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This paper presents the changes in multi-agent systems and the development of a cooperative algorithm used in robot soccer competition which exemplifies behavior of robots in a dynamic adversarial environment. It is hoped that this review will give a better idea of the future works in multi-agent systems.

Biometrics can be classified into two types Behavioral (signature verification, keystroke dynamics, etc.) and Physiological (iris characteristics, fingerprint, etc.). Handwritten signature is one of the first few biometrics used even before computers. Signature verification is widely studied and discussed using two approaches. On-line approach and offline approach. Offline systems are more applicable and easy to use in comparison with on-line systems in many parts of the world however it is considered more difficult than on-line verification due to the lack of dynamic information. This paper presents the State-of-the-Art about offline signature verification system; this biometric identification method that had more attraction in recent years because of its necessity for use in daily life routines and when the signature needs to be immediately verified like bank checks. In this paper, we present signature forgery types, features types and recent methods used for features extraction in signature verification systems and approaches used for verification in signature systems. Then we discuss these approaches and for which type of forgeries its suitable. Finally, we suggest new interesting ideas to be incorporated in the future.

Vision is a part of a robot soccer system. It completes the system by providing the ‘eye’ to see what occurs inside the pitch during the game. Similarly as in humans, the sight is then sent to the ‘brain’. The control system needs to be processed before making any decision to be sent back to robots on the field to react. The process will be repeated over and over again. This paper discusses the robot soccer vision system which deals with surface theory and some examples of applications used. Suggestions for future improvement are included at the end of this paper.

Stemmer is important especially for information and document retrieval. It can also help to reduce the size of the dictionary. Normally Malay stemmers need to have a root word dictionary to increase the stemmer's accuracy. In Jawi stemmer, we use Jawi spelling error rule to detect whether the program produces the correct stemmed word after all possible affixes have been removed. Jawi spelling error rule has been tested using 3018 data in Jawi with two syllables root word and the result was compared manually. The result shows 97.8% accuracy of Jawi spelling word with two syllables which have been checked correctly using the ‘spelling error detector rule’.

The paper study robot developments of the last 10 years in the area of mechanical and circuit or robot soccer in order to present the best performance robot design. This paper reviews about development of robots soccer based on sub categories of robot. The survey gives priority attention to the selection of a robust design: The constrain of robot size, weight and well balance design in order to get high performance system in a very small package.