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The Convention on the Contract of Carriage in International Road Freight Transport regulates the rules in the international road transport of goods and thus also the promotion and development of international trade. The CMR Convention is of great importance for carriers, since it simplifies their work by uniformly modifying the accompanying documentation and establishing the liability of the carrier. Part of the CMR Convention is a consignment note, which is the most important document in transport. Neutralization of the consignment note has become a relatively common practice. Neutralization of the consignment note is not as contrary to legal standards as it may cause undesirable consequences for carriers. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the neutralization of a transport document may cause problems for carriers in respect of liability insurance.

Market access in the EU is based on the free movement of goods and services, the free movement of persons and the free movement of finance under conditions that are the same across the EU. However, this principle does not apply to road transport. In recent times, the security of the functioning of the system has been disturbed by the attitude of some EU Member States introducing protection requirements for their own market. The aim of this paper is to highlight the risk of restricting EU market access in the road transport sector.

The article introduces a design of the shoulder joint of the anthropometric dummy intended for rear crash tests at low speed. The joint was used to build a mannequin representing a 50th percentile male. The construction ensures the strength of individual components of the joint without the need for frequent replacement of components and their calibration. The designed joint is connected to other elements of the dummy using overlay screw connections. The joint has variable characteristics of stiffness and elasticity, thanks to which it is possible to use this joint in dummies representing the remaining percentiles of the population. The range of movement of the joint was chosen to reflect the range of mobility of the adult’s man shoulder joint. The joint was compared to the shoulder joint used on the Hybrid III dummy representing a 50th percentile male.

The article deals with the research of the recovery of semi-trailers to the domicile of the carrier. The authors point out that, in the price for transport is not always considered the risk of finding a return for the vehicle. Some states in research have a problematic low probability of supply. The result and contribution of the article to the research itself is to compile a general mathematical formula for the state of Europe, where is the backloading to the carrier's domicile. Seasonality is also taken into account in this formula or the geographical organization of states within the continent of Europe.