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We analyze thematic trends and challenging issues in fiber optics research based on the metadata of 4970 research papers indexed in Science Citation Index (SCI) database between 1974 and 2007. We specifically address 1) all-time prominent challenges in fiber optics, 2) a trend of progression in fiber optics 3) the structure and dynamics of the fiber optics community. We utilize CiteSpace, a progressive domain visualization tool, to identify and visualize the movement of research fronts and intellectual bases, persistent clusters of papers, and the evolution of co-authorship networks as well as citation networks. The result contributed an in-depth analysis of a major forum of fiber optics and a systematic and streamlined method to keep abreast of the history and the state of the research of fiber optics.

The customer is considered to have potential to make contributions to value creation that are of mutual benefits to all actors in the value creating system. Encouraging customers to be "co-producers" is considered to be the next frontier in competitive effectiveness. However, despite this ongoing research into customer participation, little attempt has been made study value co-creation from the view of co-creating knowledge with customer. This research seeks to fill this gap. Customer participation is defined as the degree to which customer and companies co-create knowledge through mutual interactions. This paper is started by detailing previous researches on customer participation and customer knowledge management. It then looks at four different roles customers play in knowledge co- creation-passive user, active informer, knowledge seeker, and collaborative knowledge co-creator- each with different level of customer participation. It next put forward the model of knowledge co-creation cycle of customer participation. The paper is concluded by delineating some implication. It suggests that firms need to consider the purpose for which customer knowledge is required, consider the appropriate level of integration of systems to deliver kinds of customer knowledge that are necessary and proceed cautiously- guide customers from passive user to active collaborator step by step.

Selection of suppliers is the precondition and foundation of supply chain operation. It is an important aspect to choose the best supplier for supply chain management. This paper is aimed to present a fuzzy decision-making approach to deal with the supplier selection problem in supply chain system. In this paper, we can convert the decision matrix into a fuzzy decision matrix and then we use fuzzy VIKOR which is combined with fuzzy set theory to select the best suppliers.

The innovative cluster theory absorbs lots of important achievements of innovation research. It shows great power in explanation and extensive functions, and plays an important role in directing regional economic development theoretically and practically. But innovative cluster theory focuses on relevant questions of economic development within specific regions instead of interactive development across regions. Adopting the perspectives of value chain, knowledge chain and innovation chain, this paper expands the idea of innovative cluster and brings forward the concept of virtual innovative cluster (VIC). It concludes that against the backdrop of innovation-driven economy, it is necessary to promote VIC across regions so as to realize collaborative complementary advancement and sustainable interactive development across regions. The paper then continues to probe into the definition, the forming drive, the organizational management mode and the competitive advantage of VIC.

Managers are always seeking effective policies to encourage employees to share their knowledge with others in an organization. The appropriate organizational incentives are difficult to investigate due to human factors and other institutional complexities affecting sharing behaviors of individuals. Tacit knowledge sharing is most difficult because obstacles stem from aspects such as communication technology, knowledge elicitation and knowledge share culture. This paper, on basis of the extant researches, analyzes major motivators for knowledge sharing and, establishes a system dynamics model to explore the mechanism of knowledge transferring among knowledge workers, taking into consideration the complexity and dynamic nature. At the end of the paper a case study is provided to demonstrate how to use the established model to test the validity of concerned motivation policies. Although the paper focuses on knowledge sharing in an engineering consulting company, the model could be used in a much broader area.

Flexible organization is an inevitable choice of the enterprises to response to changes under dynamic environment. This paper proposes a holon (holonic organization) recursive model combining characteristics of holon with rules of the organization, and discusses the holonic structure and the formation process of holonic organization. This paper designs cultural evolution model of holonic organization applying cultural algorithm, which constructs holon population space and holon belief space to realize the organizational goal and organization self-evolution. Holonic organization modeling based on cultural algorithm breaks the traditional framework for the organization adaptation, and supports self-adaptation and self-evolution of organization. Finally, flexible holonic virtual enterprise model applying the above ideas is designed, which shows the modeling method for the organization to establish an effective response mechanism is effective and feasible under dynamic environment.

According to the requirements of the State Grid Corporation's document and the local actual situation, this paper establishes the customer satisfaction evaluation indicator system. And it has carried on investigation in an area, and carried on the analysis of the investigation result. It proposes an appropriate customer satisfaction index structural equation model, and uses Amos software obtaining the CSI of the customers in this area. In order to enhance the customer satisfaction Index and make the enterprise keeping sustained development, this paper proposes some upgrade strategies.

Society as a whole has been affected by Internet and e-commerce. This paper discusses the correlation between Internet and service trade based on the impact of the Internet users growth on service trade. In particular, we analyze the effect of different Internet user on service imports and exports through comparing the data from China, the United States and South Korea. This paper concludes three significant implications: (1) Internet has improved service trade; (2) service imports has high correlated with internal Internet users growth; (3) service exports has high correlated with the external Internet users growth.

Defining the social capital in the structure of competitive alliance, this paper presents analysis and evaluating system of social capital. Based on four-dimensional elements: information volume, information diversity, information richness, information adaptation, the paper establishes evaluating model of social capital in competitive alliance and method of multilevel fuzzy evaluation, which well describes the ranking degree of social capital value. Furthermore, the paper introduces a better operable method which is used to prove the certain relativity between evaluating rank of firm's social capital and benefit in terms of competitive strategic alliance.

Using the method of systems dynamics, the paper attempts to develop an emulational model of the Triple Helix of industry-university-research institution. Drawing on both statistical data and computer simulation, the paper aims to increase insights into China's system of innovation and understand the interdependence and interaction among university, industry and research institution. The policy sensitive analysis is also done for the test of the impacts of government's policies on the whole innovation system. The results show that the interaction among university, industry and research institution will produce synergistic effect, greatly enhancing the capability of national innovation system. The results of policy sensitive test suggest a large room for Chinese government to perform in China's national innovation system.

Faced with the quick development of advanced scientific techniques and manufacturing techniques, China must speed up its complete change process from ldquosuper manufacturing countryrdquo to ldquoinnovation powerful countryrdquo. As one of the national pillar industries and the representative of complex product, automotive industry has already marched towards complete independent innovation. Nevertheless, automotive manufacturing enterprises always keep the innovation process tightly sealed in its internal environment, and would not like communicate and cooperate with other organization, especially with their competitors. Current product R&D systems flood with such phenomena as confused processes , obscure guidance, department barriers and trust crisis. Undoubtedly, they will restrict the optimized and controlled effects of progress, quality and cost factors of innovation process. Firstly, this paper summarized the problems of the current innovation management system of Chinese automotive manufacturing enterprises, and then made analysis to mutual relationship and collaboration factors of enterprises' internal departments and enterprise external organizations in R&D process. Finally, this paper built up the collaborative innovation management model of automobile complex product based on total product lifecycle. This model will be of momentous significance for product R&D process of Chinese automotive manufacturing enterprises.

Different from traditional networks, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are highly dependent on specific applications and are severely constrained by energy, storage capacity and computing power. To prolong the lifetime of the whole networks, energy awareness is an essential consideration when we design or analyze routing protocols. In this paper, we present a review of recent routing protocols in WSNs and classify them into three categories based on the network structure in WSNs. Then we describe the existing routing protocols and discuss their advantages and disadvantages of each routing algorithm. Finally we conclude this paper with open research issues and challenges.

As the demand for spectrum resources becomes more and more strong, and some spectrum has been underutilized for years, the concept "Cognitive Radio" becomes popular and is widely applied in practice. In a cognitive radio system, one of the important capabilities of cognitive users is that, they should or we may say they "have to" be able to search for a better channel to keep the users' data on transfer with acceptable quality when the interference in the current channel exceeds the limit they can live with. But practically the procedure of channel searching takes time and too much time consumption on that will definitely delay users' data transfer so that the system performance will get degraded, this is what a cognitive user has to be confronted with inevitably. From this perspective, as far as a cognitive user is concerned, how to decrease time consumption for channel searching as possible as we can becomes a critical technical problem. In this paper, we propose that this problem be modeled as a Markov decision processes (which is also referred to as MDP throughout this paper) such that we can solve this problem by the existing algorithms derived from the previous research on Markov decision processes and the results show that by using the algorithm of policy improvement, the long-term average time consumption for channel searching can be effectively minimized.

This paper studies the integration methods of project management (PM) system based on ontology theory. An ontology is a collection of key concepts and their inter relationships collectively providing an abstract view of an application domain. Paper focuses on the methods of ontology integration for project management system, ontology-based projects heterogeneous database integration and local ontology construction. It also builds an interacting architecture of project information based ontology. Moreover, it discussed project integration application service process based on the method of project isomeric database integration, which includes project business process generation part and service discovery and management integration part based on Web. Finally it gives a structure model of I3PMO (Isomeric Information Integrated Project Management based on Ontology), which is effective for ontology creation and integration in PM system.

According to the requirements of modularization and standardization, a general LXI bus interface based on ARM is presented in this paper and can be employed for HF ground wave radar (HF GWR). The design takes AT91RM9200, DM9161, IDT7027L20PF as basic hardware, Linux as operating system, and considers about the working environment of multi-users and multi-processes. The reliability of system can be extremely kept by kernel synchronization mechanisms in driver. This LXI bus interface, which meets the requirements of HF WGR, adopts full-duplex mode and bidirectional interrupts to exchange a large amount of data in packets with host computer. And this paper discusses in detail the protocol of data transmission and the effective method to measure the whole system. The measurement results show that this LXI bus module can keep efficient and steady, and the average data transfer speed is about 45 Mb/s. The whole design meets the need of HF GWR real-time measurement.

Location estimation has been a backbone for location-aware services as wireless networks and mobile devices are more pervasively available. By operating on the signal strength space, nearest neighbor methods like RADAR have proved to be simple yet effective for location estimation. It has been common to take locations as classes, and then to infer location classes based on signal strength measurements. Under such a location classification setting, this paper investigates in detail the k-nearest neighbor approach in RADAR, and demonstrates that considering more neighboring signal strength measurements usually cannot help. Instead the orientations in which the signal strength is taken should be more carefully treated. This paper also develops a refinement step for RADAR, by building nearest neighbor classifiers to further clarify several top location estimates by RADAR. At a very economic cost, our refinement step can significantly boost the accuracy.

The authors have reviewed the general theories and models of business gene and its mutation at the beginning of the paper. Based on the previous literatures and research fruits, in this paper, the authors endeavor to develop a brand new perspective to detect which factors will cause the gene mutation for business, especially for hi-tech business, thereafter, we have inducted a quantitative research to answer the question that how to evaluate the business gene applying the methodology of catastrophe and fuzzy evaluation theory, meanwhile, we have present a case to discuss how to forewarn the gene mutation for hi-tech business as well. Finally, we have concluded that for the decision makers in a hi-tech company, they should wisely scrutinize the omen of business gene mutation and facilitate the benign mutations so as to make full use of them.

For the need of revealing the structure and dynamics of science, text mining technologies have been widely used in extracting technical intelligence from research literature. To analyze the status of research fields, this paper applies text clustering to Chinese national science research proposals. By using vector-space model to represent the proposals, an improved Newman fast clustering algorithm has been carried out to explore the clusters of each year, which indicate the yearly research fields. After that, the paper gives an insightful representation of the whole status of the research fields. Then the similarities of clusters of different years are calculated to discover the groups, which identify the major research fields and illustrate their stability and changes over the time. These analyses will be helpful to discover the development trends of basic research fields.

This paper studies the retailer's ordering size for deteriorating products under the condition of trade credit offered by the supplier. We introduce to determine the interest charged by the supplier with the total unpaid purchasing cost. Under the assumption of determinate demand and determinate deteriorating rate, we derive an optimal ordering policy for deteriorating products. The paper also provides numerical example that illustrates the value of trade credit and make the sensitivity analysis to the value of credit period, selling price and the deteriorating rate.

This paper introduces a new technique for tracing the malicious nodes in mobile adhoc network (MANET) for wireless communication. As the mobile hosts are free to move any where and can change the wireless topology frequently, each node of MANET are much more vulnerable to insider attacks specially under noise and external attacks due to lack of permanent infrastructure, limited resources, central administrator etc. Here in this paper, we have done an investigation and mathematical analysis based upon the detection of malicious node with attacks modeling .We propose a scanning procedure and security measures for the multihop wireless network after diagnosis the abnormal behavior of malicious node and verify the physical presence of attacks strategy in wireless network.

This paper deals with a kind of specific retailing that sells a fixed stock of perishable goods over a finite horizon. Under the case with the set of discrete available prices and given demand rates, Gallego and van Ryzin provides a two-price policy, which are easy for consumers to interpret and for firms to manage. However, if there exists competition in the market and competitors both adopt two-price policy, different markdown timing will certainly lead to customers' transfer. In this paper, we discuss how to determine the markdown timing for two competitive suppliers. A Cournot game is proposed based on Gallego and van Ryzin's two-price policy and the equilibrium point is found with the help of illustrations. Compared with the pricing policy without consideration of competition, the optimal markdown timing of the leading product will be delayed and that of the following product will be advanced. The numerical example shows that the leader's revenue is increased and the follower's revenue is decreased. We also analyze the effects of the customer transfer probability between two products on the equilibrium of the game through the example.

China experienced a sharp increase in wage inequality between unskilled and skilled workers in the late 1990s. Multiple factors lie behind the notorious skill income inequality. This paper describes the evolution of skill premium during the last two decades and analyzes the reasons leading to the result in a simple supply and demand framework. Finally, this paper comes up with some proposals on decreasing skill premium and income inequality.

The paper reexamines the wisdom issue in knowledge discovery and has proposed a novel definition stressing problem solving rather than principle understanding, and with this definition the paper constructs a novel knowledge communication model based on the "law of attraction" in its original sense, the classical Chinese heritage, i.e., on the bases of unity of opposites, which implies an identity in the opposites serving as the impartial knowledge, or, the completeness of knowledge, which is defined in the paper as imaginary part of knowledge. It signifies the dynamics in knowledge management - the principle of attraction between opposite natures. As the application issue, the paper strongly suggests the extenics oriented approaches, as the author does in parallel approaches.

The problems faced by the development of regional economy,how to promote regional economic development and give full play to the traction role of the region's Leading cities,adjusting and optimizing industry structure,and through the changing of economic development mode to realize regional economic survival and sustainable development,which has become key issues in regional economic development. This paper take producer services as breakthrough point to restructure industrial set-ups and transform economy growth mode.from the producer services angle,the paper made a emphasizing probe to the approach of regional economy implementation of sustainable development.on basis of analyzing the role of producer services in regional economy development,this paper put forward decision-making reference for regional economy development from three lays:vision lay,linking lay and foundation lay.

Inadequate motivation is the crux of low technological innovation level and low effect for Chinese information service enterprises, while to accurately identify the motivation sources for technological innovation of information service enterprises is the premise of resolving the problem of inadequate innovation motivation. Based the empirical study relating to the motivation of Chinese information service enterprises for technological innovation and through the Factor Analysis, the Paper observed that the technological innovation of information service enterprises include five factors of motivation source: leadership of government and enterprise, corporate value and culture, interest pursuit, market environment and technological promotion. With the variance analysis, the Paper also compared the differences of these factors in terms of enterprise type and property nature. Finally, the Paper presented the countermeasures and suggestions for improving the inadequate motivation of Chinese information service enterprises for technological innovation.

As an important international competitiveness indicator, real effective exchange rates based on unit labor costs can provide a reliable gauge of price competitiveness about the relative profitability of traded goods in manufacturing. This paper uses reliable data of trade and output data in manufacturing of 21 countries from 1989 to 2003, and adopts time-varying weights, which can reflect the rapidly changing trade patterns promptly and are much closer to the real situation in world manufactures trade. This paper analyzes the performance of China unit labor costs and effective exchange rates, besides we estimate the loss in competitiveness due to RMB appreciation. The results provide a new multilateral tool for studying China's trade competitiveness and the issue of exchange rate.

The accuracy of the power grid construction cost estimation is essential to the whole-process cost management. However, the estimation of the power grid project cost calculated by traditional methods varies largely, which cannot meet the needs of estimation accuracy. This paper proposes a case-based reasoning (CBR) method for estimating the power grid project cost. This method, supported by fuzzy mathematics, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and rough set, makes full use of expert experiences and rule-based reasoning to improve the estimation accuracy that calculated only by the case-based reasoning method. And then, an actual case is involved in this paper to verify its scientificity and practicality. The case-based reasoning cost estimating method will provide valuable references for the cost decision-making in power grid projects.

The military enterprises are still restricted in the traditional enterprises management system and business pattern, although they are under the market economy mechanism. According to the problem existing between the present military enterprises and the market economy, this paper brings forward the strategy framework for the military enterprises taking the quality business as its core, makes a three levels analysis to its effects, forms the tetrahedron structure model with continuous competition ability based on the quality business and makes further research on the four mechanisms of the model, namely the quality management mechanism, quality assurance mechanism, quality competitive mechanism, quality adaptability mechanism. Meanwhile, this paper also gives detailed definition and meanings of the innovational tetrahedron structure model, and explores the cooperation effects of the four factors for the quality business mechanism, and finally concludes that the implementation of the quality business mechanism in the military enterprises is a must to satisfy the market and engage in the international military products competition.

The system complexity, detection probability and average acquisition time are the most important performances. This paper proposes a novel method to reduce false-alarm probability and improve these performances, which utilizes the changes of power spectral density between in-sync and out-of-sync, and uses the difference of signals in-band and out-of-band instead of the signals in-band as the inputs of threshold comparator. What is more, this paper also proposes an adaptive threshold adjustment technology, which bases on the average power spectral density of received signals. At last, the simulation results are given.

The "loading effect" in RFID systems is well known and has already been described in several papers. The inclusion of a shunt regulator in a smart card with a well defined resistance variation law can improve and/or reduce the loading effect. The goal of this paper is to present a new approach to obtaining and defining this law of variation.

This paper combines the visual characteristics of low frequency sub-image of DWT and the ability of DCT to remove correlation between DWT coefficients. By doing this, this paper improves a blind DCT watermarking algorithm to get a new color image digital watermarking schema based on DWT and DCT. The schema applies a self-adapted color component choosing strategy; Preprocesses the watermark by Logistic chaotic encryption; Applies the DCT to low frequency sub-image of DWT to get rid of coefficient correlation; In addition to that this schema extract strategy is blind by using sub-sampling technique. According to simulation results, this watermarking schema is robust under common attacks especially the compression attacks.

In this paper, two kinds of new failure criteria of the railway sleeper system are constructed, and the reliability forecast method for the new sleeper system is given. Numerical example shows that the reliability forecast methods that constructed in this paper is efficient for the new sleeper system.

In the early study of ship oil spill, more attention are paid to pure technology than to administration. In this paper, organization structure of administration is discussed through empirical and normal analysis. This paper gives a simple organization composed of one decision department and several executing agencies. Through analysis and simulation, we get that the stable availability of an organization with executing agencies in parallel is higher than that in series. And at last we give some opinions to improve the reliability of the organization in emergency management of ship oil spill.

Based on the concept of open complex system, the paper analyzes three causes of system complexity: system structure, combination exploding and human intervention. And then the paper pointes out that "un-repeatability" is a core characteristic of complex giant system (CGS). Applying the system dynamics to complexity research, the paper constructes a theoretic framework for studying the large scale complex system. The framework proposes the rules of assigning and co-operating the use of qualitative and quantitative analysis. And the paper studies the application of the framework to the large scale antagonism complex system.

In this paper the value-chain theory is used to analysis the government information disclosure. This paper first analysis the structure of the value of government information disclosure; then constructs model of value chain of government information disclosure; at last explains the principles and approaches of the value activities of this model.

The design and development of future ground-space integrated networks is one of the hot issues in space technology nowadays because of the long-link delay, high bit-error-rate, asymmetric bandwidth, intermittent links compare with the terrestrial networks. The focus of this paper is to design topology for this hybrid networks with space segments, select appropriate protocols for it and analyze its performance at the same time. The paper does research on these problems based on IP technology of the ground network and CCSDS protocol that special for space communication, proposes an topology to integrate the space network and the ground network using a new mode, that is IP over CCSDS AOS mode; then it designs a data transmission configuration and protocol stack model for the ground/space hybrid network, in the end, the paper analyses the performance of this configuration in the hybrid networks. The results show that the topology and the transmission configuration proposed by the paper have a better performance than the regular configuration and worth to be applied.

Software industry in China is one of the fastest growing industries. Three software hypotheses concerning China software industry are advanced on the basis of a careful analysis of data about software industry in China from websites, newspapers, reports, and papers and tests are conducted on the basis of the revenues of the Chinese ITSS industries in 2000 and from 2003 to 2006 and revenues from software sales in China. According to design science research guidelines, this paper not only discusses problems relevant to Chinese software firms, but also offers patterns of software development for China software based on different software firm type's characters of 12400 software firms in China. The research contributions are as follows: Based on the fact of China software industry, this paper presents 3 eras of software industry in China; Based on the registration capital, numbers of employee, and revenues, this paper points out the problems in Chinese software industry; Following the evaluation, this paper presents the patterns for China software firms.

Based on matrix analysis method, this paper analyzes the strengths and weaknesses within and without Hebei Province, the opportunities and threats of Hebei Province in the coordinated development of region. It puts forward eight feasible strategic projects. And the paper adopted quantitative methods, selected some strategic projects fitting in with the development of Hebei Province. In this process, the paper mostly applies external factors evaluation (EFE) matrix, internal factors evaluation (IFE) matrix, SWOT analysis and quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM), and concludes Hebei Province should make more contributions to the adjustment of the economic structure, cooperation within Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Region, and appropriate importing of foreign capital.

With rapid development of communication technology, the signal integrity is impacting the system performance much more than before. So either in the IC design or in the system design, it is very important to investigate negative timing analysis and its mathematical modeling in the high speed integrated circuit. In the paper, we introduce the origin of the negative timing script in the deep sub-micrometer process. Through analyzing the difference between the negative script simulation model and the ordinary timing simulation model, negative script mathematical modeling in deep sub-micrometer process is discussed. The method proposed in this paper is very useful for the high speed IC design and the system design.

By analyzing the current E-commerce pattern of China's travel industry, the paper make researches in the application of E-commerce pattern based on value-chain and probe into the advantages and foreground of new value-chain based on BSP for further step. Finally, the paper provides some advices to the current development situation of travel industry E-commerce in China.

With the rapid development of wireless networks, location aware services are becoming more and more attractive especially in indoor areas. To provide location aware services, obtaining the position of a user accurately is vital and using existing communications infrastructure is preferred for cost reasons. In recent years, location fingerprinting schemes are still the most promising because of technical restrictions. In this paper, we discussed the implementation of indoor positioning system firstly. Then we presented experimental testbed, methodology, and data collection and discussed the experimental results and analysis. Finally, we summarized the paper and gave possible future directions for research on wireless positioning systems for indoor environments.

E-business system with rules engine which is used by an enterprise is an effective option to reflect rapidly changes in the business and can make systems dynamic, speedy and efficient maintenance and upgrade when the subsequent business changes. Based on matching algorithm research on rules engine, the paper has improved and expanded Rete algorithm which has the high reputation both at home and abroad, has provided an improved rule matching model for the realization of rules engine, has certain innovation, high theoretical significance and practical value. This paper systematically analyzes how to realize Rete plus algorithm based on Rete algorithm and designs an improved Rete plus algorithm based on Rete algorithm.

This paper analyzes the structure of OA which is based on B/S framework, and then measures the risk of key factors which affect the OA running speed by Fishbone chart and FMEA matrix . According to the size of the risk, we can find out the key points of managing and controlling OA speed, and suggest the measures to improve the efficiency of file-auditing electronically. IT project can be improved by the 6 sigma tools, of which we can expand the scope of application, and then put forward the new method to measure the risk in IT project, the method can be validated correctness and validity by the example in this paper.

With respect to the problem of large group decision-making based on utility valued preference information, the paper puts forward the entropy weight method to appraise members' information, to predigest calculates. Then the paper classifies members using cluster analysis with weights, to get members' weights and concentrate members' preference information. Finally, the paper uses degree of opinion reflection index to measure the degree of members' opinion reflected by decision-making result, and compares it with threshold value that is established before decision-making. If the index is bigger than the threshold value, we can ratify decision- making result, contrarily we must amend avail vector of correlative member according to the degree of opinion difference index, and do decision-making again, until we get satisfying decision-making result.

Proper risk allocation (RA) among the parties involved in the agent construction project (ACP) is very important for project success. But, under the enterprise agent construction mode(EACM), the RA mechanism between the government principal (GP) and the agent has not received due attention. Based on the analysis of contract relationships and restrains of project ownership structure in ACP, the paper points out that the agent should bear certain project risks and manage the project during the whole process matching its project control right(s). According to the theory of project ownership allocation (POA), RA is the premise and basis of benefit-sharing and the return of risk bearer should match its residual claim right of project. If having corresponding control right, risk bearer has enthusiasm to make right decision. As an integral part of institutional arrangements, RA must realize the unification of responsibilities, rights and benefits of the risk bearer. The paper puts a forward the principles of RA and explores RA scheme under the EACM based on those principles.

This paper proposes a practical approach to evaluate a supply relation, consisting of two parts. Firstly, a supply chain concept is proposed that consists of four areas: physical supply, planning and control, organization and relation and flow of information. This concept is useful in describing and analyzing a supply relation. Secondly, a method based on scenario planning is used to generate alternative designs of a supply relation and to stimulate discussion. The approach will be applied for a hospital and its suppliers of medical consumed materials. The application helps considerably in gaining knowledge about the actual working of the supply relation of both organizations. The alternative scenarios stimulate discussion and development of their relation. The paper also contributes to the knowledge of applying supply chain management concept in a hospital.

The traditional education distribution and arrangement in countryside has increasingly shown its incompatibility with the development of rural economy and the implementation of the family planning policy which started 3 decades ago. This is highlighted in the following aspects: the reduction of school-age children makes fundamental education obviously not especially reasonable; the education distribution and arrangement is reluctant to change despite different regional development modes, different levels of development and different stages of development, etc. Therefore, the education distribution and arrangement in countryside must be made adaptive adjustment in this particular era when the Chinese government is vigorously promoting the new countryside and township construction. Based on the above considerations, this paper puts forward a basic strategic framework and research path for rural education distribution/arrangement adjustment. And our basic viewpoint is that the rural education distribution and arrangement should keep in pace with the new countryside and township construction. In detail, horizontally, rural education distribution and arrangement must adapt for different locations, different characteristics, different development modes and different advantages of each region; vertically, rural education distribution and arrangement must keep dynamically adaptive to the process of the countryside and township construction. In addition, we need to further plan the related education monitoring & management system and the financing system to ensure a successful distribution adjustment. This paper is characterized by some prominent features. Firstly, it classifies education in a totally new way, namely the compulsory education as public goods, vocational education and higher education as non-public goods, special education, and the education for floating population. Secondly, it studies the distribution/arrangement adjustment of the following seven aspects (namely spatio-temporal distribution, quantity arrangement, structure arrangement, political policies arrangement, teacher resources arrangement, financial resources arrangement and material resources arrangement) of all the above four types of education.

The evaluating index and assessment methods are very important aspects for the research of industrial international competitiveness. Therefore, this paper firstly summarized the types of evaluating index of industrial international competitiveness, including the achievement indicators and the reason indicators. Secondly, this paper expounded the advantages and disadvantages of the different assessment methods. Finally, based on the research situation and problems, this paper put forward the concept and principle of industrial international competitiveness evaluation, which laid the foundation for the further study.

Multi-projects or replaceable solutions of bringing forth new ideas design and operation is main model of bringing forth new ideals of modern enterprise technology. The paper proclaims that there is objective make up laws among projects, and poses that there are three sorts of make up models that they are establish ties, parallel connection and series-parallel connection forms on the main model of bringing forth new ideals of enterprise technology., the paper constructs the make up GERT net model of risk and period reviewing on bringing forth new ideals of enterprise technology, and designs algorithm of the model. Then the paper puts forward technical innovation organization form to improve efficiency of industrial innovation.

The stope structure parameters and grade indices of underground metal mine are concerned to the safety, economy and sociality of the whole mine. The conventional methods to ascertain above parameters are generally according to experience and analogy, which has artificial blindness. Metal mine exploitation is a complex system engineering, the whole mine system includes many subsystems, and some of them has complex nonlinear characteristics. The paper utilizes sublevel caving simulation system and RFPA numerical program to respectively analyze the recovery index and the surrounding rock stability. The ANN model also is used to fitting the nonlinear subsystems such as concentration ratio model because of its self-learning ability, considering multi-objects including economic efficiency amount of metal and cash flow, proposes the grade indices optimization method. Combining above means, based on database, model base, knowledge base and inference machine, constructs intelligent decision support system. Using the system to appraise the stope structure parameters and optimize the grade indices of Jinshandian Ore Mine of Wuhan City of Hubei Province. It states the method of the paper is feasible, and the analysis results have guiding mean to the ore mine.