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Inoue Yasushi published the short story "Cyokenbo oboegaki" in the Literary World Magazine in June 1951. Inoue Yasushi quit his job at the Mainichi Newspaper, finishing his 15-year journalist career in May 1951. After one month, he started a new life for literary creation as a professional writer. He also combined his experience as a journalist and knowledge of Buddhism into his work. "Cyokenbo oboegaki" is his first short story that is based on a monk story. "Cyokenbo oboegaki" was written in the first-person perspective to develop the story. The story happened on the Koyasan mountain. The main characters are "me", "my friend Yoshimura Yoshiaki", the leading character "Cyokenbo" and his friend "Koei". The first half of the story tells Cyokenbo's emotional entanglement between three women after he got expelled from the Koyasan Temple. In the latter half of his life, he concentrated on Buddhist Scripture research. He spent 20 years of his life on writing the "Prajna Riomomukikei explanatory notes" and he completed it. He wanted to give his work to his old friend "Koei". However, when he met "Koei" who already became eminent monk at Koyasan Temple again after 50 years, he wasn't able to hand his work over. Then he froze to death on the wayside. That is the second half of the tragic story. In 1993, a movie called "KOYA Cyokenbo oboegaki" based on this short story was on screen. However, according to my research, there are few research papers related to this novel even today. Only a small number of research papers have mentioned the novel, but never goes into deep research on the character image creation background and the references. Therefore, this paper attempts to organize previous research and analyze Inoue Yasushi's creation background, and then deduce the references.

In the previous paper, I studied how computers can participate with humans more actively, and created a program that runs under the following two main relationships between humans and computer. Based on this relationship, several works were produced and analyzed. Finally, I mentioned the future possibility of the interactive relationship between a computer performer and a human performer. In this paper, I constructed a system for musical expression in the interactive relationship between a human and a computer, focusing on three roles of computer: ①A computer as a musical instrument ②A computer as a tool for executing a program (thoughts by a computer) ③A computer as a performer In order to use a computer as a musical instrument, I constructed a system that uses Max to output the MIDI note number of the harmonic overtone by the bang message. Furthermore, to recognize the motion of the human hand and send a bang message wirelessly to a computer, I used the R-IoT module developed by collaboration between IRCAM and PluX. In order to use the computer as a tool for executing the program, several systems were constructed. When displaying the score on Max, I used Max's external library bach. In order to make the computer play a role as a performer, I built a system, using Max's external library Antescofo. Through this research, I mention the possibility of musical expression by computer calculation, which is difficult for human beings.

Korean verb/adjective endings are classified into two groups: pre-final endings and final endings. This paper examines the function of the retrospective suffix -deo, which is one of the prefinal endings. Previous studies have pointed out that the retrospective suffix -deo is a tense suffix and is used when the speaker recollects previous experiences. This paper insists that the suffix -deo has an evidential meaning, and that the use of the suffix -deo depends on the subject person and the type of verbs or adjectives. When the speaker’s information source is visual, the suffix -deo can be attached with a verb or a non-psychological adjective. In contrast, when the information source is non-visual, the suffix -deo can be used with a psychological adjective.

In the previous paper, I mentioned several technical restrictions in the creation of my own work applying the real-time score following technology, and also described the effectiveness of the use of Antescofo, which works with Max as a solution to those. As a continuation of the previous paper, I studied how computers can participate more actively in this paper. I created a program that runs under the following two relationships: (1) A relationship between Max as a performer and a human as a performer (2) A relationship between Max as a performer and Max as a performer (A relationship between Max and Max) Based on this relationship, three works were produced and analyzed. Finally, I mentioned the future possibility of the interactive relationship between a computer performer and a human performer.

How could Nepal, a land-locked country sandwiched between two giant neighbours, India and China, preserve its existence and its right to national development in confronting pressure from both neighbours? On 30 January 1956, the then Prime Minister T. P Acharya expressed his determination to modify Nepal’s “special relationship” with India in the direction of “equal friendship” with all countries, thus introducing a new dimension to Kathmandu’s diversification policy. This paper will focus on this policy on a regional level during reign of King Mahendra (1955-1972). There are three main objectives of this study: (a) To use the term “equal friendship” to describe the regional policy towards India and China; (b) To reveal the historical process of the implementation of the policy; and (c) To redefine the contents and features of the “equal friendship” policy towards Nepal’s two neighbours. The paper begins with a brief history of the special relationship between Nepal and India before King Mahendra acceded to the throne. The second part of the paper is a discussion of the three periods of the implementation of the “equal friendship” policy towards India and China. The final part of the paper offers definitions of three aspects of the “equal friendship” policy in three patterns: (a) Maintaining balance in peacetime; (b) Using one party to restrain the other when Nepal felt pressured or threatened; (c) Taking a strict neutral stand in the event of regional conflicts.

Freidlich Paulsen is one of the most important German philosophers who influenced the academic level of the world. He had many philosophical achievements through his life. This paper refers to his book called System der Ethik. This book was translated to many languages. Cai Yuan Pei attempted to translate it into Chinese through a Japanese translation, which was translated by Yoshimaru Kanie. The Chinese translation was presented in lecture form by Yang Changji, who had been working in Hunan First Normal university at the moment. The Young Mao Zedong had attended his lectures as a student, and he wrote his annotations beside the text of the book. This paper attempts to analyze his annotation in Chapter 8 in System der Ethik. He could realize the outline of German philosophy and the history of philosophical establishment through reading this book.

This paper attempts to clarify how the boycott of japanese products over the Tatsumaru Incident happened in Guangdong Province functioned,and what influences it had on Japan, focusing on Chinese merchants' movements in the boycott.This paper argues that at the very beginning,Guangdong merchants played a vital role in the boycott due to their nationalism. However,with the increasing loss, some Guangdong merchants objected to the boycott.The majority of Chinese merchants in the other regions opposed to the boycott from the beginning to avoid their losses.They openly imported a large quantity of Japanese products.With the cooperation of some Guangdong merchants who were against the boycott, Japanese merchants directly exported Japanese products to Hong Kong and Guangdong Province.This study concludes that because of the lack of consensus among Chinese merchants, the boycott did not functioned well.By contrast, Japan made quite a few profit from the boycott.

According to Aleksandr Ulmanov, authors' worldviews can be found in the spatial construction of their narratives.The paper addresses this construction in "Matryona's House" and "Early Collection of Miniatures" (1958-1963) by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in order to clarify his own world view.There are various special concepts in Matryona's House,the center of which is,of course, the house of Matryona.This paper pays attention to the similarity between Matryona's House and "Early Collection of Miniatures" in terms of the special construction method.What matters in this similar special construction is the expression of religiosity. In connection with the house's images, the paper surveys almost all special elements of Matryona's House and Early Collection of Miniatures and then compares the two styles of special conception in religious terms.This research method will be able to show Solzhenitsyn's early religious worldview much more clearly.

This paper mainly discusses the 2016 revision of the Act on the Protection of Personal Information Held by Administrative Organs (Act No. 58 of 2003) and the Act on the Protection of Personal Information Held by Independent Administrative Agencies, etc. (Act No. 59 of 2003). Due to the revision following the 2015 revision of the Personal Information Protection Act (Act No.57 of 2003), the State organs and Incorporated Administrative Agencies. etc.. new articles on classification of personal information('identifier', 'sensitive data', 'anonymized data') is added. In this paper, I inspect the revised articles, point out its problems, and discuss the system of privacy laws that could be applicable to Japan.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the various problems associated with regional disparities of administrative services of municipalities in Niigata Prefecture. This paper analyses the factor of disparities and the corrective action for the disparities of services, such as water rates, sewerage charges, long-term care insurance premiums, national health insurance premiums, and childcare charges. About these services, each municipality has own standard. Especially, concerning water rates and sewerage charges, there exist multiple standards within the same municipality. It is necessary to immediately rectify the differences in a municipality and to decrease the disparity between municipalities.

This paper focuses on the actual language proficiency of Japanese language learners who married a Japanese man and live in Japan. Such foreign residents do not seem to have serious problems in the conversation in daily life, but tend to have difficulty in dealing with complicated contexts and correcting their grammar. This paper analyzes the corpus data of a Chinese woman who married a Japanese man and lives in Japan. She tends to use “-te form” for connecting clauses when she does not clearly understand the connection between them, replacing the past form -ta and the conditional form -tara. In addition, she frequently inserts the genitive particle -no to modify a noun, regardless the parts of speech of the preceding element. This paper concludes that it is important for such Japanese language learners to make relearning with a suitable method, especially on grammatical items with similar meanings and forms.

The main theme of this paper is to analyze the thought of young Mao Tsu-Tung. When he was young, he was greatly inspired by “System der Ethik”, written by Friedrich Paulsen, a German philosopher and educator. It was translated into Japanese by Yoshimaru Kanie in 1900. Cai Yuanpei translated the Japanese version into Chinese. Mao read the Chinese translation and annotated it applying its Western ideas to traditional Chinese thought. He wrote a lot of annotations on the edges of the Chinese translation. But his annotations have not been clarified until now. Therefore, to illuminate its influence on Mao’s thought, it is necessary to read not only the Chinese translation but also the original German text. However, in this paper, his annotations are mainly focused on the Chinese translation and their effects.

To date, numerous critical accounts of Kant’s “the fact of reason” have been presented, reproaching Kant for dogmatism. This paper reconsiders the fact of reason, and assesses this reproach. Herein, an attempt to explain his intended meaning is made. In the Remark to Section 7 of the Critique of Practical Reason, Kant executes the terminological baptism. He posits that the “consciousness of this fundamental law is a fact of reason.” As a synthetic a priori proposition, this fundamental law is a categorical imperative. Thus, the fact of reason is consciousness of the categorical imperative. Willaschek suggests the fact of reason is a deed of reason. What, then, does reason do? This paper posits that reason determines will. One cannot be conscious of the categorical imperative without a determining of the will. Since Kant suggests the fact of reason is justified by common human understanding, it may be identified as the feeling of respect. The categorical imperative is distinguished from the feeling of respect, however, and so it must be emphasized that the fact of reason is not the feeling of respect, because the former precedes the latter. The fact of reason is the standpoint of Kant’s moral philosophy—our common moral cognition and its judgment on the basis of the fact of reason.

Tsangmo is a type of playful singing dialogue that can be found in all regions of Bhutan. Tsangmo emerged from Bhutan＇s religious context and was fostered throughout its history and cultural climate. It is enjoyed as a pastime during breaks in grazing as well as on other occasions, such as when families gather for Buddhist memorial services. Bhutan＇s recent decades of modernization have, however, drastically changed the state of traditional Tsangmo and its transmission is becoming threatened. On the other hand, Tsangmo is taught in many schools as part of traditional culture education or general education through Bhutan＇s national language of Dzongkha. Tsangmo tournaments are also frequently held. This paper examines the current state of Tsangmo, with a particular focus on Tsangmo in school education. Along with outlining the form that Tsangmo takes in schools, with specific attention to the case of Tsangmo tournaments, the significance of and challenges for the transmission of Tsangmo through school education are considered. The school discussed in this paper is Samtengang Central School, which is located in Nyishog gewog, Wangdue Phodrang Dzongkhag, Bhutan. Tsangmo tournaments have a clear place in annual school activities and usually consist of competitions between houses (groups made up of students across different grades) within the school. The Tsangmo tournament that was observed was a competition between two groups, consisting of both males and females, in a format where one student sings to the other group and then one student from that group sing in response. This form of group competition is the same as the traditional Tsangmo Cheyni that has been observed in previous investigations. The tournament took place in front of a gathering of the entire student population of the school. On the day, there were forty-three calls and responses for a total of eighty-six songs. Students skillfully prepared three ancient melodies and were capable of responding swiftly

"Darou" in modern Japanese is defined by many researchers as a typical expression of epistemic modality, and almost all the previous researches focus on the semantics of "darou" as a modality expression. This paper discusses what pieces of evidence are used to obtain conjectures from "darou"-sentences. And finally this paper aims to clarify the characteristics of "darou"-sentences, and summarizes the relationships between those sorts of evidence and the conditions that are imposed on "darou"-sentences.

Fukuda (2014) proposed a modification of Fukuda’s (2012) taxonomy of Modality by suggesting that the relevant expressions should be separated into one of two categories: Modalization ( = the Event-Oriented Judgement) or Modulation ( = the Person-Oriented Modulation). The taxonomy was devised by slightly weakening the standard of the ‘Indeterminate Ground between Positive/Negative Polarity’, which is proposed in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). This paper discusses how the categories of Mood and Modality may be captured, and how their interrelationships might be explained if the Polar Indeterminacy Standard is rigidly applied, with particular interest given to the study of Japanese Modality. In order to develop insight into the application of SFL, ideas from Teruya (2007) will be applied to our discussion, as they represent the first and most systematic study of the Japanese language based on the theoretical framework of SFL. Advantages of his research and remaining questions will be considered at the end of this paper.

This paper analyses the cognitive processes of construing texts in advertisements, in which the realized “visual rhetoric” to signify the value of products is manifest. Generally, from the visual representation of advertisements, consumers comprehend not only an iconic object, but also its figurative meaning. For example, connected to the product of the advertisements, consumers regard its visual texts as the metaphor of the product, or as a one of the specific usages of the situation. In that case, the visual representation functions as rhetoric. This paper notices the effect of visual rhetoric on the consumers and attempts to reveal the principles, which construct the rhetorical cognition.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn finished his early work Matryona’s House in 1959. However, it was in 1963 that this short story was published in a Russian literary journal, “Novy Mir”, the editor of which was Alefsandr Tvardovsky. The paper revisits Solzhenitsyn’s way of understanding the world presented in “Matryona’s House.” This theme has often been especially discussed around his Russian and religious identity. The paper attempts to make a contribution to this research by considering two texts of this short work comparatively: the original 1959 text and the censored 1963 text. After the amendments by the editor Tvardovsky, the Soviet Union authorities censored the text. The paper tries to understand what the original text presented and what the censored text hid from readers so as to clarify a Solzhenitsyn’s worldview.

As a fascicle of a serial work that describes tabulate corals in pebbles from the Kotaki area in Itoigawa, Niigata Prefecture, central Japan, this paper describes four Devonian species of auloporid tabulate corals, namely an auloporid Aulopora chiharai Niko, Ibaraki and Tazawa sp. nov., a palaeofavosiporid Kanashiropora sp. cf. K. kozui Niko, a syringoporid Syringopora sp. indet., and a multithecoporid Syringoporella sp. indet. Aulopora chiharai is distinguished from comparable species of the genus principally by its small corallite diameters and the possession of complete tabulae. Kanashiropora sp. cf. K. kozui represents the first record of the genus outside the type locality in the Fukuji area, Gifu Prefecture. Aulopora chiharai, Syringopora sp. indet., and Syringoporella sp. indet. are involved in stromatoporoids.

This paper pursuits a possibility of fully polarimetric and threedimensional (3-D) imaging by Holographic Synthetic Aperture Radar Tomography (HoloSAR). HoloSAR is 3-D extension of Circular Synthetic Aperture Radar (CSAR) along the vertical direction whose trajectory is a circle in a horizontal plane. By adding fully polarimetric capability to HoloSAR, it becomes a perfect 3-D imaging radar system which reveals scattering mechanisms from object through scattering power decomposition. This paper attempts to achieve such a prototype system in an anechoic chamber. The experimental result successfully yielded a 3-D image reconstruction of objects with exhibiting polarimetric scattering mechanism.

With the emergence of multinational enterprises (MNE), people have the opportunity to work together in the same organization and contact other people with different cultural backgrounds. If MNE fails to coordinate the internal cultural diversity, conflicts will occur and organizations may be confused. Therefore, it is very important for MNE to take appropriate measures for cultural diversity. Cross-cultural management is an important sub-field in international business research. This is of great significance for Chinese MNE to enter the international market. In this research, it studies the above issue and tries to find out how Chinese MNE conduct cross-cultural management. Taking HUAWEI as an example, this paper analyzes the success of cross-cultural management of Chinese MNE through data analysis and enterprise interviews. In the view of the author, in order to realize the strengthening strategy of cross-cultural management for Chinese MNE, we should pay attention to the following four points: (1) Analyzing the different cultural dimensions. (2) Developing cross-cultural adaptability. (3) Establishing MNE communication mechanism. (4) Utilizing and innovating cross-cultural advantages.

The modal verbs are very rare and different from the general verbs. This paper aims to discuss some of the properties of the negation modal verb + verb construction. The Chinese negative expression bu and mei(you) have been one of the top topics in the grammatical research of modern Chinese. In the negation modal verb + verb construction, sometimes the position of bu can be interchanged with mei(you). But using bu just denies intention and no other action, and using mei(you) expresses that no action is the actual status. And the side confirmed that the bu expresses a kind of static situation, and mei(you) expresses the conclusion of aspectual events. In this article, I have observed a large number of examples and analyzed the semantic differences between bu and mei(you). I have also shown a new perspective to the study of bu and mei(you).

This paper examines on the linguistic differences between verb-verb complex predicates in Japanese and Chinese. In both languages, they can be categorized into three types: serial action complex predicates, auxiliary verb complex predicates, and purposive complex predicates. Analysis of the verb-verb complex predicates of the two languages showed the following: 1) All three types of Chinese complex predicates allow a noun phrase to be inserted between the two component verbs, while a noun phrase can be inserted only in serial action and in purposive types of Japanese complex predicates; 2) Particles can be placed between the two component verbs in serial action and auxiliary verb types of Chinese complex predicates, while all the three types of Japanese complex predicates allow particle insertion; 3) In negative sentences, the scope of negation is only the latter element of Chinese complex predicates, while either the whole complex predicates or the former element can be negated in Japanese complex predicates; 4) From the answers tointerrogative sentences, the independence of the component verbs in Chinese complex predicates is stronger than that in Japanese.

This paper discusses Teiru of the aspect in Japanese and Korean. There are semantically some Teirus in Korean corresponding to Teiru in Japanese. But on the Korean Education in Japan, only GO ISSDA, A ISSDA/O ISSADA are taught as Teiru. For that reason, many Japanese who are learning Korean cannot express the Korean aspects. From now on, the need is required to teach Japanese learners and to let them practice that Japanese Teiru has a lot of meanings, forms, and how to express in Korean.

本稿ではF. Soddyが自然科学的視点から経済学及び経済政策について議論を展開した著作であるフレデリック・ソディ『富，仮想的な富そして負債：経済学の逆説への解決策』の第2章におけるエネルギー及びその源泉，エネルギー資源の人類による利用，経済社会との関係性についての理論を考察する。また，ソディの予測した原子エネルギー開発の，実際の歴史上の経緯，太陽光のエネルギーの葉緑素を介した取り込みとエネルギーの流れについての，生態学及びエコロジー経済学における関連した理論に関して論じる。ソディの構想した，自然のエネルギー資源を制御し，発展してゆく人類社会の在り方は，未来の生態系及び経済について考察する際の，私たちの社会についての一つの希望が持てる見通しと言えるのではないだろうか。, This paper analyzes the second chapter of Frederic Soddy’s WEALTH, VIRTUAL WEALTH AND DEBT –THE SOLUTION OF THE ECONOMIC PARADOX in which F. Soddy developed theories on economics and economic policy from the viewpoint of natural science. We discuss the theory on energy and its source, resource use by human beings and relationship with the economic society. In addition, the actual history of nuclear energy development predicted by Soddy, related theories of the incorporation of sunlight energy through chlorophyll and the flow of energy in ecology and ecological economics are discussed. The idea of human society developing by the controls and usage of natural energy resources conceived by Soddy could be a hopeful vision of our society, when we consider ecology and economy in future.

The InterRad XV was organized in Japan from 20 October to 1 November 2017, cohosted by the International Association of Radiolarists, the Geological Society of Japan, the Palaeontological Society of Japan, the Society of Science on Form, Japan, and the Geological Survey of Japan, AIST. A total of 187 participants from 16 countries attended the meeting. The scientific sessions were held during 23–27 October at Niigata University, which was regarded as an activity of a joint seminar in the bilateral programs between Japan (Japan Society of Promotion of Sciences; JSPS) and China (National Natural Science Foundation of China; NSFC). An Abstract Volume including 128 papers presented in the oral and poster sessions was printed as Volume 40 of “Radiolaria” (ISSN: 0297–5270), the formal newsletter of InterRad. Outreach programs were also included in the InterRad XV. Pre-, mid-, and postconference excursions were carried out and an excursion guide was published in a volume of Science Reports of Niigata University (Geology) (ISSN: 1349–1237), No. 32 (Supplement), which is available at the Niigata University Academic Repository (Nuar). The proceedings of the InterRad XV will be published as special issues of Island Arc, Paleontological Research, Revue de Micropaleontologie, and Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan.

This paper provides a contrastive analysis on the writing systems of Sakha and Modern Korean. Both languages use a phonetic writing system and exhibit rich patterns in their morphophonemic alternation. In spite of this similarity, the two languages show difference in the degree of how phonetically consistent with morphophonemic alternation. The orthography of Sakha tries to be phonetically consistent, while that of Modern Korean tends to be consistency in indicating morphemes.

This paper shows that ‘genuine’ inverse scope is possible in at least two types of clause in Japanese, description clauses and clauses with a topic phrase marked by wa, after excluding two cases of ‘non-genuine’ inverse scope. I then discuss a semantic restriction on QPs in description clauses and suggest a way for a QP to circumvent this restriction.

Humor tends to overlook on usual Japan modern literature. Although text written by Tanizaki junitiro contains humor, scholar not comprehends the humor in Tanizaki’s text. On this paper, according to analyze the humor in Tanizaki’s text, I try to elucidate the technique of caricature among an important factor to produce humor.

The purpose of this paper is to know the ways that will help revive the production of Mongolian dairy foods. Within this framework, the effects of the transition from socialism to capitalism on the Mongolian dairy foods industry have been analyzed. Focusing on the supply of the domestically produced dairy products which made from domestic materials, we found that in order to revive domestic production, not only production technology, but also the management system of the industry, the social infrastructure such as transportation and industrial policies should be modernized.

This paper attempts to clarify how Chinese employees were used by Mitsui Bussan in China. Prior to the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Mitsui Bussan mainly conducted business with Chinese merchants through compradors (Maiban). According to the situation of the branches in China, Mitsui Bussan gradually abolished compradors since 1898. Instead, Mitsui Bussan began to employ Chinese as drummers (Paojie) and managers to replace compradors. Since then, Chinese employees had played an important role in currency business, advancing into non-commercial ports and dealing with Chinese boycotts of Japanese products for Mitsui Bussan.

In this paper, I analyzed the disparity of several indicators such as personal income per capita, financial index, number of doctors per 100 thousand people, population among prefectures in Japan and the situation of Niigata prefecture. As a result, I revealed that the number of doctors per 100,000 people in Niigata has been low among prefectures for many years. In addition, the regional disparities in Niigata prefecture has also become clear. Prefectures and municipalities whose mission is to improve residents' lives need to make efforts to resolve the disparity. For this purpose, it is necessary not only to raise the prefectural index, but also to resolve the disparities among municipality in the prefecture and afford equitable services for inhabitants.

Based on the review of Environmental Kuznets Curve research literature, this paper summarizes the opinions and criticisms of Environmental Kuznets Curve on the basis of their good and bad points. One of the good, reasons for the formation of Environmental Kuznets curve are examined. And the main bad points which were criticized are the errors and shortcomings. The conclusion is that there is a very complex relationship between the environment and the economy. To find out this relationship, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between the environment and the economy and the other related factors. What we need to focus on is not the shape of the curve, but how the environment changes under the influence of the economy and many other factors. Finally, the subjects in the future of Environmental Kuznets Curve is presented.

Okuguchi and Yamazaki (2017) prove that if each firm’s marginal cost of its first unit of production is small enough, a public firm and at least one private firm produce the good in the unique Nash equilibrium of Cournot mixed oligopoly. In this paper, we study a concrete model of the mixed oligopoly where firms with a linear or quadratic cost function face a linear market demand function to show how small each firm’s marginal cost of its first unit of production should be.

This paper describes five species of two productoid brachiopod genera, Spinomarginifera and Waagenoconcha, from the middle Permian (Wordian‒Capitanian) of the Kamiyasse‒Imo area, South Kitakami Belt, northeastern Japan. Cooccurrence of a tropical genus Spinomarginifera and an antitropical genus Waagenoconcha from the middle Permian of the South Kitakami Belt suggests that the South Kitakami region was located in the transitional zone between the Boreal and Tethyan realms, immediately east of North China (Sino-Korea) in the middle Permian.

It has been widely recognized among economists that non-cognitive ability, such as self-control, self-esteem, and personality traits, has a great power in predicting social and economic success. Using survey data from students at age 12 and their parents living in Japan, this paper explores the determinants of personality traits of school-age children. Personality traits are measured by students’ answers for questions concerning daily and school life, and we constructed five measures of personality traits corresponding to the Big Five: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. We estimated a regression model of personality traits based on the standard regression model of so-called education production function. We found that personality traits can be hardly explained by the variables used in the standard regression model of the education production function, e.g., education level of parents, the number of siblings, household income, and educational expenditures. We also found that the explanatory power of the regression model can be improved by adding variables concerning students’ daily behavior and parents’ attitude to their children as regressors, although this does not imply a strict causal relationship.

In order to survive under the global competitive environment, even in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) defines their own startegy and have done the management accounting practices for its realization. Needless to say that these are some researches for management accounting practice at SMEs, but they are just researching if SMEs adopt it or not without focusing on how and for what they adopt them. In fact, there is less discussion on the relation between the strategy implementation and management accounting. In this paper, we examine and analyze the case of SUWADA Inc. Co., who has become a manufacturer of the high quality and high proit of nail clippers without the mechanization of the maufacturing process, as a case of successful business transformation with management accounting. We also mention that how they have been brought up skilled workers with management accounting.

When crimes are being organized, there are often more than one person involved in the planning, setting up and execution of the offence. The person who performs the actus reus of the offence is the principal perpetrator of the crime. Such person often has accomplices who assist or encourage him or her in the commission of the offence, who are known as secondary parties or accessories to the crime. In criminal law, the doctrine of criminal complicity consists in the body of principles governing the joint implication of each of two or more persons in a criminal offence. The chief focus of this paper is on the discussion of the main aspects of the law relating to criminal complicity in New Zealand. The analysis of the substantive law relating to accomplices includes consideration of the subjective and objective requirements for accessorial liability as expressed in the relevant legislation and judicial decisions, as well as the substantive and procedural reasons for distinguishing the traditional categories of criminal participation. The references to leading authorities from England and other common law jurisdictions add a useful comparative perspective to the discussion of the issues.

This paper investigates the development of security cooperation within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO) framework and deals with the problem of the capacity of the SCO and the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO RATS). The main threats for security in Central Asia that acts as an important buffer zone for China and Russia highlighted the threat of terrorism, extremism and separatism, or "the three evil forces" as they are called in the Organization. Analysis of this issue also includes a description of terrorist and extremist organisations, which are the most influential in Central Asia at the moment. In addition, the author analyses the progress and problems that the SCO faces in the regional security sphere."

After the 2008 financial crisis, China's economic growth has gone through roughly two development phases. The first phase was from 2009 to 2010, and was characterized by the deceleration of GDP growth.The second phase was from 2011 to now. During this period, the GDP growth rate fallen to 6.9% in 2015.At the same time, the monetary policy shifted from easing to tightening. On the other hand, Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) financing index showed a change of financing difficulty. Between 2009 and 2010、SMEs cannot get lending from the commercial bank because lots of money was lent to state-owned firms. But, from 2011 to now, lending rates and informal lending rates are the most expensive since the 2000s.This paper's aim is to draw out the stage feature of Chinese SMEs financing.

In 2008, Japan High Degree of Information and Communication Network and Social Strategy Headquarter(IT Strategy Headquarter) pointed out the following : internet technology is an effective way to promote distance education. Currently, as one of Japan's institutions of high distance education,the Open University of Japan provides college education opportunities for about 85,000 members of society every year. In 1999, The China Ministry of Education put forward in an Action Plan for the Revitalition of Education in 21st Centry that stated the following : distance education is the main means to construct a lifelong learning society. China Central Radio and Television University carries out distance education to the society.This paper is based on charting the development history of distance education in China and Japan, and pursues the effect which the Open University of Japan and the Central Radio and Television university of China have made in distance education practices : Meanwhile，it makes a further discussion on the project of the distance education in China and Japan.

This paper reported an empirical study of the relationship among international student' SNS usage, news viewing and their cross-cultural adaptation. In the 2010s,international students can use ethnic SNS to communicate with friends in their home countries everyday. Also,many people view news from SNS, where the news is mostly shared from peers with the same culture. It is possible for international students to retain ethnic culture by using these ethnic medias.To explore international students' media usage effects on their cross-cultural adaptation, a survey was conducted among Chinese international students(N=107). Media usage was examined by ethnic SNS usage and contact with host people, and news viewing(ethnic news and host news). Cross-cultural adaptation was tested by acculturation index scale(ie.,cultural maintenance and cultural assimilation) and sociocultural adaptation scale(SCAS). The results indicated that there was a positive correlation between ethnic SNS usage and cultural maintenance.The contact with host people was positively related with cultural assimilation. In addition, analyses revealed that news viewing was associated with both acculturation and sociocultural adaptation. These findings suggested that, to balance the perspective from different cultures, the awareness of using international students' host social media usage should be raised. Implications of studying international students' social media usage were proposed for people who focus on enhancing international students' communication and the host country.

This article attempts to analyze the lyrical content and the figures of speech in the Tibetan musical dialogue song ""Eleshik"",and it takes the lyrical contents as an analysis subject. The author recorded and investigated this song in the county of Qinghai Province Gang cha county, China in 2015 and 2016. The ""Eleshik"" is a kind of song in which the singer mainly composes impromptu changes when singing (including the appropriate use of the existing lyrics or huge idioms etc.) Through analyzing, the paper illustrated the following content of the lyrics and the figure of the speech in the song. The lyrics of ""Eleshik"" take ""I"" and ""you"" as the main subject and the competition as the main purpose. The dialog song edited the content embroidered in the social environment, natural, environment,and the ideological environment of the singer. The figures of speech in this article are mainly contrast、comparison, repetition. exaggeration, metaphor, ridicule, irony, question, personification and rhyme. The ""Eleshik"" combined together the lyrics and the rhetoric to show its humor and its uniqueness.

In this paper, from the perspective of clarifying aspect rice cultivation rituals surrounding the Ta-no-Kami. I would like to clarify what is on the minds of those who receive benefits from the lagoon and the disaster in the village society of low wetland. There have been few detailed reports on the rice cultivation ritual in this area, and the impression that the consciousness of the ritual and faith has thinned out taken root. However, in fact, it has become clear that faith of the itinerant of the Ta-no-Kamiand the accompanying rice cultivation ceremony has existed in this area strongly. First, in the ritual ceremony surrounding the Ta-no-Kami in the Endo village, community relies Mizu-mochi-aze (ridges of mud), which features rice cultivation in this area and the willow of the deep involvement. Second, the Ta-no-Kami in Endo clearly has an itinerant personality, and it is that the tradition that it comes from the Yama who points around the common area is revealed. The people of Endo believe that the Ta-no-kami is close to them, and we can see the strong faith that they prayed for a good harvest of the year.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the interregional disparities of medical services and care services in Niigata Prefecture and to study a measure for correcting disparities. As people become older, a risk of illness and injury increases, it is necessary to enrich medical services and care services for elderly. And it is important that they can receive medical and care services equally and fairly as much as possible. In correcting the interregional disparity, the effort by the local government are of course important, and the role of the national government is also indispensable. The special measure for a small-scale local government in the disadvantaged areas is needed.

1992年のユネスコ世界遺産条約への加盟以降，2000年代半ばに世界遺産ブームとも呼ぶべき，世界遺産に登録することで観光活性化を目指す官民の動きが目に付くようになった。が，世界遺産に登録すれば観光客が増えるのかは，ほとんど検証はされていない。本稿では，国内で世界遺産に登録された早い事例で，登録の前後10年ずつの観光客数を較べ，登録を機に増えたといえるか統計的に検討する。対象は，法隆寺，姫路城，屋久島，白神山地，京都，原爆ドーム，厳島神社，奈良，日光，沖縄（琉球）である。結果，10遺産のうち登録を機に増加に転じたといえるのは白神山地のみで，他に日光について長期的な漸減傾向に持ち直しが見られた。さらに有意に変化したといえた2事例の，その後の傾向を追い，登録後10年を過ぎても増加し続けているとはいえないことを示し，観光客増を目的に世界遺産登録を目指すという官民の運動に妥当性はないことを指摘する。, In mid-2000s Japan, people have saw the so-called “World Heritage Fever”, the movements of local governments and private sectors aspiring to vitalize the local tourism by the registration of the World Heritages. But there is almost no evidence on the relationship between the registration of the World Heritage and the trend of the tourists’ numbers. In this paper I examine the change of the number of tourists between before 10 years and after 10 years of the registration of 10 World Heritages in Japan (Horyu-ji, Himeji, Yakushima, Sirakami, Kyoto, Atomic Bomb Dome, Itsukushima-shrine, Nara, Nikkoh and Ryukyu). The result is that the tourists have increased significantly at only 2 of 10 Heritages: Shirakami and Nikkoh.

This paper gives a descriptive analysis on a linkage of clauses and sentences in English. We have shed light on the characteristics of a linkage of clauses and sentences including “as a matter of fact,” “as + Subject-Auxiliary Inversion construction,” and post-modifying noun phrases. The semantic and functional characteristics of these three expressions have been borne out by observing naturally occurring data.

1992年のユネスコ世界遺産条約への加盟以降，2000年代半ばに世界遺産ブームとも呼ぶべき，世界遺産に登録することで観光活性化を目指す官民の動きが目に付くようになった。が，世界遺産に登録すれば観光客が増えるのかは，ほとんど検証はされていない。本稿では，国内で世界遺産に登録された早い事例で，登録の前後10年ずつの観光客数を較べ，登録を機に増えたといえるか統計的に検討する。対象は，法隆寺，姫路城，屋久島，白神山地，京都，原爆ドーム，厳島神社，奈良，日光，沖縄（琉球）である。結果，10遺産のうち登録を機に増加に転じたといえるのは白神山地のみで，他に日光について長期的な漸減傾向に持ち直しが見られた。さらに有意に変化したといえた2事例の，その後の傾向を追い，登録後10年を過ぎても増加し続けているとはいえないことを示し，観光客増を目的に世界遺産登録を目指すという官民の運動に妥当性はないことを指摘する。, In mid-2000s Japan, people have saw the so-called “World Heritage Fever”, the movements of local governments and private sectors aspiring to vitalize the local tourism by the registration of the World Heritages. But there is almost no evidence on the relationship between the registration of the World Heritage and the trend of the tourists’ numbers. In this paper I examine the change of the number of tourists between before 10 years and after 10 years of the registration of 10 World Heritages in Japan (Horyu-ji, Himeji, Yakushima, Sirakami, Kyoto, Atomic Bomb Dome, Itsukushima-shrine, Nara, Nikkoh and Ryukyu). The result is that the tourists have increased significantly at only 2 of 10 Heritages: Shirakami and Nikkoh.

This paper presents the issues of the social status of people with mental disabilities in the Edo era Japan by focusing on the examples of commutation of punishment and their social treatment upon such people’s conducting criminal and other offences. The words which describe mental disabilities were classified into different kinds, namely ranshin, gumai and shukyo (which are similar to today’s mentally incompetent, mentally deficient and ebrious state). Based on these words, there were some commutations of punishment when people with mental disabilities committed a serious crime. These commutations depended on the accused’s social rank and pardon of the relatives of victims. There were also three other kinds of treatment for people with mental disabilities in the Edo era. These were not punishments, but the person was for example held captive or pulled down to a severe discriminatory status. People who fell under these treatments were split into these three types due to their personal situation. From the above certain issues arise, which will have to be addressed in further research. These include the relationship between the treatment of persons with mental disabilities and their social rank, gender and family ties.

Inoue Yasushi's literary works can be divided into Modern novels, Historical novels, Essays, and Travel notes, etc. “Western Regions Stories” belongs to his Historical novels. From the beginning of 1945, Inoue published the poem “Shikoson”, and had produced a variety of excellent “Western Regions Stories”. The background of the creation of Inoue in literary works, In addition to affecting the development of Dunhuang Studies, some of his own experiences also promoted the production of his “Western Regions Stories”. In this paper, the focus is on the first “Western Regions Stories”, through a survey of information to analyze the relationship between facts and fiction works. Moreover, by comparison with other periods’ novels，analysis of “Shikoson” ’s position in his literature is conducted, so that we can see that “Shikoson” is the starting point for his “Western Regions Stories”. After this publication, numerous Western Regions Stories elements (eg: Overseas monk, Envoy dispatched to the Tang Dynasty) have appeared in his first work.