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Automated decision making continues to be used for a variety of purposes within a multitude of sectors. Ultimately, what makes a ‘good’ explanation is a focus not only for the designers and developers of AI systems, but for many disciplines, including law, philosophy, psychology, history, sociology and human-computer interaction. Given that the generation of compliant, valid and effective explanations for AI requires a high-level of critical, interdisciplinary thinking and collaboration, this area is therefore of particular interest for Web Science. The workshop ‘Explanations for AI: Computable or Not?’ (exAI’20) aims to bring together researchers, practitioners and representatives of those subjected to socially-sensitive decision-making to exchange ideas, methods and challenges as part of an interdisciplinary discussion on explanations for AI. It is hoped that this workshop will build a cross-sectoral, multi-disciplinary and international network of people focusing on explanations for AI, and an agenda to drive this work forward. exAI’20 will hold two position paper sessions, where the panel members and workshop attendees will debate the following key issues in an interactive dialogue: The sessions are hoped to stimulate a lively debate on whether explanations for AI are computable or not by providing time for an interactive discussion after each paper. The discussion will uncover key arguments for and against the computability of explanations for AI related to socially-sensitive decision-making. An introductory keynote from the team behind the project PLEAD (Provenance-Driven & Legally Grounded Explanations for Automated Decisions) will present use cases, scenarios and the practical experience of explanations for AI. The keynote will serve as a starting point for the discussions during the paper sessions about the rationale, technologies and/or organisations measures used; and, accounts from different perspectives – e.g. software designers, implementers and those subject to automated decision-making. By the end of this workshop, attendees will have gained a good insight into the critiques and the advantages of explanations for AI, including the extent in which explanations can or should be made computable. They will have the opportunity to participate and inform the discussions on complex topics about AI explainability, such as the legal requirements for explanations, the extent in which data ethics may drive explanations for AI, reflections on the similarities and differences of explanations for AI decisions and manual decisions, as well as what makes a ‘good’ explanation and the etymology of explanations for socially-sensitive decisions. exAI’20 is supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [grant number EP/S027238/1]. We would like to thank the organizers of the Web Science 2019 conference for agreeing to host our workshop and for their support.

We are moving towards a world in which data have a life beyond the individual; where the value and potential of data are ever-changing as technological developments bring new possibilities. This immortality of data raises new ethical and societal issues that have not yet been fully articulated, and consequently we are unprepared to deal with. The challenges of dealing with large volumes of personal data are increasingly apparent in many fields of practice, although they may manifest in different ways. This workshop brings together participants from diverse domains to provide an opportunity to articulate across disciplines and stakeholders the commonalities in the issues that arise. We aim to stimulate debates about how we might work collaboratively to anticipate, manage and prevent future issues. The presentations and discussions will be used to prepare a summary white paper/symposium briefing document to be disseminated more widely.

Digital divide remains a major concern among indigenous people despite the rapid increase in mobile phone penetration. Beyond the appalling participatory gaps, the devaluing of humanity in the digital era is seen as a much bigger threat. This paper addresses the emerging challenges that are putting indigenous communities at a great disadvantage. The use of emoji in social media and its prominence as a visual language for delivering emotional expressions, gestures and action in a speedy manner is fast becoming a way of life. The universality of emoji poses a major problem to the sustainability of the indigenous cultural values as it imposes western cultural and social behaviour hegemony on the indigenous society. Interactions with remote rural communities in Borneo over the past twenty years have revealed the devastating effect that such an outside-in communication medium has on their cultural resilience. Diversifying the emoji design in adopting a local cultural flavour alone, as described in current literature, will not address the issue effectively. Without considering the whole socio-technical system at a macro-level, the dangers relating to the aggravated disconnect to their rich traditional way of life cannot be averted. We posit a holistic socio-technical systems innovation approach with the participatory involvement of the indigenous community. In this paper, we demonstrate the modeling of complex systems that embed the socio-cultural context without compromising cultural values.

The African Sahel has become a stage for increasing violent conflict since 2009. It is probably no co-incidence that the upsurge of these conflicts went together with the increase in digital connectivity in the region. In this paper I explore the relationship between radicalization, conflict and access to ICTs and social media in the Sahel. First I sketch how the social landscape has changed due to the advancement of the ‘digital highway’. We will see how the so-called hybrid organization, the democratization forces of the digital have influenced the formation of trans-national communities and through these influenced conflict dynamics. The second part of the paper explores the increase in violence and the potential role of the digital networks in the upsurge of this violence. Radicalization in different forms (ethnic, religious, national) is an important effect of the information flows that travel the digital networks and that seems to influence the increasing (ugly) violence.

To build a human-centric Web, we need a solid understanding of human connections online and of mechanisms for fostering such connections. People both perceive and respond to digital technologies and form connections with one another in diverse ways. Whether the goal is to improve engagement or to foster community, modelling user groups to personalise or tailor experiences can be key. Tailoring and connection-building are particularly crucial in spaces such as healthcare and education, where evidence clearly shows that perceived social support can facilitate learning and enhance outcomes. PC’20 is a half-day workshop including two invited speakers, two discussion papers, and a broader discussion session. The first keynote is from Su White, an Associate Professor at the University of Southampton. She will speak about the facilitation of education online. The second keynote is from Michael Fergusson, CEO of Ayogo Health Inc. He will speak about “The Architecture of Choice: Using Psychosocial Variables to Dynamically Tailor Interventions.” A session will highlight two discussion papers. Firstly, Jennifer Golbeck from the University of Maryland will present her work “Improving Emotional Well-Being on Social Media with Collaborative Filtering”. Secondly, Roushdat Elaheebocus, Poovanen Seenan, Sheekah Beharry and Girishsing Caussyram from the University of Mauritius will present their work “BehaviourCoach: A Customisable and Socially-Enhanced Exergaming Application Development Framework”. Finally, a broader discussion session will consider: tools, techniques and case studies in tailoring and community-building; how these relate to one another; and next steps for Web Science researchers. The workshop builds on health and education communities established through previous Web Science conference workshops. By using these two domains to ground discussion of user modelling and community, we intend to reinvigorate these communities. A summary of the workshop will be created and shared online within two weeks of the event. We thank the members of our program committee: Stephane Bazan (TomKeen) and Charlie Hargood (University of Bournemouth).

This paper applies a trans-disciplinary analysis on the issue of data sovereignty, from an African perspective. The paper interrogates the residence of data and the African prerogatives for its processing. Harvesting from experiences in Zimbabwean health systems, this paper suggests that African governments can steward the collection and appropriate use of data resources, applying the principles of data sovereignty.

As we shift paradigms in the relationship between digital technologies and international development, many issues will need to be rethought. In this paper, I look at the changing nature of the relationship between digital and inequality in the global South; in particular tracing the re-scoping from concerns just about the digital divide and exclusion, to broader concerns about digital justice that also cover adverse incorporation into digitalised development systems across economic, political and social spheres.

This paper – as a part of a broader research on the policies and practices of digital literacy in relation to inclusion-, seeks to identify the central tensions in teachers´ practices related to the use of digital technologies in education. In Argentina, these tensions have increased, the moment when the pandemic compelled the educational system at all levels, to switch from the physical to the virtual classroom. Despite the recent date of these events, in this study we aim to reflect on the first findings. We will continue this research through interviews and reports analysis, in the coming period.

Recommender systems and content personalization systems use algorithms that optimize for a given factor.We are interested in developing content recommendation algorithms that optimize for user well-being. In previous work, we showed that content can have large, significant impacts on users’ well-being. In this paper, we present the results of two large studies that show (1) people sometimes come to social media with the specific goal of improving their well-being and (2) that personalization systems can effectively recommend social media content that improves well-being.

Education and Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be complimentary to each other. Over the period the state of education in India has been influenced by some good reforms in education system and its implications are immensely towards positive side. AI being the latest technological advancement can be an approach for sustainable, smooth and transparent solutions. AI enabled technology can fill the existing gaps in the present education system. This paper traverses the key issues of the Indian education system with the objective of proposing some solutions which are inspired by the AI innovations having the sustainability as a significant part of it.

Using power to achieve political goals is not a new strategy. This paper unpacks observations about the use of power in the development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Africa. This analysis shows the use of unequal powers by non-African academics, development actors and technical experts (including the power to set the agenda, fund and build), embedded deeply in the current structures of ICT development for Africa. It also looks at how benefits accrue to non-local development actors and outlines some of the unmitigated risks for Africa.