, affixes, reduplications and compound words; 2) rules for forming words that process all the contents of the morpheme list, to produce acceptable and unacceptable forms; 3) filters in charge of attaching phonological idiosyncrasy

As a linguistics field, ethnolinguistics is a science with great potential for development and research, in addition to having different names, tasks, goals and many controversial issues. This field of linguistics needs to be sufficiently studied and requires a more thorough investigation. From this point of view, the mentioned topic is crucial for modern linguistics. The object of ethnolinguistic research is language as a carrier of ethnocultural information, the relationship between language and folk mentality, and the role of language in the ethnic picture of the world. This article aims to shed light on the initial perception of the science and modern investigations in this field and draw attention to the topicality of the issue. For this purpose, throughout the research, the scientific literature related to the topic is analysed, and the development trends of Azerbaijani ethnolinguistics and its current state are reviewed and evaluated. The empirical analysis method was used during the research. From a practical point of view, the study can serve as a rich scientific resource for researchers conducting research in ethnolinguistics. As a result, it is noted that in the field of ethnolinguistics, which is developing as a particular field in Azerbaijani linguistics, new studies and research are conducted that resonate with the requirements of the modern stage of science, and they will contribute to world linguistics in this direction in the future.

The article focuses on the standard features of different idyllic chronotope associated with the unity of the folklore period. Emphasis is placed on the inseparability of human life from a particular place where ancestors lived and where descendants will live. In Taras Prohasko’s novel “The UnSimple”, great importance is attached to family traditions, according to which children at the age of fifteen were shown places related to family history. M. Bakhtin calls this feature the unity of place. This feature unites generations, blurs the time boundaries between the individual life of each person and different periods of the same life. The rhythmic cycle of time is demonstrated in the novel “The UnSimple” on the example of Sebastian and his Anna, who was the only possible woman in his life.In Taras Prokhasko’s novel, the opinion is affirmed that the home for most people is an idyllic place, the basis of biography and the result of existence. It is a place where a person feels protected and confident.The relationship between man and nature in work is shown idealized. Through an exaggerated image of floriculture, the author offers an alternative world in which a responsible, caring, careful attitude to the world around us prevails.It is proved that in Taras Prohasko’s novel “The UnSimple”, the landscape is both a necessary and sufficient condition for a complete human life. It was found that the most important place in T. Prokhasko’s prose is given to the epic of family places, which are the basis of the idyllic chronotope., Дослідження хронотопу постмодерних творів є питанням малодослідженим, а звідси й актуальним. Метою розвідки є аналіз специфіки ідилічного хронотопу в романі Тараса Прохаська «Непрості». У статті зосереджена увага на спільних рисах різних видів ідилічного хронотопу, пов’язаних із єдністю фольклорного часу. Акцентується на невіддільності життя людини від певної частини простору, де жили пращури, де будуть жити нащадки. Відзначено, що в романі Тараса Прохаська «Непрості» велике значення надається сімейним традиціям, відповідно до яких дітям у п’ятнадцятирічному віці показували місця, пов’язані з родинною історією. М. Бахтін називає таку особливість єдністю місця. Ця ознака об’єднує покоління, стирає часові межі між індивідуальним життям кожної особистості і різними періодами одного й того самого життя. Ритмічна циклічність часу демонструється в романі «Непрості» на прикладі Себастяна та його Анни, яка була єдиною можливою жінкою в його житті.У романі Тараса Прохаська утверджується думка, що дім для більшості людей є ідилічним місцем, основою біографії і результатом існування. Це місце, де людина почуває себе захищено й упевнено. Стосунки людини і природи у творі показано ідеалізовано. Через гіперболізоване зображення квітникарства автор пропонує альтернативний світ, у якому переважає відповідальне, дбайливе, обережне ставлення до світу, що нас оточує.Доведено, що в романі «Непрості» Тараса Прохаська ландшафт є одночасно необхідною й достатньою умовою для повноцінного людського життя. З’ясовано, що найважливіше місце у прозі Т. Прохаська відводиться епосу родинних місць, які є основою ідилічного хронотопу.

The article considers the category of tense as a universal phenomenon from the point of view of linguistics. The tense category belongs to the number of universal concepts that play a crucial role in modern science, in all its disciplinary complexes: both natural, social and humanitarian. Not a single sphere of human activity is complete without contact with the reality of time. Everything that moves, changes, lives, acts, and thinks is spread through time in one form or another. But despite the obviousness of time as an objective phenomenon has given to us in sensations, which is undoubtedly confirmed by our individual experience, the conceptual understanding of time both in the history of philosophy and science gives rise to many different, sometimes opposite approaches and results. Analysis of the tense category is one of the most actively developed topics in Russian and foreign science. The problem of time interpretation has attracted researchers for its inexhaustibility and versatility. It will never lose its relevance since the concept of time, along with the concepts of space and motion, is one of the essential categories of the knowledge theory. The interpretation of time is inextricably linked with the most fundamental ideas of a person about reality — with the interpretation of being, the meaning of life, all human activity — both cognitive and practical.

The voice corpus of language is the essential part of the linguistic resources, and it contains the phonetic database. A phonetic database is a structured collection of software-delivered speech fragments. Nowadays, phonetic database or voice corpus became like a new element in speech technologies, and much investigation has taken place according to this event. The investigators' interest in voice corpus is related to the development of a speech recognition system. Today it is enough to experience in preparation of a phonetic database. Equipped with unique information on the preparation and usage of everyday speech corpus, the development level of speech technologies and the increasing power of computer technologies allow for the investigation of various language materials, largescale, and statistical phonetic research. These developed directions of linguistics were investigated in this article. Speech corpora are a valuable source of information for phonological research and the study of sound patterns. The study of speech corpora is in its infancy compared to other field studies in linguistics. Existing speech corpora form the part of the world's languages and do not fully represent all the dialects and speech forms by phonological aspect. The article analyses the history, structure, and importance of developing speech corpses, a branch of corpus linguistics and has developed in recent years. The article also lists the main features to be considered in the design of the speech corpus.

The article studies the motivational processes of the emergence of the old Ukrainian fishing professionalism са́ра, used to denote pike in the language of Zaporozhian Cossacks. The relevance of the research is determined by the importance of analysing names that reflect ethno-cultural stereotypes, the original semantics of which dates back to the Indo-European period.To identify the mechanisms of formation of the semantic model, according to which the word “са́ра” “pike” is formed, the diachronic method of research (according to the principle of relative chronology) was used together with the linguo-cultural analysis, which proved that: ichthyonymic metaphorization (creation of the figurative name of a fish) was most likely preceded by paronymic attraction (phonetic and semantic convergence of a name of a colour with a female name of ancient Jewish origin) with subsequent metaphorization of the stereotyped name of a Jew as an ichthyonym.Undoubtedly, the paronymic attraction was also facilitated by the mutilation of the noun component of the attributive phrase са́ра (шара) fish, since fishing nouns as derivatives of two-lexemic analytical nouns can be traced in temporal and spatial dimensions in various lexical-semantic groups of fishing names: варовый [tax], свôйска [marine], сьвітова́ [Tonya], ка́мбалові [fish], лососе́ві [fish], etc.Thus, the archaic fishing professionalism of са́ра “pike” is connected with the old Ukrainian names of achromatic grey colour сѣрый and шарый, fitting into the motivational model «the name of the animal by the colour of its fur, feathers, scales». The colour name itself as a basis for metaphorical transference reaches the common Indo-European lexical fund and in the historical dimension combines the meaning of «dark» and «light», realising in the ancient and old Ukrainian ideology the idea of darkness and light, where the «dark side» is the image of a person of a different religion with his or her social and ethno-confessional differen, У статті досліджено мотиваційні процеси постання староукраїнського рибальського професіоналізму са́ра на позначення щуки в мовному просторі запорозьких козаків. Актуальність розвідки визначено важливістю аналізу назв, що відображають етнокультурні стереотипи, вихідна семантика яких сягає ще індоєвропейського періоду.Для виявлення механізмів формування семантичної моделі, за якою утворено слово са́ра ʻщукаʼ, застосовано діахронійний метод дослідження (за принципом відносної хронології) спільно з лінгвокультурологічним аналізом, що засвідчило: іхтіонімній метафоризації (утворенню образної назви риби), найімовірніше, передували інші формальні й семантичні перетворення: паронімійна атракція (фонетичне й семантичне зближення кольороназви з жіночим імʼям давньоєврейського походження) із подальшою метафоризацією стереотипізованого найменування єврейки як іхтіоніма.Поза сумнівом паронімійній атракції посприяло ще й утинання іменникового складника атрибутивної словосполуки сара (шара) риба, оскільки рибальські субстантивати як деривати дволексемних аналітичних номенів простежуємо в часовому і просторовому вимірах у різних лексико-семантичних групах рибальських найменувань: варовый [податок], свôйска [марена], сьвітова́ [тоня], ка́мбалові [риби], лососе́ві [риби] тощо.Отже, рибальський архаїчний професіоналізм са́ра ʻщукаʼ пов’язаний зі староукраїнськими назвами ахроматичного сірого кольору сѣрый і шарый, вписуючись у мотиваційну модель «назва тварини за кольором її шерсті, пір’я, луски». Сама ж кольороназва як основа для метафоричного перенесення сягає загальноіндоєвропейського лексичного фонду і в історичному вимірі сполучає значення ʻтемнийʼ і ʻсвітлийʼ, реалізуючи в давньо‑ і староукраїнському світогляді ідею темряви й світла, де «темною стороною» виступає образ людини іншого віросповідування з її соціальними та етноконфесійними маркерами, зокрема кольором одягу.Досліджений матеріал спонукає до подальшого вивчання староукраїнського лексикону в аспекті формування етносвіто

The article analyzes the verbal realization of the concept of dignity in O. Solzhenitsyn’s novel «The First Circle». Verbalization of the concept of dignity characterizes the positive characters of the novel and is a part of the ways of reproducing general humanistic issues, revealing the author’s intentions for both positive and negative characters, which creates contrast in describing the then civilizational ambiguous era. The humanistic orientation of the positive characters in the novel, who are marked by dignity, self-sacrifice (Nerzhin, Sologdin, Volodin), courage (Khorobrov, Rubin), honest attitude to work (Potapov, Egorov) is observed. It was found out that the character of Gleb Nerzhin, in whom the reader can recognize O. Solzhenitsyn himself, and the image of Spiridon Egorov are the most comprehensively depicted. The first is a representative of the intelligentsia, the second – of ordinary people. They are united by the inner humanism, which does not depend on historical circumstances or situational trials. This, according to the author, is the basis of the immortality of the people, reveals their deep philosophy, based on humanistic principles. In general, it is determined that dignity/humanity is the leading motive of the novel, supplemented by the elements of motives of male friendship and sincere love in the difficult conditions of tyranny. The images of representatives of the tyrannical government are covered in detail through their dialogues and monologues, including internal ones. Yes, the image of Stalin appears as painted with dark signs in contrast to a sunny day. In the end, the conceptual sphere of humanism is concretized in the motive of the heroes’ struggle for better life for all the people not only of their native country, but of the whole world. It is this motif that characterizes the 1970 Nobel Prize-winning work of Alexander Solzhenitsyn. The issue of the novel is also marked by a certain controversy: for example, the theme of war and th, У статті проаналізовано вербальну реалізацію концепту гідності в романі О. Солженіцина «У колі першому». Вербалізація концепту гідності характеризує позитивні образи роману та входить до способів відтворення загальної гуманістичної проблематики, виявляючи інтенції автора як щодо позитивних героїв, так і щодо негативних, що створює контраст в описі тогочасної цивілізаційно неоднозначної епохи. Спостережено гуманістичну спрямованість позитивних образів у романі, які відзначаються гідністю, самопожертвою (Нержин, Сологдін, Володін), сміливістю (Хоробров, Рубін), чесним ставленням до праці (Потапов, Єгоров). З’ясовано, що найбільш комплексно представлено образ Гліба Нержина, за яким угадується сам О. Солженіцин, та Спиридона Єгорова. Перший є представником інтелігенції, другий – простого народу. Їх поєднує внутрішній гуманізм, який не залежить від історичних обставин, від ситуативних випробовувань. Саме це, на думку автора, і становить підґрунтя невмирущості народу, розкриває його глибинну філософію, засновану на гуманістичних принципах. Загалом визначено, що гідність / гуманність є провідним мотивом оповіді, доповненим елементами мотивів чоловічої дружби та щирого кохання у важких умовах тиранії. Образи представників тиранічного правління докладно висвітлено через їхні діалоги та монологи, зокрема й внутрішні. Так, образ Сталіна постає як забарвлений темними ознаками в опозиції до сонячного дня. Зрештою концептуальну сферу гуманізму конкретизовано в мотиві боротьби героїв за краще життя для всіх людей не лише рідної країни, а й усього світу. Саме цей мотив характеризує удостоєну 1970 року Нобелівської премії творчість Олександра Солженіцина. Проблематика роману відзначається й певною полемічністю: наприклад, тема війни та відповідного святкування / відзначання перемоги в ній надто актуальна сьогодні як в Україні, так і в Росії, у якій ця тема є важливим ідеологічним чинником.

The article deals with transforming the primary text into a parody - the introduction of the paradigm of critical assessment of pretext into the primary text. This paradigm is derived using the paradigmatic analysis of vocabulary, highlighting the means of the text that form a specific system of images for the reader. Parody is of particular interest for the paradigmatic analysis of vocabulary since it refers to the so-called secondary texts - texts created on the material of other texts, already available. When creating a secondary text, various elements are borrowed from the original text, such as lexemes, phrases, etc., and lexical paradigms that undergo various transformations in the secondary text. However, a paradigm in parody is inherent exclusively in texts of this type - the paradigm of critical assessment of the pretext. A critical assessment of the pretext is extremely important for forming a parody since one of its main distinguishing features is controversial to the original text. To study the role of the critical appraisal paradigm, we took parodies of A. Ivanov on the verses of E. Yevtushenko. The study of this material has shown that the paradigm of critical assessment of the pretext is inherent exclusively in parodies and is used to form the effect of distancing the reader from the original text; pretext begins to be perceived not as a text itself, but as an object for outside consideration and criticism. The explicitly expressed paradigm of critical assessment of the pretext can also be accompanied by the paradigm of comic reduction, which forms a comic effect in parody, but this paradigm in the text is optional. On the other hand, critical assessment in the text is obligatory since it is due to this paradigm that polemic is formed, obligatory for parodic texts., В статье рассматривается один из способов трансформации первичного текста в пародию – внедрение в первичный текст парадигмы критической оценки претекста. Данная парадигма выводится при помощи парадигматического анализа лексики, направленного на выделение средств текста, формирующих у читателя определенную систему образов. Пародия представляет особый интерес для парадигматического анализа лексики, поскольку относится к так называемым вторичным текстам — текстам, которые создаются на материале других, уже имеющихся. При создании вторичного текста в него из исходного текста заимствуются различные элементы, такие, как лексемы, фразы и т. д., а также лексические парадигмы, претерпевающие во вторичном тексте различные трансформации. Однако в пародии присутствуют парадигма, присущая исключительно текстам такого типа — парадигма критической оценки претекста. Критическая оценка претекста крайне важна для формирования пародии, поскольку одним из ее основных отличительных признаков является полемичность по отношению к исходному тексту. Для исследования роли парадигмы критической оценки были взяты пародии А. Иванова на стихи Е. Евтушенко. Изучение данного материала показало, что парадигма критической оценки претекста присуща исключительно пародиям и используется для формирования эффекта дистанцирования читателя от исходного текста; претекст начинает восприниматься не как непосредственно текст, а как объект для рассмотрения со стороны и критики. Эксплицитно выраженной парадигме критической оценки претекста также может сопутствовать парадигма комического снижения, формирующая комический эффект в пародии, однако присутствие этой парадигмы в тексте опционально. Присутствие же в тексте парадигмы критической оценки обязательно, поскольку именно за счет этой парадигмы формируется полемичность, обязательная для пародийных текстов.

In onomastics, geographical objects have been classified in different variants, depending on the reasons for the name. These classifications were conducted according to the specialisation and goals of the researchers. The formation of geographical names means only the name of oronymic, hydronymic, economic, zoonymic, and phytonymic objects. The naming of these types of geographical objects is mainly focused on the characteristic feature. However, ethnotoponyms, patrotoponyms and anthropoponims do not have a characteristic feature but reflect the belonging of objects to the people, tribe, generation and personality. Toponymic nomination refers mainly to oronyms and, to some extent, to hydronymic toponyms. In American oronymy, all geographical names formed as a result of a historical event are based on the detailed history and fact of residence of Native American Indians, which is one of their main characteristics, В ономастике географические объекты до сих пор классифицировались в различных вариантах в зависимости от причин для наименования. Эти классификации проводились в соответствии со специализацией и целями исследователей. Формирование географических названий обозначает только наименование оронимических, гидронимических, ойкономических, зоонимических, фитонимических объектов, поскольку именование этих типов географических объектов в основном фокусируется на характерном признаке. Однако этнотопонимы, патротопонимы и антропопонимы не имеют характерного признака, а отражают принадлежность предметов к народу, племени, поколению и личности. Топонимическая номинация относится, в основном, к оронимам и в некоторой степени к гидронимическим топонимам. В оронимии Америки все географические названия, образованные в результате какого-либо исторического события, основаны на точной истории и факте проживания коренных американских индейцев, что является одной из их основных характеристик.

In onomastics, geographical objects have been classified in different variants, depending on the reasons for the name. These classifications were conducted according to the specialisation and goals of the researchers. The formation of geographical names means only the name of oronymic, hydronymic, economic, zoonymic, and phytonymic objects. The naming of these types of geographical objects is mainly focused on the characteristic feature. However, ethnotoponyms, patrotoponyms and anthropoponims do not have a characteristic feature but reflect the belonging of objects to the people, tribe, generation and personality. Toponymic nomination refers mainly to oronyms and, to some extent, to hydronymic toponyms. In American oronymy, all geographical names formed as a result of a historical event are based on the detailed history and fact of residence of Native American Indians, which is one of their main characteristics, В ономастике географические объекты до сих пор классифицировались в различных вариантах в зависимости от причин для наименования. Эти классификации проводились в соответствии со специализацией и целями исследователей. Формирование географических названий обозначает только наименование оронимических, гидронимических, ойкономических, зоонимических, фитонимических объектов, поскольку именование этих типов географических объектов в основном фокусируется на характерном признаке. Однако этнотопонимы, патротопонимы и антропопонимы не имеют характерного признака, а отражают принадлежность предметов к народу, племени, поколению и личности. Топонимическая номинация относится, в основном, к оронимам и в некоторой степени к гидронимическим топонимам. В оронимии Америки все географические названия, образованные в результате какого-либо исторического события, основаны на точной истории и факте проживания коренных американских индейцев, что является одной из их основных характеристик.

In onomastics, geographical objects have been classified in different variants, depending on the reasons for the name. These classifications were conducted according to the specialisation and goals of the researchers. The formation of geographical names means only the name of oronymic, hydronymic, economic, zoonymic, and phytonymic objects. The naming of these types of geographical objects is mainly focused on the characteristic feature. However, ethnotoponyms, patrotoponyms and anthropoponims do not have a characteristic feature but reflect the belonging of objects to the people, tribe, generation and personality. Toponymic nomination refers mainly to oronyms and, to some extent, to hydronymic toponyms. In American oronymy, all geographical names formed as a result of a historical event are based on the detailed history and fact of residence of Native American Indians, which is one of their main characteristics, В ономастике географические объекты до сих пор классифицировались в различных вариантах в зависимости от причин для наименования. Эти классификации проводились в соответствии со специализацией и целями исследователей. Формирование географических названий обозначает только наименование оронимических, гидронимических, ойкономических, зоонимических, фитонимических объектов, поскольку именование этих типов географических объектов в основном фокусируется на характерном признаке. Однако этнотопонимы, патротопонимы и антропопонимы не имеют характерного признака, а отражают принадлежность предметов к народу, племени, поколению и личности. Топонимическая номинация относится, в основном, к оронимам и в некоторой степени к гидронимическим топонимам. В оронимии Америки все географические названия, образованные в результате какого-либо исторического события, основаны на точной истории и факте проживания коренных американских индейцев, что является одной из их основных характеристик.

This inquiry investigated tone use among Yoruba-speaking adults recovering from an aphasic insult/attack initiated by a cerebral vascular accident (CVA), otherwise known as a stroke. In pursuing the aim of the study, the research was guided by three research questions, namely, do Yoruba-speaking aphasic adults have the perceptual ability to perceive tone in the language; can Yoruba-speaking aphasic adults differentiate between the three lexical tones in the language; and which of lexical tones do Yoruba speaking aphasic adults find difficult to perceive? The study drew upon the theoretical and analytical scope of the autosegmental approach and a constructivist methodology paradigm inspired by a descriptive research design that used the qualitative approach. Data were elicited from purposively sampled informants via structured interviews involving two groups of participants involving three aphasic Yoruba individuals and three Yoruba non-aphasic individuals in Nigeria. The purposive sampling was premised on informants’ dialectal proficiency, availability and diversity, and occurrence of CVA (stroke). The aphasic subjects were identified with the initials AB, CD and EF to conform to confidentiality etiquette in clinical linguistics. For ethical consideration, the informants were required to fill in a consent form before eliciting data from them. Once that was done, the aphasics were availed 100 words from the combined Swadesh 200 and Ibadan 400 wordlist of essential and cultural items, recorded by the non-aphasic individuals who speak Yoruba as their first language, to identify which tones they perceive. The data elicited was analysed using the perceptual approach in which the recorded data was listened to several times to discover if adult Yoruba speakers that are aphasic were still able to recognise the high ( ́), mid ( ̄) and low tone (̀ ) in words. The findings reviewed that Yoruba aphasics have diverse perceptual abilities of tone.Furthermore, it was established t

There are various types and subtypes of scientific texts, depending on their designation and the relevance to different fields. Above all, the unique scientific texts intended for professionals and the texts written in scientific and business style for mass readers are mentioned. Each of them has got an informative function. The most widespread and essential system in a functional signalling system is language. Words should be motivated for people to assimilate the language and remember its signs. The study of the history of languages shows that the motivation of language signs in the early development of languages, the imitation of sound and imitation of an image are observed more sharply in words. In language, the sign has got the semantic, morphological and phonetic motivation. The motivation of language signs creates functional styles. Each text should the priority bear the characteristics of any style. For studying the lingo-semantic features of the economic texts, it is first and foremost necessary to investigate their stylistic possibilities and terminological system. The forms of speech in language manifest themselves in the form of functional styles. The number and nature of the styles are mentioned differently. The artistic, scientific-technical and formal-business styles among them are considered to be the main functional styles. The language of economic texts belongs to the business style; however, at the same time, the factor of using the terminological lexicon inherent in the scientific style forms the core of economic texts.

This inquiry investigated tone use among Yoruba-speaking adults recovering from an aphasic insult/attack initiated by a cerebral vascular accident (CVA), otherwise known as a stroke. In pursuing the aim of the study, the research was guided by three research questions, namely, do Yoruba-speaking aphasic adults have the perceptual ability to perceive tone in the language; can Yoruba-speaking aphasic adults differentiate between the three lexical tones in the language; and which of lexical tones do Yoruba speaking aphasic adults find difficult to perceive? The study drew upon the theoretical and analytical scope of the autosegmental approach and a constructivist methodology paradigm inspired by a descriptive research design that used the qualitative approach. Data were elicited from purposively sampled informants via structured interviews involving two groups of participants involving three aphasic Yoruba individuals and three Yoruba non-aphasic individuals in Nigeria. The purposive sampling was premised on informants’ dialectal proficiency, availability and diversity, and occurrence of CVA (stroke). The aphasic subjects were identified with the initials AB, CD and EF to conform to confidentiality etiquette in clinical linguistics. For ethical consideration, the informants were required to fill in a consent form before eliciting data from them. Once that was done, the aphasics were availed 100 words from the combined Swadesh 200 and Ibadan 400 wordlist of essential and cultural items, recorded by the non-aphasic individuals who speak Yoruba as their first language, to identify which tones they perceive. The data elicited was analysed using the perceptual approach in which the recorded data was listened to several times to discover if adult Yoruba speakers that are aphasic were still able to recognise the high ( ́), mid ( ̄) and low tone (̀ ) in words. The findings reviewed that Yoruba aphasics have diverse perceptual abilities of tone.Furthermore, it was established t

There are various types and subtypes of scientific texts, depending on their designation and the relevance to different fields. Above all, the unique scientific texts intended for professionals and the texts written in scientific and business style for mass readers are mentioned. Each of them has got an informative function. The most widespread and essential system in a functional signalling system is language. Words should be motivated for people to assimilate the language and remember its signs. The study of the history of languages shows that the motivation of language signs in the early development of languages, the imitation of sound and imitation of an image are observed more sharply in words. In language, the sign has got the semantic, morphological and phonetic motivation. The motivation of language signs creates functional styles. Each text should the priority bear the characteristics of any style. For studying the lingo-semantic features of the economic texts, it is first and foremost necessary to investigate their stylistic possibilities and terminological system. The forms of speech in language manifest themselves in the form of functional styles. The number and nature of the styles are mentioned differently. The artistic, scientific-technical and formal-business styles among them are considered to be the main functional styles. The language of economic texts belongs to the business style; however, at the same time, the factor of using the terminological lexicon inherent in the scientific style forms the core of economic texts.

This inquiry investigated tone use among Yoruba-speaking adults recovering from an aphasic insult/attack initiated by a cerebral vascular accident (CVA), otherwise known as a stroke. In pursuing the aim of the study, the research was guided by three research questions, namely, do Yoruba-speaking aphasic adults have the perceptual ability to perceive tone in the language; can Yoruba-speaking aphasic adults differentiate between the three lexical tones in the language; and which of lexical tones do Yoruba speaking aphasic adults find difficult to perceive? The study drew upon the theoretical and analytical scope of the autosegmental approach and a constructivist methodology paradigm inspired by a descriptive research design that used the qualitative approach. Data were elicited from purposively sampled informants via structured interviews involving two groups of participants involving three aphasic Yoruba individuals and three Yoruba non-aphasic individuals in Nigeria. The purposive sampling was premised on informants’ dialectal proficiency, availability and diversity, and occurrence of CVA (stroke). The aphasic subjects were identified with the initials AB, CD and EF to conform to confidentiality etiquette in clinical linguistics. For ethical consideration, the informants were required to fill in a consent form before eliciting data from them. Once that was done, the aphasics were availed 100 words from the combined Swadesh 200 and Ibadan 400 wordlist of essential and cultural items, recorded by the non-aphasic individuals who speak Yoruba as their first language, to identify which tones they perceive. The data elicited was analysed using the perceptual approach in which the recorded data was listened to several times to discover if adult Yoruba speakers that are aphasic were still able to recognise the high ( ́), mid ( ̄) and low tone (̀ ) in words. The findings reviewed that Yoruba aphasics have diverse perceptual abilities of tone.Furthermore, it was established t

The article, which is an investigation part of the grant program Erasmus+, Jean Monnet Project "European Antitotalitarian Practices" (№ 599704-EPP-1-2018-1-UA-EPPJMO-MODULE), is devoted to the research of dialogical interaction of speakers in the parliaments of Great Britain, Germany and Ukraine held in the format of political debates. In this comparative study, the phases of parliamentary debates unfolding, their functional purposes, and the features of verbal outlining of this social interaction were established, and both isomorphic and allomorphic features were found out.The parliamentary debates are a kind of political argument between political subjects in the ethnic parliament who persuade each other in the rightfulness of their position while passing a law. The main purpose of it, however, is to influence a mass addressee, the potential electorate, via mass media. This communicative event in the format of ethnic parliamentary debates is analyzed with the help of frame analysis, the method of cognitive linguistics. Such a choice is stipulated by two facts. Firstly, it is determined by modern linguistic demands as for the language and speech facts investigation. And, secondly, frames as cognitive structures that keep information about various events, the ways of its successful implementation in familiar situations while working out a necessary strategic-and-tactic line of communicative behavior, turn out to be a rather effective instrument of political communication analysis. It has been established that the debates in the countries mentioned above possess a common structural-compositional construction, similar phases of dialogical interaction fixed in such slots as THE BEGINNING OF THE DIALOGUE, THE PROGRESS OF THE DIALOGUE, and THE END OF THE DIALOGUE of the frame scenario THE PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES. Each phase and its constituents are regulated and have specific tasks as the parts of the only aim – an approval of law projects and influence on the mass audienc, Подана стаття, яка є дослідницькою частиною програми гранта Erasmus+, Jean Monnet Project "European Antitotalitarian Practices" (№ 599704-EPP-1-2018-1-UA-EPPJMO-MODULE), присвячена вивченню діалогічної взаємодії мовців у форматі британських, німецьких та українських політичних дебатів у парламентах країн Великобританії, Німеччини та України. У компаративній розвідці встановлено фази розвитку політичних дебатів, виявлено їхнє функціональне призначення та особливості вербального оформлення структурних компонентів соціальної комунікації такого типу. Парламентські дебати розуміємо як різновид суперечки між політичними суб’єктами в парламенті певної країни щодо ухвалення певного законопроекту, метою якої є переконання в справедливості власної позиції опонентів і, опосередковано (за посередництва аудіо-візуальних ЗМІ), масового адресата – потенційного електората. Порівняння цієї комунікативної події здійснюється в межах когнітивно-комунікативного підходу до вивчення мовних та мовленнєвих явищ. Перебіг комунікативної взаємодії у форматі національних парламентських дебатів аналізується за допомогою інструментарію фреймового аналізу. Такий вибір зумовлено, по-перше, сучасними лінгвістичними вимогами до розгляду мовних та мовленнєвих фактів, по-друге, фрейми як когнітивні структури знання, які зберігають інформацію про досвід різноманітних подій, шляхи його вдалого для комунікантів використання в знайомих ситуаціях, зокрема виробленню успішної стратего-тактичної лінії комунікативної поведінки, якнайкраще підходять до аналізу взаємодії політичних діячів. Було виявлено, що дебати в парламентах вказаних країн мають спільну структурно-композиційну будову, однакові фази розгортання діалогічної взаємодії, які фіксуються слотами ПОЧАТОК ДІАЛОГУ, ПЕРЕБІГ ДІАЛОГУ, ЗАВЕРШЕННЯ ДІАЛОГУ фрейма-сценарію ДЕБАТИ. Кожна фаза та її складові частини відбуваються за регламентом і мають конкретні завдання, які підпорядковуються загальній меті – схвалення законопроектів та, одночасно, впливу на ма

The article studies Ukrainianisms in the fishing vocabulary of other languages. The topicality of research is determined by the importance of the analysis of names that reflect the centuries-old process of interethnic contacts, the long-term gradual development of the fishing experience of the Ukrainians. Data from etymological and dialect dictionaries and scientific research testify to the significant influence of the Ukrainian language on other languages in the process of their interaction in different historical periods, including in the field of fishing nominations. At the same time, linguists urge not to simplify the one-sidedness of linguistic influence, emphasizing that lexical borrowing is an integral part of the dynamic development of lexical-semantic systems of interacting languages.Therefore, it is worth talking not so much about a common foreign language element for them, but about the existence of a centuries-old language cauldron with various manifestations of Ukrainian-Romanian, Ukrainian-Turkic and other components.The findings of etymologists mainly correlate with archaeological data, such as those that testified to the spread in the late VI-V millennium B.C. of agricultural and pastoral economy of the Balkans on the territories between the rivers Bug and the Dniester and, accordingly, the Slavic vector of linguistic influence, comp.: *kotьсь ‘shelter for animalsʼ ˃ Serbian. кòтац, Maced. котец, Bulg. dial. ко́це ʻfishing tackleʼ ˃ Carpathian Ukr. кути́ц ‘ts’. ˃ Mold. kótec, Rom. cotʹet, Hung. kεtrec ʻts.ʼThus, the Ukrainian vector of the origin of fishing names in a foreign language space is evidenced by linguistic and extralinguistic factors. In particular, the originally reconstructed Ukrainian fishing verb derivatives, are worthy of attention, comp.: Proto-Slavic *kojiti ʻcalm downʼ ˃ Ukr. dial. коте́ць `reed fence for fishing', куті́ць 'cage, fence for pigs, sheep', Old Polish kociec ˃ kojec ʻbird cage or animal fenceʼ; Old Ukr. чаѩти ʻчекатиʼ, У статті досліджено українізми в рибальській лексиці інших мов. Актуальність розвідки визначена важливістю аналізу назв, що відбивають багатовіковий процес міжетнічних контактів, тривале поетапне освоювання рибальського досвіду українців. Дані етимологічних і діалектних словників та розвідки науковців засвідчують вагомий вплив української мови на інші в процесі їхньої взаємодії в різні історичні періоди, зокрема й у сфері рибальських номінацій. Водночас мовознавці закликають не розуміти спрощено однобічність мовного впливу, наголошуючи на тому, що лексичні запозичення – невід’ємна частина динамічного розвитку лексико-семантичних систем мов, що взаємодіють. Тому варто говорити не так про обопільний чужомовний елемент для них, як про існування багатовікового мовного казана з різноманітними проявами українсько-румунського, українсько-тюркського та інших його складників.Висновки етимологів переважно корелюють з археологічними даними, як‑от з тими, що засвідчили поширення в кінці VІ–V тис. до н. е. землеробсько-скотарського господарства Балкан на землі межиріччя Бугу й Дністра та відповідно словʼянський вектор мовного впливу, пор: псл. *kotьсь ‘закута для тваринʼ ˃ серб. кòтац, макед. котец, болг. діал. ко́це ʻриболовецька загатаʼ ˃ карпатоукр. кути́ц ‘тс.ʼ ˃ молд. kótec, рум. cotʹet, угор. kεtrec ʻтс.ʼ.Отже, український вектор постання рибальських назв в іномовному просторі засвідчують мовні й позамовні чинники. Зокрема заслуговують на увагу реконструйовані мовознавцями споконвічно українські віддієслівні рибальські деривати, пор.: псл. *kojiti ʻзаспокоюватиʼ ˃ укр. діал. коте́ць ʻкомишева загата для ловлі рибиʼ, куті́ць ʻклітка, огорожа для свиней, овецьʼ ˃ ст.пол. kociec ˃ kojec ʻклітка для птахів або огорожа для тваринʼ; давньоукр. чаѩти ʻчекатиʼ ˃ укр. чайка ʻчовен запорозьких козаківʼ ˃ тур. çayka ʻчовенʼ ˃ схв. шâjка, болг. ша́йка, макед. (арх.) шаjка ʻчовенʼ; псл. *sědi̯ā ‘прилад до риболовлі’ ˃ укр. сіжа ʻтс.ʼ (від сиді́ти) ˃ угор. szégye ʻтс.ʼ тощо.Проаналізо

The article analyzes the signs of expressiveness in the works of the Ukrainian poet P. Perebyinis, in particular in the metaphorical constructions that represent his ideostyle. The features of the poetic language, such as cinematography, metaphoricity, dynamism, thematic opposition, fabulosity, contrast of description, and the use of slang units are presented. They are all constituents of metaphorical constructions that create expression in describing the feelings of a lyrical hero., У статті проаналізовано ознаки експресивності у творах українського поета Петра Перебийноса, зокрема в метафоричних конструкціях, які репрезентують його ідіостиль. Представлено такі риси поетової мови, як кінематографічність, метафоричність, динамізм, тематична опозиційність, казковість, контрастивність опису, а також уживання сленгових одиниць. Усі вони є складниками метафоричних конструкцій, що створюють експресію в описі почуттів ліричного героя.

The article is devoted to the comparison of the chronotope models, characteristic of the female characters of the historical novel “Roksolana” by Pavlo Zagrebelnyi as ideostylistic means of creating systemic-structural, genre and ideological specificity of the author’s texts. Achieving the goal involves solving the following tasks: identifying and characterizing the specific dominant models of chronotope that structure the female characters in the novel.The interpretation of the chronotope through the category of event made it possible for us to introduce the concept of “chronotope model”, which means a typical event that is depicted in the plane of one work several times in relation to different heroes or the same hero. To represent this event, the author may choose different topographic and chronic parameters, while maintaining the invariant nature of the event. The historical novel “Roksolana” clearly shows the tendency of the writer to use typical chronotopes to create the image of a person in history. We have singled out such central models of chronotopes as the chronotope of struggle, redemption, victory, defeat, escape, insight in the novel.Among the dominant models of chronotope that structure the images of Valid Hafsa, Mahidevran, Roksolana-Hurrem, there are some prevailing common models: fights, victories, ascension, trials, changes (transition), defeat (fall), revenge, loss. All the female characters in Pavlo Zagrebelnyi’s historical novel, “Roksolana” are united by the chronotope of struggle for power over Suleiman. To achieve their goal, the female slaves of the harem go through the chronotopes of trial, change (transition), loss. The models of victory and ascension are accompanied by the chronotopes of defeat, loss, revenge. Thanks to the used models of chronotope, Pavlo Zagrebelnyi manages to create the prominent psychological images of people of the sixteenth century., Стаття присвячена зіставленню притаманних жіночим образам історичного роману Павла Загребельного «Роксолана» моделей хронотопу як ідеостилістичних засобів творення системно-структурної, жанрової й ідейної специфіки текстів митця. Досягнення мети передбачає розв’язання завдань: визначити й схарактеризувати специфіку домінантних моделей хронотопу, які структурують жіночі образи в романі.Інтерпретація хронотопу через категорію події уможливила введення нами поняття «модель хронотопу», під яким розуміється певна типова подія, яка замальовується в площині одного твору кілька разів у стосунку до різних героїв або того самого героя. Для зображення цієї події автор може обирати різні топосні й хроносні параметри, зберігаючи при цьому інваріантну сутність події. В історичному романі «Роксолана» виразно простежується тенденція до використання письменником типових хронотопів для створення образу людини в історії. Нами було виділено в романі такі центральні моделі хронотопів, як хронотоп боротьби, спокути, перемоги, поразки, втечі, прозріння.Серед домінантних моделей хронотопу, які структурують образи Валіде Хафси, Махідевран, Роксолани-Хуррем, переважають спільні моделі: боротьби, перемоги, вознесіння, випробування, зміни (переходу), поразки (падіння), помсти, утрати. Усіх героїнь в історичному романі Павла Загребельного «Роксолана» об’єднує хронотоп боротьби за владу над Сулейманом. Для досягнення своєї мети владні рабині гарему проходять через хронотопи випробування, зміни (переходу), утрат. Моделі перемоги, вознесіння супроводжуються хронотопами поразки, утрати, помсти. Завдяки використаним моделям хронотопу Павла Загребельному вдається створити рельєфні психологічні образи людей ХVІ століття.

The article analyzes the peculiarities of using the audiovisual method in teaching students a foreign language, examines the linguistic and psychological prerequisites for the creation of the audiovisual method, describes the introduction of innovative technologies in teaching foreign languages into practice, shows the specifics of the use of the audiovisual method in the classroom during the training process. The purpose of the work is to identify the optimal conditions for teaching students special, professionally-oriented vocabulary, as well as to demonstrate the ways of the full disclosure of the students’ research and creative abilities on the basis of the audiovisual method.The article solves the problems of searching 1) the ways of implementing a foreign language lesson by professionally-oriented vocabulary, 2) optimal directions of activating students’ creative activity when using the audiovisual method. The scientific and practical significance of the article is due to the development and introduction of innovative technology of teaching a foreign language in the pedagogical practice.The paper presents tried-and-tested teaching materials on the use of the audiovisual method in teaching foreign languages, as well as an example of the system of exercises, based on a feature film with the use of the audiovisual method. The article focuses on the effectiveness of the audiovisual method as a means of improving language skills and abilities.The results of this study prove that the use of audiovisual materials in combination with audio texts contributes to the process of deeper learning live speech when studying a foreign language., В статье анализируются особенности использования аудиовизуального метода при обучении студентов иностранному языку, рассматриваются лингвистические и психологические предпосылки создания аудиовизуального метода, приводится описание внедрения в практику преподавания иностранных языков инновационных технологий, показывается специфика использования аудиовизуального метода на занятиях в процессе обучения.Цель работы состоит в выявлении оптимальных условий обучения студентов специальной, профессионально-ориентированной лексике, а также демонстрации способов наиболее полного раскрытия поисково-творческих способностей студентов на базе аудиовизуального метода.В статье решены задачи поиска 1) путей имплементации занятия по иностранному языку профессионально-ориентированной лексикой, 2) оптимальных направлений активизации творческой деятельности студентов при использовании аудиовизуального метода.Научно-практическая значимость статьи заключается в развитии и внедрении в педагогическую практику инновационных технологий обучения иностранному языку.В работе представлены апробированные дидактические материалы по использованию аудиовизуального метода при преподавании иностранного языка, а также приведен пример системы упражнений с использованием аудиовизуального метода на основе игрового фильма. В статье акцентируется внимание на эффективности аудиовизуального метода как средства совершенствования языковых навыков и умений.Результаты проведенного исследования доказывают, что использование аудиовизуальных материалов совместно с аудиотекстами способствуют процессу более глубокого усвоения живой речи при изучении иностранного языка.

The article is devoted to the linguistic peculiarities of media texts in financial sphere focusing on the field of social media. Hereby we define two groups of lexical units that we are considering by media texts - characterizing lexical units and identifying lexical units. A detailed scientific description of each group composition is given, including the examples taken from media texts. An integrated approach to the analysis of Russian-language and English-language media texts allowed to make the conclusion about the most frequently used means of nominating realities, objects and phenomena in the sphere of credit and financial activity.

The thesis is devoted to the comparative study of the dialogical genre “argument” in the present-day British and Ukrainian language pictures of the world. This type of investigation has been the first so far in the field of comparative linguistics that deals with human communication. Argument is a widespread type of day-to-day communication, namely a kind of dialogue that finds its verbal conceptualization in English and Ukrainian. The general idea of argument can be formulated as an emotionally coloured verbal communication between partners who differ about something and try to convince each other in the righteousness of one’s position. Such a general scheme of argument interpretation is modified in the structures of ethnic languages. Thus, the terms argument and суперечка reflect the existing differences between two nations as for the type of interaction itself. The crucial difference is understanding of argument as a verbal exchange in British society and a verbal contest in Ukrainian one. One more allomorphic feature is that the British typically tend to get excited in argument, the fact reflected in the semantic components a heated or angry interaction. The next verbal specification argument gets in a number of its forms or subgenres. A closer comparative look at such kinds of argument as debates, polemics, dispute and discussion is suggested. The main differences and common features of the genres are established.

The article considers the problem of genre attribution of the short story The Root of All Evil by Graham Greene, which is defined as novella by the French criticism and as a story by the Russian criticism, and correlation of its poetics with the genre model. The importance and topicality of solving this problem lies in the fact that this is the first study of the genre specificity and poetics of one of Greene’s short stories written in the comic mode, which opens the prospect of a comprehensive study of the whole body of his short prose (not studied yet).The research is based on the theory of the genre (M. Bakhtin, N. Leiderman, R. Welleck and O. Warren, etc.), according to which the genre is a form of artistic cognition of the world, has genre memory (the semantic core of the genre) and sets the parameters of the artistic world-modeling and reading of the text, and also uses the genological, textual, structural-analytical and narratological principles of analysis, which allowed to make the following conclusions. First, the presence in the work of such characteristic features of the novel genre as an unusual case or incident underlying the plot; one dominant storyline and the dynamism of unfolding of events with their accumulation; an unexpected turn of the plot (novelistic pointe) and a comic beginning inherent in a significant number of short stories. Secondly, the semantic content of the work corresponds to the artistic model of the novelistic genre, which is characterized by a mockery of the undue, defective, false (in this case religious dogmatism) and the assertion of a healthy and full-fledged element of being.The method used in the work and the results obtained are promising both for further study of Graham Greene’s small prose and for similar fields of research., Статья рассматривает проблему жанровой атрибуции short story The Root of All Evil Грэма Грина, которую именуют то новеллой (французская критика), то рассказом (русскоязычная критика), и взаимосвязь ее поэтики с жанровой моделью. Важность и актуальность решения поставленной задачи заключается в том, что это первое исследование жанровой специфики и поэтики одной из гриновских short stories, написанных в комическом модусе, которое открывает перспективу комплексного изучения всего корпуса его малой прозы (до сих пор не изученной).Исследование опирается на теорию жанра (М. Бахтин, Н. Лейдерман, Р. Уэллек и О. Уоррен и др.), согласно которой жанр является формой художественного познания мира, обладает жанровой памятью (семантическим ядром жанра) и задает параметры художественного миромоделирования и прочтения текста, а также использует генологические, текстологические, структурно-аналитические и нарратологические принципы анализа, что позволило сделать следующие выводы. Во-первых, наличие в произведении таких характерных для жанра новеллы признаков, как необычное происшествие или «казус», лежащие в основе сюжета; одна доминирующая сюжетная линия и динамизм развертывания событий с их аккумуляцией; неожиданный сюжетный поворот (новеллистический пуант) и комическое начало, присущее значительному количеству новелл. Во-вторых, смысловое содержание произведения отвечает художественной модели именно новеллистического жанра, для которой характерно осмеяние недолжного, ущербного, ложного (в данном случае религиозного догматизма) и утверждение здоровой и полноценной стихии бытия.Использованная в работе методика и полученные результаты представляются перспективными как для дальнейшего изучения малой прозы Грэма Грина, так и для аналогичных сфер исследования.

Статья посвящена изучению пределов комичного и их связи с языковой игрой. Анализ положений философских, эстетических и языковых концепций показывает, что ученые признают связь комизма с нарушением нормы, но не могут объяснить, почему нарушение нормы не всегда комично. В статье предпринимается попытка решить теоретическую проблему неясности понятия меры комизма как грани, за которой комичное перестает быть самим собой и, как следствие, прекращает быть существенным признаком языковой игры. Комичность предполагает такое нарушение нормы, которое не выходит за пределы ожидаемых ее нарушений, и именно в этих пределах комизм является существенным признаком языковой игры. Комичное, предполагающее нарушение нормы, которое выходит за пределы ожидаемых ее нарушений, перестает быть комичным, и имеющееся при таком нарушении нормы отсутствие комизма не позволяет говорить о языковой игре., The article is devoted to the study of the limits of comical things and their connection with the language game. Analysis of the positions of philosophical, aesthetic and linguistic concepts shows that scientists recognize the connection of the comic with a violation of the norm, but cannot explain why the violation of the norm is not always comical. The article attempts to solve the theoretical problem of the ambiguity of the notion of the extent of the comic as a boundary, beyond which the comic ceases to be itself and, as a consequence, ceases to be an essential feature of the language game. Comicality implies such violation of the norm that does not go beyond the expected violations, and it is within these limits that the comic is an essential feature of the language game. The comical things, implying a violation of the norm, which goes beyond the expected violations of it, cease to be comical, and the absence of the comic that is present in such a violation of the norm does not allow us to speak of a language game.

Статья посвящена обоснованию возможности и необходимости углубления предмета лингвокультурологии до причин существования явлений культуры, с которыми связаны определенные явления языка. Лингвокультурология, в том числе прогрессивно имеющая компаративистскую составляющую, сосредоточивает внимание на связи явлений языка с явлениями культуры, но не пытается объяснять причины существования таких культурных явлений, в то время как это помогло бы с гораздо большей степенью доказательности понимать причины специфики явлений языка, обусловленных спецификой таких культурных явлений. В статье на примерах лингвокультурологических констатаций связи языковых явлений с определенными явлениями культуры демонстрируется возможность и необходимость объяснений причин существования культурных явлений, обусловливающих специфику коррелирующих с ними явлений языка., The article is devoted to the substantiation of the possibility and necessity of deepening the subject of linguoculturology to the causes of the existence of cultural phenomena, with which certain phenomena of language are associated. Linguoculturology, including the one progressively having a comparative component, focuses on the connection between language phenomena and cultural phenomena, but does not attempt to explain the reasons for the existence of such cultural phenomena, while this would help to understand with much greater degree of evidence the causes of the specifics of language phenomena due to the specifics of such cultural phenomena. In the article on examples of linguocultural definitions of the connection of linguistic phenomena with certain cultural phenomena, the possibility and necessity of explaining the reasons of the existence of cultural phenomena that determine the specificity of the language phenomena correlating with them is demonstrated.

Статтю присвячено дослідженню феномену заголовка фольклорних і літературних українських творів з огляду на зміни його характеристик у часі. Акцентовано увагу на основних формальних і семантичних особливостях заголовків фольклорних творів, творів давньої української літератури, літератури кінця XVIII–XI ст., літератури XX ст., творів періоду сучасної незалежної України. Досліджено динаміку та виокремлено основні тенденції номінування творів в історичному ракурсі., The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of the title of folklore and literary Ukrainian works while taking into account changes in its characteristics with time. The emphasis is on the main formal and semantic features of the headings of folklore works, works of ancient Ukrainian literature, the literature of the end of the XVIII-XI centuries, the literature of the XX century, works of the period of modern independent Ukraine. The dynamics are studied and the main tendencies of the nomination of works in the historical perspective are singled out.

The article is devoted to the clarification of the question of the possibility of correlation between the concepts of language-game and the language trend, which is carried out on the example of modern transitive Russian intransitive verbs. Said correlation is concretized by elucidating the possibility of a gradual transition from a language-game to the transitivity of intransitive verbs to the empirically confirmed tendency of their transition. The opinions of the researchers of the language-game concerning the possibility of manifesting such a tendency are supported by examples that show the gradual transition of the language-game into the transitivity of intransitive verbs into the corresponding linguistic tendency., Статья посвящена выяснению вопроса о возможности корреляции между понятиями языковой игры и языковой тенденции, которая осуществляется на примере современной транзитивации русских непереходных глаголов. Данная корреляция конкретизируется выяснением возможности постепенного перехода от языковой игры в переходность непереходных глаголов к эмпирически подтверждаемой тенденции их транзитивации. Мнения исследователей языковой игры о возможности проявления такой тенденции подкрепляются примерами, свидетельствующими о постепенном переходе языковой игры в переходность непереходных глаголов в соответствующую языковую тенденцию.