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The old course of the Yellow River area in the North of Jiangsu Province was an extremely poor region in the history because of the extremely bad environment, such as salinization of soil, very frequent gales which caused windy sand storm and dry-hot wind which damaged the spring crop yield. In order to improve the residents' environment, forest shelter belt was constructed and forest coverage increased form 3% in 1949 to 37% in 2004 gradually. With field observation data of meteorology by Fengxian prefecture meteorological bureau from 1958 to 2006 and field observation data of forest coverage data from 1949 to 2007, the changes of regional climate by the Protection forest shelterbelt on the old Yellow River course in North Jiangsu Province, China was analyzed. The protection forest of old course in the north of Jiangsu province plays a positive role in the improvement of extreme climate, reducing the extremely highest temperature and enhancing the extremely lowest temperature. It is inferred that the annual average temperature in this region decreased by 0.63 degree during 1991-2006, showing that the construction of the plain forest shelter belt network played an important part in regional treatment of global warming. The protection forest of old course of the Yellow River area in the north of Jiangsu province has improved living environment and the production condition of agricultur，lessened arid wind's damage to spring wheat and rape and lightened the power of gale. These results on the one hand urged the high importance of the construction of forest shelter belt, on the other hand, they also supplied a wonderful positive case of climate changes under the megatrend of the decreasing of global forest area and climate warming, which have important instructive significance on the right recognition of the value of forest shelter belt and for the strategy making of dealing with global climate change for government.

The Jing Hang Grand Canal of China is the longest and earliest water conservancy project in the world. Its total length is more than 1,790 kilometers, 10 times longer than the Suez Canal, 20 times longer than the Panama Canal, and it is the world's longest man-made canal. It goes through 2500 years since Chinese Spring and Autumn period as an inland river, which had played an important role in the field of canal navigation, military affairs, political affair and culture in the past 2500 years. Until now, the Jining to Hangzhou part of the canal (900 km in length) isn't only the main artery for " north to south coal transportation project", " south to north commissariat transportation project" and " south to north water transfer project", but also the only traffic and transportation network which interlaces rivers, lakes and channels together in China. The purpose of this paper expounded present water pollution situation in each section, analyzed the future trend of water environment and its challenges, urged the importance and urgency to protect the Jing Hang Grand Canal environmental. Rational proposals for the remediation of water pollution were suggested. This paper has the realistic meaning for the economic sustainable development of the Jing Hang Grand Canal region and its surrounding cities under the rapid urbanization in China.

Field observations of water and soil loss were carried out at micro-plot scale, USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) plot scale and the sub-catchment scale 2000 in the sub-catchment of pine forest. Analysis of these field observation data shows that litter in forest has important hydrological function. In the pine forest, the micro-plot without litter and grass produced 123 times soil loss of that from a micro-plot with litter and grass at the same gradient in 2000. FUSLE (USLE in forest with a focus on litter) model was applied to predict soil loss in a sub-catchment of pine forest. Rain erosivity factor is turned into effective rain erosivity factor when litter is added as a new factor. These measures are believed more practical in soil loss prediction in forest because the litter factor shows the real scenario of soil loss in the forest. Further more, the meter scale plot method is able to get enough field observation data in a few years for soil loss prediction and it is less expensive.

In the Dabie Mountains of the lower Yangtze basin, China, soil loss reduction has been deemed as important as flood control after the 1998 flood, which caused great damage to the area and its residents. After 2000 year, a project of Reforestation in cultivated land at slope was started. In this study, field observations of water and sediment discharges were carried out on USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation)-plot scale and sub-catchment scale at various types of land use in the Shangshe catchment of the Dabie Mountains in China. Through analyses of field observation data in the Shangshe catchment during 2000 to 2007, Reforestation in the first 3 years decreased soil loss by half of that in cultivated land at slope and by more than 90% percent in the 2006 and 2007 years after reforestation. These results showed the extreme importance of keeping reforestation to control soil loss on cultivated land at slope in the Dabie Mountains, China.