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Introduction: Workplaces often contain potential risks, such as exposure to toxic chemicals. Conducting a thorough health risk assessment helps employers recognize these dangers and implement necessary controls. In the 20th century, modern risk assessment frameworks began to be established with the rise of public health agencies. Material and Methods: The present study is a narrative review. In order to obtain necessary information, Persian and English texts were searched in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SID and Magiran databases. Keywords such as “health risk assessment”, “chemicals” and “nanomaterials” were used in this study. Results: Both quantitative and qualitative health risk assessments play critical roles in occupational health, with each method providing different levels of depth and accuracy depending on the situation. EPA Model, Monte-Carlo Simulation, Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) Models, Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA), Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), and Biologically Based Dose-Response (BBDR) Models, are among the most important quantitative methods for assessing the health risk of chemicals. COSHH Model, ICCT Model, ICMM Model, Australian Model, and Romanian Model, are the most important qualitative methods for health risk assessment of chemicals. In addition to the quantitative and qualitative methods, semi-quantitative methods like Singapore Model, LEC Method, and SEP Model, have also been proposed for assessing the health risk of chemicals. The preference for qualitative over quantitative methods in the risk assessment of activities involving nanomaterials stems from substantial uncertainties, limited data availability, and the unique and complex behaviors of nanomaterials in the workplaces. Conclusion: Overall, the evolution of health risk assessment methods reflects a continuous drive towards greater accuracy, reliability, and relevance. As we continue to innovate and expand our knowledge, the field is well-positioned to address the complex and evolving landscape of chemical and material risks, ensuring the protection of human health and the environment. more...

Introduction: Driving has various harmful factors due to its nature, which affect drivers’ health directly and indirectly. Therefore, it is necessary to know the situation and prevalence of these factors in drivers to implement preventive measures. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study is a part of a cohort study conducted (2016 to 2018) among the professional drivers of Shahroud, Iran. Data related to background information, blood pressure, height, weight, waist circumference, body mass index, blood factors, hearing loss (dB), respiratory performance indicators, sleep disorders, and accidents were collected from the participants with standard tools and methods. Results: This study examined 1461 male professional drivers with an average age of 37.30±6.96 years. A total of 426 participants had metabolic syndrome. 797 and 942 people had different degrees of hearing loss, respectively, in the right and left ear. About 129 people had obstructive sleep apnea, and 1330 people had insomnia. Investigations showed that 351 drivers had at least one accident. Conclusion: This study showed the prevalence of health risk factors in professional drivers at the examined time point. Considering the vital role of drivers in transportation and the country’s economy, it seems necessary to pay more attention to the health of this occupational group. Regular health screening, healthy lifestyle training, improvement of working conditions, and stress management are some interventions that can effectively improve drivers’ health. more...

Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a prevalent occupational health concern, influenced by both physical and psychosocial factors. Valid questionnaires offer a cost-effective and efficient means of evaluating WMSDs. This study aimed to validate the Persian version of the MDRF questionnaire, assess its applicability in Iran, and investigate the prevalence of WMSDs among employees in an automotive industry. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 employees (50 production line workers and 50 office workers) in Kerman province. The linguistic validity of the questionnaire and its translation were ensured using the Backward-Forward method. Content validity was assessed through CVI and CVR indexes. To evaluate the questionnaire’s reliability and agreement, Cronbach’s alpha and ICC were employed. User responses from the first and second series of the questionnaires were validated using Kappa and Spearman’s tests. Results: Results indicated high reliability which was achieved by Cronbach’s alpha and ICC values of 0.960 and 0.925, respectively. The questionnaire’s validity was acceptable based on CVR and CVI tests. The prevalence of WMSDs was the highest in the lower back for both production line and office workers over the past year. The job satisfaction factor exhibited the highest risk level among the questionnaire’s four subgroups. Approximately 85% of participants were classified as having a high or very high-risk level, reflecting concerning conditions among the employees. The prevalence of WMSDs in different body parts significantly correlated with all physical and psychosocial stress factors. Conclusion: This research highlights the influence of diverse physical and psychosocial risk factors on the occurrence of WMSDs among both occupational workers and office employees. Also, the MDRF questionnaire, whose high applicability in assessing the WMSDs risk factors was proven in this study, is an effective tool for prioritizing, planning, and executing educational and preventive measures within the workforce community to mitigate and prevent WMSDs. more...

Introduction: Studies have demonstrated that teaching carries a substantial burden of health risks. Prevalent health issues among teachers include asthma, respiratory diseases, musculoskeletal problems, and mental disorders. These problems can be attributed to the specific attributes of their work environment. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the correlation between air quality within educational establishments and the overall health of teachers. Material and Methods: This systematic review aims to examine the impact of temperature, humidity, and ventilation rates within educational environments on teachers’ health status and thermal comfort. Relevant studies were searched for using the PubMed and Web of Science databases, employing keywords such as teacher, temperature, humidity, ventilation, school, classroom, health symptoms, and thermal comfort (2000-2022). The inclusion criterion was that articles examined teachers’ health and comfort with temperature, relative humidity, and ventilation of the educational place. Results: Out of the 103 articles found in the initial search, 13 articles were finally reviewed. Six studies investigated the voice abnormalities of teachers due to various factors (including temperature, relative humidity, and the ventilation rate of the educational place) and found that these abnormalities were affected by these factors. Two studies explored the relationship between the prevalence and exacerbation of respiratory symptoms and quality parameters of the indoor environment of educational places. Additionally, five studies investigated the relationship of air quality parameters of educational places with common non-specific symptoms among teachers. Conclusion: Teachers frequently experience symptoms such as voice disorders, respiratory difficulties, allergies, and other nonspecific ailments, which may be associated with the quality parameters of the indoor environment in educational settings. These parameters include temperature, humidity, and ventilation rate. Consequently, controlling and regulating these parameters within the recommended values can help prevent the onset or exacerbation of these symptoms. more...